• 【在患有猝倒性发作性睡病中,心血管变异性与睡眠-觉醒行为的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/jsr.12007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Silvani A,Grimaldi D,Barletta G,Bastianini S,Vandi S,Pierangeli G,Plazzi G,Cortelli P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Hypocretin/orexin signalling varies among sleep-wake behaviours, impacts upon cardiovascular autonomic control and is impaired in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC). However, evidence concerning disturbed cardiovascular autonomic control in NC patients is contrasting, and limited mainly to waking behaviour. We thus investigated whether control of cardiovascular variability is altered in NC patients during wakefulness preceding sleep, light (1-2) and deep (3-4) stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Polysomnographic recordings and finger blood pressure measurements were performed on nine drug-free male NC patients and nine matched healthy control subjects during spontaneous sleep-wake behaviour in a standardized laboratory environment. Indices of autonomic function were computed based on spontaneous fluctuations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart period (HP). During wakefulness before sleep, NC patients showed significant decreases in indices of vagal HP modulation, cardiac baroreflex sensitivity and amplitude of central autonomic (feed-forward) cardiac control compared with control subjects. During NREM sleep, the negative correlation between HP and subsequent SBP values was greater in NC patients than in control subjects, suggesting a greater contribution of central autonomic commands to cardiac control. Collectively, these results provide preliminary evidence that autonomic control of cardiac variability by baroreflex and central autonomic (feed-forward) mechanisms is altered in NC patients during spontaneous sleep-wake behaviour, and particularly during wakefulness before sleep.
    背景与目标: : Hypocretin/orexin信号在睡眠-觉醒行为中有所不同,会影响心血管自主神经控制,并在伴有猝倒 (NC) 的发作性睡病患者中受损。然而,有关NC患者心血管自主控制紊乱的证据是相反的,并且主要限于清醒行为。因此,我们研究了在睡眠前清醒,非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠和快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠的轻度 (1-2) 和深度 (3-4) 阶段的NC患者中,心血管变异性的控制是否发生改变)) 睡眠。在标准化的实验室环境中,在自发的睡眠唤醒行为期间,对9名无药男性NC患者和9名匹配的健康对照受试者进行了多导睡眠图记录和手指血压测量。根据收缩压 (SBP) 和心脏周期 (HP) 的自发波动来计算自主功能指标。在睡前清醒期间,与对照组相比,NC患者的迷走神经HP调制指数,心脏压力反射敏感性和中枢自主神经 (前馈) 心脏控制幅度显着降低。在NREM睡眠期间,NC患者的HP与随后的SBP值之间的负相关性大于对照组,这表明中央自主神经命令对心脏控制的贡献更大。总的来说,这些结果提供了初步证据,表明NC患者在自发性睡眠-觉醒行为期间,尤其是在睡前清醒期间,通过压力反射和中枢自主神经 (前馈) 机制对心脏变异性的自主控制发生了改变。
  • 【冠状动脉异常: 塑造具有挑战性问题景观的多学科方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/chd.12490 复制DOI
    作者列表:Molossi S,Agrawal H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coronary artery anomalies, particularly anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course, are associated with sudden cardiac arrest or death in the young. There is paucity of data on risk stratification and longitudinal follow up is lacking in these patients. Collaboration and sharing of data among specialized centers might shed much needed light in this complex problem.
