BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific form of family therapy (family-based treatment) is the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. As this treatment has certain limitations, alternative approaches are needed. "Enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is a potential candidate given its utility as a treatment for adults with eating disorder psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish, in a representative cohort of patients with marked anorexia nervosa, the immediate and longer term outcome following CBT-E. Forty-nine adolescent patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to a community-based eating disorder clinic. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks from a single therapist. Two-thirds completed the full treatment with no additional input. In these patients there was a substantial increase in weight together with a marked decrease in eating disorder psychopathology. Over the 60-week post-treatment follow-up period there was little change despite minimal subsequent treatment. These findings suggest that CBT-E may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to family-based treatment.

背景与目标： : 一种特殊形式的家庭治疗 (基于家庭的治疗) 是青少年神经性厌食症的主要治疗方法。由于这种治疗有一定的局限性，因此需要其他方法。“增强” 认知行为疗法 (cbt-e) 是一种潜在的候选药物，因为它可用于饮食失调精神病理学的成年人。本研究的目的是在具有明显神经性厌食症的代表性队列中，建立cbt-e后的近期和长期结果。从连续转诊到社区饮食失调诊所招募了49名青少年患者。每位治疗师在40周内接受了40次cbt-e治疗。三分之二的人完成了完整的治疗，没有额外的投入。在这些患者中，体重显着增加，进食障碍心理病理学显着减少。在治疗后60周的随访期内，尽管后续治疗很少，但变化不大。这些发现表明，cbt-e可能被证明是基于家庭的治疗的一种经济有效的替代方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :New biomaterials including surface modifications should undergo in vitro and in vivo evaluation before clinical trials. The objective of our in vivo study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of one of the newly fabricated zirconia implant surfaces, called "mds". For this purpose, the osseointegration of these implants was analyzed after implantation in surgically created defects in the cranium of adult male rats. After a healing period of 28 and 56 days, respectively, bone tissue specimens containing the implants were processed and histologically analyzed. For this purpose, sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Masson Goldner trichrome. No signs of cellular inflammatory infiltrate were found in any of the animals. After 28 days, slices showed pronounced development of blood vessels and bone regeneration. After 56 days of healing, direct bridging of the bone defects was detectable with distinctly visible kit lines. There were cell rich areas of connective tissue/bone marrow between zirconia discs and bearing bone. Histomorphometric analysis presented a regenerated bone mean value of 36.3% after 28 days of healing. After 56 days of healing, a 1.6 fold increased bone mean value was observed (58.2%). Using the same analysis, 1% and 39.9% of bone-implant-contact was visible after both healing periods, respectively. On average, connective tissue/marrow spaces occupied 99% of implant-contact-area after 28 days of healing. This area was reduced to 60.1% after 56 days. Within the limits of the animal investigation presented, it was concluded that the tested surface modification of zirconia implants were biocompatible and osseoconductive.

背景与目标： : 包括表面修饰在内的新型生物材料应在临床试验之前进行体外和体内评估。我们体内研究的目的是评估一种新制造的氧化锆植入物表面 (称为 “mds”) 的生物相容性。为此，在成年雄性大鼠颅骨的手术缺陷中植入后，分析了这些植入物的骨整合。分别经过28天和56天的愈合后，对包含植入物的骨组织标本进行处理并进行组织学分析。为此，将切片用苏木精/伊红和Masson Goldner三色染色。在任何动物中均未发现细胞炎性浸润的迹象。28天后，切片显示出明显的血管发育和骨骼再生。愈合56天后，用明显可见的kit线可检测到骨缺损的直接桥接。氧化锆盘和轴承骨之间有结缔组织/骨髓的细胞丰富区域。组织形态计量学分析显示愈合28天后的再生骨平均值为36.3%。愈合56天后，观察到1.6倍增加的骨平均值 (58.2%)。使用相同的分析，在两个愈合时期后分别可见骨-植入物-接触的1% 和39.9%。平均而言，愈合28天后，结缔组织/骨髓空间占据了植入物接触区域的99%。56天后，该区域减少到60.1%。在提出的动物研究范围内，得出的结论是，经测试的氧化锆植入物的表面改性具有生物相容性和骨传导性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.