    背景与目标: : 冠状动脉异常,特别是具有动脉间病程的冠状动脉异常主动脉起源,与年轻人的心脏骤停或死亡有关。关于风险分层的数据很少,这些患者缺乏纵向随访。在这个复杂的问题上,专业中心之间的协作和数据共享可能会提供急需的信息。
  • 【作为肥胖中自我感知健康,生活质量和健康相关行为的调解人的社会地位。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1055/s-0032-1327748 复制DOI
    作者列表:Burkert NT,Freidl W,Muckenhuber J,Großschädl F,Stronegger WJ,Rásky E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide and associated with a high health risk. Unfavourable psychological factors, lower self-ratings of health and worse health-related behaviour can be found in individuals with a low socioeconomic status (SES). Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether normal weight vs. obese subjects with a high vs. low socioeconomic status (SES) differ with regard to self-perceived health, quality of life and health-related behaviour. METHODS:Data of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS) 2006/07, precisely of 8015 subjects were analysed stratified by sex and adjusted by age concerning these outcomes. RESULTS:The results have shown that men and women with a low SES differ significantly from those with a high SES in terms of self-perceived health, quality of life, intensity of physical activities, alcohol consumption, and eating behaviour (men: p <0.001; women: p<0.001). A significant interaction between the body mass index (BMI) and SES occurred in men concerning quality of life in the domains physical (p<0.05) and psychological health (p<0.01), in women as to self-perceived health (p<0.01), quality of life in the domains physical health (p<0.01) and environment (p<0.05), as well as physical activities (p<0.01). CONCLUSION:The SES has a strong negative impact on health-related variables, especially in obese subjects, and therefore risk assessment in the primary health-care setting should include socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, a continued strong public health programme is required with an absolute priority placed on obese subjects of low SES.
    背景与目标:
  • 【男性危险行为的代价: 小型单态灵长类动物季节性生存的性别差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rspb.2008.0200 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kraus C,Eberle M,Kappeler PM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Male excess mortality is widespread among mammals and frequently interpreted as a cost of sexually selected traits that enhance male reproductive success. Sex differences in the propensity to engage in risky behaviours are often invoked to explain the sex gap in survival. Here, we aim to isolate and quantify the survival consequences of two potentially risky male behavioural strategies in a small sexually monomorphic primate, the grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus: (i) most females hibernate during a large part of the austral winter, whereas most males remain active and (ii) during the brief annual mating season males roam widely in search of receptive females. Using a 10-year capture-mark-recapture dataset from a population of M. murinus in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar, we statistically modelled sex-specific seasonal survival probabilities. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for direct survival benefits of hibernation-winter survival did not differ between males and females. By contrast, during the breeding season males survived less well than females (sex gap: 16%). Consistent with the 'risky male behaviour' hypothesis, the period for lowered male survival was restricted to the short mating season. Thus, sex differences in survival in a promiscuous mammal can be substantial even in the absence of sexual dimorphism.
    背景与目标: : 男性过度死亡率在哺乳动物中普遍存在,通常被解释为性选择性状的成本,这些性状可以提高男性的生殖成功。经常援引从事危险行为的倾向中的性别差异来解释生存中的性别差距。在这里,我们的目的是分离和量化两种潜在风险的男性行为策略在一个小的性单形灵长类动物,灰鼠狐猴Microcebus murinus的生存后果 :( i) 大多数雌性在大部分冬季冬眠,尽管大多数雄性保持活跃,并且 (ii) 在短暂的年度交配季节,雄性广泛漫游以寻找接受雌性。使用来自马达加斯加西部Kirindy森林的M. murinus种群的10年捕获-标记-捕获数据集,我们对特定性别的季节性生存概率进行了统计建模。令人惊讶的是,我们没有发现任何证据表明冬眠的直接生存益处-冬季生存在男性和女性之间没有差异。相比之下,在繁殖季节,雄性的存活不如雌性 (性别差距: 16%)。与 “危险的男性行为” 假设一致,降低男性存活率的时间仅限于短暂的交配季节。因此,即使没有性别二态性,混杂哺乳动物的生存性别差异也可能很大。
  • 【饮食剥夺和物理刺激对家蚕幼虫摄食行为的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nagata S,Nagasawa H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Continuous observations of larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, revealed that feeding occurred at regular intervals throughout larval development. To investigate possible factors influencing meal-timing, the behaviours of diet-deprived Bombyx larvae were also analysed. Diet-deprivation resulted in longer durations of the first meals after diet replacement, but did not affect feeding patterns. Furthermore, long-term diet-deprivation promoted wandering behaviour and a consequent delay in feeding after diet replacement. Under diet-deprivation conditions, meal-starts appeared to be inducible by defecation and physical stimulation. However, stimulation-induced meal-starts were dependent on the time elapsed since the larvae's previous meals. Provided that more than 1h had elapsed since their previous meals, larvae could be induced to feed by defecation and tapping. At less than 1h post-meal, larvae were less likely to begin feeding after defecation or physical stimulation. Activated locomotions such as wandering and feeding were observed in the long-term diet-deprived larvae only after diet blocks were replaced, while long-term diet-deprived larvae did not show activated locomotion during the absence of diet blocks. Collectively, these data suggest that a combination of elevated locomotion activity and the presence of diet may be necessary for the initiation of feeding in diet-deprived larvae.
    背景与目标: : 对家蚕幼虫的连续观察表明,在整个幼虫发育过程中,有规律地进食。为了研究影响进餐时间的可能因素,还分析了饮食剥夺的家蚕幼虫的行为。饮食剥夺导致饮食替代后第一餐的持续时间更长,但不影响喂养方式。此外,长期的饮食剥夺会促进流浪行为,并在饮食替代后导致进食延迟。在饮食剥夺条件下,排便和身体刺激似乎可以诱导进餐。但是,刺激引起的进餐取决于幼虫以前进餐以来的时间。只要自以前进餐以来已经过了1小时以上,就可以通过排便和拍打来诱导幼虫进食。饭后不到1小时,排便或身体刺激后,幼虫开始进食的可能性较小。仅在更换饮食块后,在长期饮食剥夺的幼虫中观察到活跃的运动,例如游荡和进食,而长期饮食剥夺的幼虫在没有饮食块的情况下没有表现出活跃的运动。总的来说,这些数据表明,增加的运动活动和饮食的存在可能是在缺乏饮食的幼虫中开始进食所必需的。
  • 【母猪的采食量和仔猪的嬉戏饲养会影响仔猪断奶前后的行为和性能。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-52530-w 复制DOI
    作者列表:Middelkoop A,Costermans N,Kemp B,Bolhuis JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Creep feed intake is variable and may be partly homeostatically and exploratory driven. We studied effects of maternal feed restriction and a 'play-feeder' on piglet behaviour and performance. 37 Litters received creep feed in a conventional (CON) or play-feeder (PL) and their sows were full-fed (FF) or restrictedly-fed (RES). Eaters were determined via rectal swabs. At weaning (d24) four piglets from the same treatment were grouped (n = 36 pens). RES hindered piglet growth by 41 g/d and enhanced time eating, creep feed intake and percentage of eaters at weaning versus FF. RES-PL had the largest proportion of moderate and good eaters. PL stimulated feeder exploration and attracted more piglets to the feeder than CON. Post-weaning, RES increased exploratory behaviours, feed intake between d0-5, and growth between d0-2, and reduced body lesions between d0-2 (within CON), drinking and ear biting. PL increased ingestive behaviours, feed intake and growth between d0-15, and BW at d15 post-weaning by 5%. PL also lowered the prevalence of watery diarrhoea, number of body lesions and piglets with ear (within FF) and tail (within RES) damage at d15 post-weaning. Treatments did not affect FCR. To conclude, RES and particularly PL (broader and for longer) result in less weaning-associated-problems.