背景与目标： : 在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) 中，浸泡是将干粮在水中软化以加快食用时间的行为，通常是非常罕见的行为。当在最大程度地减少种内竞争和盗窃风险的条件下将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时，可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使野外行为的正常频率与先前实验中获得的高比率相协调，我们测试了三个条件，其中扣篮在0到70% 之间变化。当预先浸泡食物而变得不必要时，扣篮是非常罕见的，水远离提供的干物品，只提供了一种食物，将所有竞争互动和盗窃企图集中在一个人身上。相反，当未预先浸泡食物，水接近干粮并且给出了多个物品 (因此是竞争和盗窃的目标) 时，扣篮率很高。这些实验证实，与其他类似原始工具的食品加工技术一样，灌篮率取决于使用它们的情况的成本和收益。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A recent review by Brendon King and Paul Monis once again puts Cryptosporidium oocysts under the spotlight. Why is this tough transmission stage so troublesome now? And are future environments likely to assist or hinder its apparent ubiquity? Here, we explore further the fascination and challenge engendered by this parasite transmission stage.

背景与目标： : 布伦登·金 (Brendon King) 和保罗·莫尼斯 (Paul Monis) 最近的一篇评论再次将隐孢子虫卵囊置于聚光灯下。为什么现在这个艰难的传输阶段如此麻烦？未来的环境是否可能会帮助或阻碍其明显的普遍性？在这里，我们进一步探讨了这一寄生虫传播阶段所带来的魅力和挑战。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Most living systems, ranging from animal flocks, self-motile microorganisms to the cytoskeleton rely on self-organization processes to perform their own specific function. Despite its importance, the general understanding of how individual active constituents initiate the intriguing pattern formation phenomena on all these different length scales still remains elusive. Here, using a high density actomyosin motility assay system, we show that the observed collective motion arises from a seeding process driven by enhanced acute angle collisions. Once a critical size is reached, the clusters coarsen into high and low density phases each with fixed filament concentrations. The steady state is defined by a balance of collision induced randomization and alignment effects of the filaments by multi-filament collisions within ordered clusters.Self-organization is observed in cytoskeletal systems but emergence of order from disorder is poorly understood. Using a high density actomyosin system, the authors capture the transition from disorder to order, which is driven by enhanced alignment effects caused by increase in multi-filament collisions.

背景与目标： : 大多数生命系统，从动物鸡群，自我运动的微生物到细胞骨架，都依靠自组织过程来执行自己的特定功能。尽管它很重要，但对单个活性成分如何在所有这些不同长度尺度上引发有趣的图案形成现象的一般理解仍然难以捉摸。在这里，使用高密度的肌动球蛋白运动测定系统，我们表明观察到的集体运动是由增强的锐角碰撞驱动的播种过程引起的。一旦达到临界尺寸，团簇就会粗成高密度和低密度相，每个相具有固定的细丝浓度。稳态由碰撞引起的随机化和有序簇内的多丝碰撞对细丝的排列效应的平衡来定义。在细胞骨架系统中观察到自组织，但对无序有序的出现知之甚少。使用高密度的肌动球蛋白系统，作者捕获了从无序到有序的过渡，这是由多丝碰撞增加引起的增强的对齐效果驱动的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of ionisation density on the structure of the glow curve of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) are briefly reviewed and discussed within the framework of the spatially correlated TC/LC model and localised recombination. The effects of 'slow-cooling' on the structure of composite peak 5 following low-ionisation density beta/gamma irradiation are described and analysed in both 'slow-cooled' and 'normally cooled' samples. It is demonstrated that 'slow-cooling' using a cooling rate of 30 degrees C h(-1) increases the relative intensity of glow peak 5a to composite glow peak 5 from approximately 0.1 to approximately 2, thereby greatly improving the precision of measurement of the ratio 5a/5. The improved precision removes a hurdle impeding the development of the ionisation density discrimination properties of the peak 5a/5 nanodosimeter.