    背景与目标: : 蠕变采食量是可变的,可能部分是稳态和探索性驱动的。我们研究了母性饲料限制和 “游戏者” 对仔猪行为和性能的影响。37窝在常规 (CON) 或饲养 (PL) 中接受了蠕变饲料,其母猪是全饲 (FF) 或限制饲 (RES)。通过直肠拭子确定食者。在断奶 (d24) 时,将来自相同处理的四只仔猪分组 (n   =   36笔)。RES与FF相比,断奶时仔猪的生长速度降低了41g/d,增加了进食时间,爬行饲料摄入量和进食者的百分比。RES-PL的中度和良好食客比例最大。PL刺激了饲喂者的探索,并吸引了更多的仔猪到饲喂者而不是CON。断奶后,RES增加了探索行为,d0-5之间的采食量以及d0-2之间的生长,并减少了d0-2 (CON内),饮酒和咬耳之间的身体病变。到5%,PL在断奶后d15时增加了摄入行为,采食量和d0-15之间的生长以及BW。PL还降低了断奶后d15时水样腹泻的患病率,身体损伤的数量和仔猪的耳朵 (FF内) 和尾巴 (RES内) 损伤。治疗不影响FCR。总而言之,RES,尤其是PL (范围更广,时间更长) 导致的断奶相关问题较少。
  • 【工作人员对智障成年人社区服务中攻击性行为的看法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10597-013-9636-0 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hensel JM,Lunsky Y,Dewa CS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experiencing aggressive behaviour has been associated with increased stress and turnover among staff who support adults with intellectual disabilities. Incident perception is a strong predictor of psychological outcomes after trauma but has not been studied in this staff group. This study clustered exposure to aggression and endorsement of emotional difficulties among 386 community residential group home staff and evaluated the contribution of four behavioural topographies to staff-rated perceived severity. Staff exposure varied considerably. Perceived severity correlated with subjective emotional difficulties. High perceived severity was associated with daily exposure, aggression towards others causing injury, and property aggression causing injury or damage. Therefore, the role the staff plays, whether a witness or target, may impact their experience.
    背景与目标: : 经历攻击性行为与支持智障成年人的工作人员压力和更替增加有关。事件感知是创伤后心理结果的有力预测指标,但尚未在该员工组中进行研究。这项研究将386社区居民团体家庭工作人员攻击和认可情绪困难的情况集中在一起,并评估了四种行为地形对工作人员感知严重程度的贡献。员工暴露差异很大。感知的严重程度与主观情绪困难相关。高度感知的严重程度与日常暴露,对他人的侵略造成伤害以及财产攻击造成伤害或损害有关。因此,工作人员扮演的角色,无论是证人还是目标,都可能影响他们的经历。
  • 【睾丸激素会对清洁鱼的行为产生多效性影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-51960-w 复制DOI
    作者列表:Soares MC,Mazzei R,Cardoso SC,Ramos C,Bshary R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mathematical modelling regarding evolutionary theory typically assumes that optimal strategies are not constrained through mechanistic processes. In contrast, recent studies on brain anatomy and neurobiology suggest that flexibility in social behaviour is rather constrained by the physiological state of the social decision-making network. Changing its state may yield selective advantages in some social contexts but neutral or even detrimental effects in others. Here we provide field evidence for such physiological trade-offs. We subjected wild female cleaner wrasse to injections of testosterone or of saline solution (control) and then observed both intraspecific interactions and interspecific cleaning behaviour with other reef fish, referred to as clients. Testosterone-treated females intensified intraspecific social interactions, showing more aggression towards smaller females and tendencies of increased aggressive and affiliative contacts with dominant males. Such testosterone-mediated changes fit the hypothesis that an increase in testosterone mediates female's focus on status in this protogynous hermaphrodite species, where females eventually change sex to become males. Moreover, we also identified other effects on interspecific social interactions: testosterone-treated females interacted less with client reef fishes and hence obtained less food. Most importantly, they selectively reduced service quality for species that were less likely to punish after being cheated. Overall, our findings suggest that testosterone causes pleiotropic effects on intra and interspecific social behaviour by broadly influencing female cleaners' decision-making.
    背景与目标: : 关于进化理论的数学建模通常假设最优策略不受机械过程的约束。相反,最近有关大脑解剖学和神经生物学的研究表明,社会行为的灵活性受到社会决策网络生理状态的限制。改变状态可能会在某些社会环境中产生选择性优势,但在其他社会环境中会产生中立甚至有害的影响。在这里,我们为这种生理权衡提供了现场证据。我们对野生雌性清洁剂濑鱼注射了睾丸激素或盐溶液 (对照),然后观察了种内相互作用和与其他礁石鱼 (称为客户) 的种间清洁行为。接受睾丸激素治疗的女性增强了种内社会互动,对较小的女性表现出更多攻击,并且与占主导地位的男性的攻击性和从属性接触增加。这种睾丸激素介导的变化符合以下假设: 睾丸激素的增加介导了女性对这种原始雌雄同体物种地位的关注,在这种情况下,女性最终改变性别成为男性。此外,我们还发现了对种间社会互动的其他影响: 接受睾丸激素治疗的雌性与客户礁石鱼的互动较少,因此获得的食物较少。最重要的是,他们有选择地降低了被骗后不太可能受到惩罚的物种的服务质量。总体而言,我们的发现表明,睾丸激素通过广泛影响女性清洁工的决策而对种内和种间社会行为产生多效性影响。
  • 【中央模式生成器固有地产生的最佳搜索行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.7554/eLife.50316 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sims DW,Humphries NE,Hu N,Medan V,Berni J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Efficient searching for resources such as food by animals is key to their survival. It has been proposed that diverse animals from insects to sharks and humans adopt searching patterns that resemble a simple Lévy random walk, which is theoretically optimal for 'blind foragers' to locate sparse, patchy resources. To test if such patterns are generated intrinsically, or arise via environmental interactions, we tracked free-moving Drosophila larvae with (and without) blocked synaptic activity in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) and sensory neurons. In brain-blocked larvae, we found that extended substrate exploration emerges as multi-scale movement paths similar to truncated Lévy walks. Strikingly, power-law exponents of brain/SOG/sensory-blocked larvae averaged 1.96, close to a theoretical optimum (µ ≅ 2.0) for locating sparse resources. Thus, efficient spatial exploration can emerge from autonomous patterns in neural activity. Our results provide the strongest evidence so far for the intrinsic generation of Lévy-like movement patterns.
    背景与目标: : 动物有效地寻找食物等资源是它们生存的关键。有人提出,从昆虫到鲨鱼和人类的各种动物都采用类似于简单的l é vy随机游走的搜索模式,从理论上讲,这是 “盲人觅食” 寻找稀疏,斑驳资源的最佳选择。为了测试这种模式是内在产生的还是通过环境相互作用产生的,我们追踪了自由移动的果蝇幼虫,它们在大脑,食管下神经节 (SOG) 和感觉神经元中有 (或没有) 突触活动受阻的情况。在大脑阻塞的幼虫中,我们发现扩展的底物探索以类似于截断的l é vy行走的多尺度运动路径出现。引人注目的是,大脑/SOG/感觉阻塞幼虫的幂律指数平均为1.96,接近用于定位稀疏资源的理论最佳 (μ 2.0)。因此,有效的空间探索可以从神经活动的自主模式中出现。到目前为止,我们的结果为类似l é vy的运动模式的内在产生提供了最有力的证据。
  • 【有和没有癫痫的脑瘫儿童的行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03090.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Carlsson M,Olsson I,Hagberg G,Beckung E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of the study was to describe behavioural problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP) with and without epilepsy. The children were sampled from the Western Sweden CP register and were part of a European Union project. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and questions on epilepsy were answered by one parent of each child. Medical records were reviewed. Parents of 83 children (44 males, 39 females) age range participated: 30 at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I and II, and 53 at levels III to V; 60 had spastic age range 8 to 12 years (bilateral 42, unilateral 18) and 23 dyskinetic CP; 34 children had active epilepsy. The proportion of children with normal behaviour on the total difficulties score (TDS) of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire was significantly lower than normative data (57% vs 80%, p<0.001). Parents of 21 children (25%) considered their child's behaviour to be abnormal. Children with CP and epilepsy had a significantly higher median TDS (p=0.03) than seizure-free children. In children with aided or no walking ability, the TDS was significantly higher in those with epilepsy (p=0.04). Parents of 32 children (39%) considered their children's behaviour to have an impact on themselves and others. We conclude that behavioural problems are common in children with CP, and even more when epilepsy is present. Parents identify these problems, and professionals need to address them.