背景与目标： : 在空间相关的TC/LC模型和局部重组的框架内，简要回顾和讨论了电离密度对LiF:Mg，Ti (TLD-100) 辉光曲线结构的影响。在 “慢冷” 和 “正常冷却” 样品中描述并分析了低电离密度 β/γ 辐照后 “慢冷” 对复合峰5结构的影响。证明了使用30 °c h(-1) 的冷却速率的 “缓慢冷却” 将辉光峰5a与复合辉光峰5的相对强度从大约0.1增加到大约2，从而大大提高了比率5a/5的测量精度。提高的精度消除了阻碍峰5a/5纳米剂量计电离密度判别特性发展的障碍。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hypocretin/orexin signalling varies among sleep-wake behaviours, impacts upon cardiovascular autonomic control and is impaired in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC). However, evidence concerning disturbed cardiovascular autonomic control in NC patients is contrasting, and limited mainly to waking behaviour. We thus investigated whether control of cardiovascular variability is altered in NC patients during wakefulness preceding sleep, light (1-2) and deep (3-4) stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Polysomnographic recordings and finger blood pressure measurements were performed on nine drug-free male NC patients and nine matched healthy control subjects during spontaneous sleep-wake behaviour in a standardized laboratory environment. Indices of autonomic function were computed based on spontaneous fluctuations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart period (HP). During wakefulness before sleep, NC patients showed significant decreases in indices of vagal HP modulation, cardiac baroreflex sensitivity and amplitude of central autonomic (feed-forward) cardiac control compared with control subjects. During NREM sleep, the negative correlation between HP and subsequent SBP values was greater in NC patients than in control subjects, suggesting a greater contribution of central autonomic commands to cardiac control. Collectively, these results provide preliminary evidence that autonomic control of cardiac variability by baroreflex and central autonomic (feed-forward) mechanisms is altered in NC patients during spontaneous sleep-wake behaviour, and particularly during wakefulness before sleep.

背景与目标： : Hypocretin/orexin信号在睡眠-觉醒行为中有所不同，会影响心血管自主神经控制，并在伴有猝倒 (NC) 的发作性睡病患者中受损。然而，有关NC患者心血管自主控制紊乱的证据是相反的，并且主要限于清醒行为。因此，我们研究了在睡眠前清醒，非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠和快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠的轻度 (1-2) 和深度 (3-4) 阶段的NC患者中，心血管变异性的控制是否发生改变)) 睡眠。在标准化的实验室环境中，在自发的睡眠唤醒行为期间，对9名无药男性NC患者和9名匹配的健康对照受试者进行了多导睡眠图记录和手指血压测量。根据收缩压 (SBP) 和心脏周期 (HP) 的自发波动来计算自主功能指标。在睡前清醒期间，与对照组相比，NC患者的迷走神经HP调制指数，心脏压力反射敏感性和中枢自主神经 (前馈) 心脏控制幅度显着降低。在NREM睡眠期间，NC患者的HP与随后的SBP值之间的负相关性大于对照组，这表明中央自主神经命令对心脏控制的贡献更大。总的来说，这些结果提供了初步证据，表明NC患者在自发性睡眠-觉醒行为期间，尤其是在睡前清醒期间，通过压力反射和中枢自主神经 (前馈) 机制对心脏变异性的自主控制发生了改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coronary artery anomalies, particularly anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course, are associated with sudden cardiac arrest or death in the young. There is paucity of data on risk stratification and longitudinal follow up is lacking in these patients. Collaboration and sharing of data among specialized centers might shed much needed light in this complex problem.

背景与目标： : 冠状动脉异常，特别是具有动脉间病程的冠状动脉异常主动脉起源，与年轻人的心脏骤停或死亡有关。关于风险分层的数据很少，这些患者缺乏纵向随访。在这个复杂的问题上，专业中心之间的协作和数据共享可能会提供急需的信息。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Male excess mortality is widespread among mammals and frequently interpreted as a cost of sexually selected traits that enhance male reproductive success. Sex differences in the propensity to engage in risky behaviours are often invoked to explain the sex gap in survival. Here, we aim to isolate and quantify the survival consequences of two potentially risky male behavioural strategies in a small sexually monomorphic primate, the grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus: (i) most females hibernate during a large part of the austral winter, whereas most males remain active and (ii) during the brief annual mating season males roam widely in search of receptive females. Using a 10-year capture-mark-recapture dataset from a population of M. murinus in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar, we statistically modelled sex-specific seasonal survival probabilities. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for direct survival benefits of hibernation-winter survival did not differ between males and females. By contrast, during the breeding season males survived less well than females (sex gap: 16%). Consistent with the 'risky male behaviour' hypothesis, the period for lowered male survival was restricted to the short mating season. Thus, sex differences in survival in a promiscuous mammal can be substantial even in the absence of sexual dimorphism.