    背景与目标: : 该研究的目的是描述患有和不患有癫痫的脑瘫 (CP) 儿童的行为问题。这些孩子是从瑞典西部CP登记册中取样的,是欧盟项目的一部分。每个孩子的一位父母回答了有关癫痫的力量和困难问卷和问题。对病历进行了审查。83名儿童 (44名男性,39名女性) 的父母年龄范围: 30名在粗大运动功能分类系统I和II级,53名在III至V级; 60名痉挛年龄范围为8至12岁 (双侧42岁,单侧18岁) 和23名运动障碍性CP; 34名儿童患有活动性癫痫。在强度和困难问卷的总困难得分 (TDS) 上,行为正常的儿童比例显着低于规范数据 (57% vs 80%,p<0.001)。21名儿童 (25% 名) 的父母认为孩子的行为异常。CP和癫痫患儿的中位TDS (p = 0.03) 明显高于无癫痫患儿。在辅助或无行走能力的儿童中,癫痫患者的TDS显着更高 (p = 0.04)。32名儿童 (39% 名) 的父母认为他们孩子的行为会对自己和他人产生影响。我们得出的结论是,在患有CP的儿童中,行为问题很常见,并且在存在癫痫的情况下甚至更多。父母发现了这些问题,专业人员需要解决这些问题。
  • 【褐鳟 (Salmo trutta L.) 中的氨暴露会影响社交互动,捕食行为和快速启动性能。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.009 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tudorache C,Blust R,De Boeck G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In fish, fast starts are brief, sudden accelerations during predator-prey encounters. They serve for escape and predation and are therefore ecologically important movements. Fast starts are generated by glycolytic muscle performance and are influenced by many internal and external factors. It is known that ammonia pollution has a major effect on the glycolytic muscle action, thus creating conditions in which fast start performance might be reduced and predation rates altered. Therefore, escape response and predation strikes were investigated in brown trout (Salmo trutta) of 10 and 20 cm body length exposed to an elevated (1 mg l(-1)) ammonia concentration for 24 and 96 h. Various locomotor and behavioural variables were measured. In C-starts, i.e. an escape start where the fish bends into a C-shaped position, ammonia exposure had no effect on response latency. After 96 h of exposure, cumulative distance, maximum swimming speed and turning radius of the prey were all significantly reduced and the escape went in no definite direction. The effect of ammonia exposure was more pronounced in large fish than in small fish. Predation strikes were also affected. Distance, speed and turning radius were significantly lower in exposed fish. Agonistic behaviour of dominant fish was significantly reduced and fish spent more time resting. Predator behaviour was also altered and the number of prey captured was reduced. This study shows that ammonia exposure affects brown trout escape response mainly through a reduction in fast start velocity and through an impairment of directionality. Thus, in addition to a reduced strength of the response, ammonia exposure could also reduce the fish's elusiveness facing a predator. Predation rate and social interactions are disrupted and predator-prey relationships could be altered.
    背景与目标: : 在鱼类中,快速启动是在捕食者与猎物相遇期间短暂而突然的加速。它们用于逃避和捕食,因此是生态上重要的运动。快速启动是由糖酵解肌肉性能产生的,并受到许多内部和外部因素的影响。众所周知,氨污染对糖酵解肌肉的作用具有重大影响,从而创造了可能降低快速启动性能并改变捕食速率的条件。因此,在暴露于升高的 (1 mg l(-1)) 氨浓度24和96小时的10和20厘米体长的褐鳟 (Salmo trutta) 中研究了逃逸反应和捕食打击。测量了各种运动和行为变量。在C启动中,即鱼弯曲到C形位置的逃逸启动中,氨暴露对响应潜伏期没有影响。暴露96小时后,累积距离,最大游泳速度和猎物的转弯半径均显着减小,并且逃逸没有确定的方向。大鱼比小鱼暴露氨的影响更明显。捕食罢工也受到影响。裸露鱼的距离,速度和转弯半径明显降低。优势鱼的激动行为显着降低,鱼花费了更多的时间休息。捕食者的行为也发生了变化,捕获的猎物数量也减少了。这项研究表明,氨暴露主要通过降低快速启动速度和损害方向性来影响鳟鱼的逃逸反应。因此,除了降低响应强度外,氨暴露还可以降低鱼面对捕食者的难以捉摸的能力。捕食率和社交互动被破坏,捕食者与猎物的关系可能会改变。
  • 【认知行为疗法和通用咨询在抑郁症治疗中的相对有效性和效率: 来自第二次英国心理疗法国家审计的证据。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12888-017-1370-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pybis J,Saxon D,Hill A,Barkham M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is the front-line psychological intervention for step 3 within UK psychological therapy services. Counselling is recommended only when other interventions have failed and its effectiveness has been questioned. METHOD:A secondary data analysis was conducted of data collected from 33,243 patients across 103 Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services as part of the second round of the National Audit of Psychological Therapies (NAPT). Initial analysis considered levels of pre-post therapy effect sizes (ESs) and reliable improvement (RI) and reliable and clinically significant improvement (RCSI). Multilevel modelling was used to model predictors of outcome, namely patient pre-post change on PHQ-9 scores at last therapy session. RESULTS:Counselling received more referrals from patients experiencing moderate to severe depression than CBT. For patients scoring above the clinical cut-off on the PHQ-9 at intake, the pre-post ES (95% CI) for CBT was 1.59 (1.58, 1.62) with 46.6% making RCSI criteria and for counselling the pre-post ES was 1.55 (1.52, 1.59) with 44.3% of patients meeting RCSI criteria. Multilevel modelling revealed a significant site effect of 1.8%, while therapy type was not a predictor of outcome. A significant interaction was found between the number of sessions attended and therapy type, with patients attending fewer sessions on average for counselling [M = 7.5 (5.54) sessions and a median (IQR) of 6 (3-10)] than CBT [M = 8.9 (6.34) sessions and a median (IQR) of 7 (4-12)]. Only where patients had 18 or 20 sessions was CBT significantly more effective than counselling, with recovery rates (95% CIs) of 62.2% (57.1, 66.9) and 62.4% (56.5, 68.0) respectively, compared with 44.4% (32.7, 56.6) and 42.6% (30.0, 55.9) for counselling. Counselling was significantly more effective at two sessions with a recovery rate of 34.9% (31.9, 37.9) compared with 22.2% (20.5, 24.0) for CBT. CONCLUSIONS:Outcomes for counselling and CBT in the treatment of depression were comparable. Research efforts should focus on factors other than therapy type that may influence outcomes, namely the inherent variability between services, and adopt multilevel modelling as the given analytic approach in order to capture the naturally nested nature of the implementation and delivery of psychological therapies. It is of concern that half of all patients, regardless of type of intervention, did not show reliable improvement.
    背景与目标:
  • 【了解慢性疼痛患者的自杀意念和行为: 对新型跨诊断心理因素的作用的回顾。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30288-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kirtley OJ,Rodham K,Crane C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Individuals with chronic pain are at an elevated risk of suicide, yet psychosocial factors that might be involved in increasing or decreasing vulnerability for suicidal ideation and behaviour have received little attention. Extant literature on the topic of suicide in individuals with chronic pain incorporates only a few of the wide array of known vulnerability and protective factors. This Review focuses on transdiagnostic psychological processes, (ie, those of relevance for both chronic pain and suicide). We reviewed a selection of published literature on chronic pain and suicide, concentrating on previously unexplored and underexplored lines of research, including future orientation, mental imagery, and psychological flexibility. A greater degree of crosspollination between the fields of chronic pain and suicide research is required to progress our understanding of why some people with chronic pain become suicidal and others do not.