背景与目标： : 男性过度死亡率在哺乳动物中普遍存在，通常被解释为性选择性状的成本，这些性状可以提高男性的生殖成功。经常援引从事危险行为的倾向中的性别差异来解释生存中的性别差距。在这里，我们的目的是分离和量化两种潜在风险的男性行为策略在一个小的性单形灵长类动物，灰鼠狐猴Microcebus murinus的生存后果 :( i) 大多数雌性在大部分冬季冬眠，尽管大多数雄性保持活跃，并且 (ii) 在短暂的年度交配季节，雄性广泛漫游以寻找接受雌性。使用来自马达加斯加西部Kirindy森林的M. murinus种群的10年捕获-标记-捕获数据集，我们对特定性别的季节性生存概率进行了统计建模。令人惊讶的是，我们没有发现任何证据表明冬眠的直接生存益处-冬季生存在男性和女性之间没有差异。相比之下，在繁殖季节，雄性的存活不如雌性 (性别差距: 16%)。与 “危险的男性行为” 假设一致，降低男性存活率的时间仅限于短暂的交配季节。因此，即使没有性别二态性，混杂哺乳动物的生存性别差异也可能很大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Continuous observations of larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, revealed that feeding occurred at regular intervals throughout larval development. To investigate possible factors influencing meal-timing, the behaviours of diet-deprived Bombyx larvae were also analysed. Diet-deprivation resulted in longer durations of the first meals after diet replacement, but did not affect feeding patterns. Furthermore, long-term diet-deprivation promoted wandering behaviour and a consequent delay in feeding after diet replacement. Under diet-deprivation conditions, meal-starts appeared to be inducible by defecation and physical stimulation. However, stimulation-induced meal-starts were dependent on the time elapsed since the larvae's previous meals. Provided that more than 1h had elapsed since their previous meals, larvae could be induced to feed by defecation and tapping. At less than 1h post-meal, larvae were less likely to begin feeding after defecation or physical stimulation. Activated locomotions such as wandering and feeding were observed in the long-term diet-deprived larvae only after diet blocks were replaced, while long-term diet-deprived larvae did not show activated locomotion during the absence of diet blocks. Collectively, these data suggest that a combination of elevated locomotion activity and the presence of diet may be necessary for the initiation of feeding in diet-deprived larvae.

背景与目标： : 对家蚕幼虫的连续观察表明，在整个幼虫发育过程中，有规律地进食。为了研究影响进餐时间的可能因素，还分析了饮食剥夺的家蚕幼虫的行为。饮食剥夺导致饮食替代后第一餐的持续时间更长，但不影响喂养方式。此外，长期的饮食剥夺会促进流浪行为，并在饮食替代后导致进食延迟。在饮食剥夺条件下，排便和身体刺激似乎可以诱导进餐。但是，刺激引起的进餐取决于幼虫以前进餐以来的时间。只要自以前进餐以来已经过了1小时以上，就可以通过排便和拍打来诱导幼虫进食。饭后不到1小时，排便或身体刺激后，幼虫开始进食的可能性较小。仅在更换饮食块后，在长期饮食剥夺的幼虫中观察到活跃的运动，例如游荡和进食，而长期饮食剥夺的幼虫在没有饮食块的情况下没有表现出活跃的运动。总的来说，这些数据表明，增加的运动活动和饮食的存在可能是在缺乏饮食的幼虫中开始进食所必需的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Creep feed intake is variable and may be partly homeostatically and exploratory driven. We studied effects of maternal feed restriction and a 'play-feeder' on piglet behaviour and performance. 37 Litters received creep feed in a conventional (CON) or play-feeder (PL) and their sows were full-fed (FF) or restrictedly-fed (RES). Eaters were determined via rectal swabs. At weaning (d24) four piglets from the same treatment were grouped (n = 36 pens). RES hindered piglet growth by 41 g/d and enhanced time eating, creep feed intake and percentage of eaters at weaning versus FF. RES-PL had the largest proportion of moderate and good eaters. PL stimulated feeder exploration and attracted more piglets to the feeder than CON. Post-weaning, RES increased exploratory behaviours, feed intake between d0-5, and growth between d0-2, and reduced body lesions between d0-2 (within CON), drinking and ear biting. PL increased ingestive behaviours, feed intake and growth between d0-15, and BW at d15 post-weaning by 5%. PL also lowered the prevalence of watery diarrhoea, number of body lesions and piglets with ear (within FF) and tail (within RES) damage at d15 post-weaning. Treatments did not affect FCR. To conclude, RES and particularly PL (broader and for longer) result in less weaning-associated-problems.

背景与目标： : 蠕变采食量是可变的，可能部分是稳态和探索性驱动的。我们研究了母性饲料限制和 “游戏者” 对仔猪行为和性能的影响。37窝在常规 (CON) 或饲养 (PL) 中接受了蠕变饲料，其母猪是全饲 (FF) 或限制饲 (RES)。通过直肠拭子确定食者。在断奶 (d24) 时，将来自相同处理的四只仔猪分组 (n   =   36笔)。RES与FF相比，断奶时仔猪的生长速度降低了41g/d，增加了进食时间，爬行饲料摄入量和进食者的百分比。RES-PL的中度和良好食客比例最大。PL刺激了饲喂者的探索，并吸引了更多的仔猪到饲喂者而不是CON。断奶后，RES增加了探索行为，d0-5之间的采食量以及d0-2之间的生长，并减少了d0-2 (CON内)，饮酒和咬耳之间的身体病变。到5%，PL在断奶后d15时增加了摄入行为，采食量和d0-15之间的生长以及BW。PL还降低了断奶后d15时水样腹泻的患病率，身体损伤的数量和仔猪的耳朵 (FF内) 和尾巴 (RES内) 损伤。治疗不影响FCR。总而言之，RES，尤其是PL (范围更广，时间更长) 导致的断奶相关问题较少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experiencing aggressive behaviour has been associated with increased stress and turnover among staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. Incident perception is a strong predictor of psychological outcomes after trauma but has not been studied in this staff group. This study clustered exposure to aggression and endorsement of emotional difficulties among 386 community residential group home staff and evaluated the contribution of four behavioural topographies to staff-rated perceived severity. Staff exposure varied considerably. Perceived severity correlated with subjective emotional difficulties. High perceived severity was associated with daily exposure, aggression towards others causing injury, and property aggression causing injury or damage. Therefore, the role the staff plays, whether a witness or target, may impact their experience.

背景与目标： : 经历攻击性行为与支持智障成年人的工作人员压力和更替增加有关。事件感知是创伤后心理结果的有力预测指标，但尚未在该员工组中进行研究。这项研究将386社区居民团体家庭工作人员攻击和认可情绪困难的情况集中在一起，并评估了四种行为地形对工作人员感知严重程度的贡献。员工暴露差异很大。感知的严重程度与主观情绪困难相关。高度感知的严重程度与日常暴露，对他人的侵略造成伤害以及财产攻击造成伤害或损害有关。因此，工作人员扮演的角色，无论是证人还是目标，都可能影响他们的经历。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mathematical modelling regarding evolutionary theory typically assumes that optimal strategies are not constrained through mechanistic processes. In contrast, recent studies on brain anatomy and neurobiology suggest that flexibility in social behaviour is rather constrained by the physiological state of the social decision-making network. Changing its state may yield selective advantages in some social contexts but neutral or even detrimental effects in others. Here we provide field evidence for such physiological trade-offs. We subjected wild female cleaner wrasse to injections of testosterone or of saline solution (control) and then observed both intraspecific interactions and interspecific cleaning behaviour with other reef fish, referred to as clients. Testosterone-treated females intensified intraspecific social interactions, showing more aggression towards smaller females and tendencies of increased aggressive and affiliative contacts with dominant males. Such testosterone-mediated changes fit the hypothesis that an increase in testosterone mediates female's focus on status in this protogynous hermaphrodite species, where females eventually change sex to become males. Moreover, we also identified other effects on interspecific social interactions: testosterone-treated females interacted less with client reef fishes and hence obtained less food. Most importantly, they selectively reduced service quality for species that were less likely to punish after being cheated. Overall, our findings suggest that testosterone causes pleiotropic effects on intra and interspecific social behaviour by broadly influencing female cleaners' decision-making.

背景与目标： : 关于进化理论的数学建模通常假设最优策略不受机械过程的约束。相反，最近有关大脑解剖学和神经生物学的研究表明，社会行为的灵活性受到社会决策网络生理状态的限制。改变状态可能会在某些社会环境中产生选择性优势，但在其他社会环境中会产生中立甚至有害的影响。在这里，我们为这种生理权衡提供了现场证据。我们对野生雌性清洁剂濑鱼注射了睾丸激素或盐溶液 (对照)，然后观察了种内相互作用和与其他礁石鱼 (称为客户) 的种间清洁行为。接受睾丸激素治疗的女性增强了种内社会互动，对较小的女性表现出更多攻击，并且与占主导地位的男性的攻击性和从属性接触增加。这种睾丸激素介导的变化符合以下假设: 睾丸激素的增加介导了女性对这种原始雌雄同体物种地位的关注，在这种情况下，女性最终改变性别成为男性。此外，我们还发现了对种间社会互动的其他影响: 接受睾丸激素治疗的雌性与客户礁石鱼的互动较少，因此获得的食物较少。最重要的是，他们有选择地降低了被骗后不太可能受到惩罚的物种的服务质量。总体而言，我们的发现表明，睾丸激素通过广泛影响女性清洁工的决策而对种内和种间社会行为产生多效性影响。