    背景与目标: : 患有慢性疼痛的人自杀的风险较高,但是可能与增加或减少自杀观念和行为的脆弱性有关的社会心理因素很少受到关注。关于慢性疼痛患者自杀的现有文献仅纳入了各种已知的脆弱性和保护因素中的少数。本文的重点是跨诊断心理过程 (即与慢性疼痛和自杀相关的过程)。我们回顾了一些有关慢性疼痛和自杀的已发表文献,重点是以前尚未探索和尚未探索的研究领域,包括未来取向,心理意象和心理灵活性。需要在慢性疼痛和自杀研究领域之间进行更大程度的交叉研究,以加深我们对为什么某些患有慢性疼痛的人自杀而另一些人没有自杀的理解。
  • 【分心过程中颅面缝线的生物力学行为: 对整个颅面骨骼的评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.025 复制DOI
    作者列表:Savoldi F,Tsoi JKH,Paganelli C,Matinlinna JP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Sutures are fibrous joints connecting the bones of the head. Despite the fundamental role played by sutures in dentofacial orthopaedics, their biomechanical properties are not completely understood. This study evaluated anatomy, biomechanics, and acoustic emission (AE) during distraction of the sutural ligament (SL). METHODS:Seventy-two suture samples were removed from a twelve-months-old swine (Sus scrofa) head. Each volume was acquired using micro-computed tomography (μCT), and the linear interdigitation index was calculated on both planes (LIICOR and LIISAG). Mechanical testing till failure was carried at 1mm/min, and four piezoelectric sensors were used for recording of amplitude (A), duration (D), and energy (E) of AE. The relationships between interdigitation, fracture types, tensile stress (σ0), and AE were statistically analysed with non-parametric tests (α=0.05). RESULTS:σ0 of the SL had median values of 4.0MPa, and AE were characterised by A of 49.3dB (IQR=2.2), D of 826.3μs (IQR=533.4), and E of 57,715.8 eu (IQR=439,613.5). Most of the fractures happened in the SL (46%), some within the bone (34%), and fewer were combined (19%). LIICOR had correlation with A (0.383, p=0.028), D (0.348, p=0.048), and E (0.437, p=0.011) of the AE, and σ0 had similar relationship with A (0.500, p=0.003), D (0.495, p=0.003), and E (0.579, p<0.001). Maximum energy values were different between fractures within the bone and within the SL (p=0.021). SIGNIFICANCE:Biomechanical properties under tension of most of the sutures of the craniofacial skeleton were reported. AE provided information about the sequence of events during SL distraction, and had significant relationship with its mechanical properties. Further studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings, and to identify their relationship with biological processes and dentofacial treatments.
    背景与目标:
  • 【晚年性行为研究综述 -- 定量和定性发现。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/ajag.12773 复制DOI
    作者列表:Freak-Poli R,Malta S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:This article provides an overview of current sexual behaviour research in later life by describing associated factors, including the physical and psychological benefits. METHODS:Recent systematic reviews were interrogated for findings on sexual behaviour research in adults aged 60+. RESULTS:Regardless of research methods employed, all studies showed that there were a range of physical and psychological benefits to remaining sexually active in later life. While quantitative studies placed an emphasis on measuring penile-vaginal intercourse, they provided no definitive conclusion about the benefits due to 'inconsistent results' across studies. Qualitative studies described the myriad ways in which older adults redefine what constitutes sexual activity despite the onset of dysfunction and disability. CONCLUSION:While the different research methods show that engaging in sexual behaviour has physical and psychological benefits at all adult ages, there is limited conclusive evidence about what the overall benefits might be in later life.
    背景与目标:

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