• 【重大公共假期,体育和社交活动中的酒精中毒: 2000-2009年澳大利亚墨尔本的时间序列分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/add.12041 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lloyd B,Matthews S,Livingston M,Jayasekara H,Smith K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To assess the relationship between ambulance attendances, emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for acute alcohol intoxication and the timing of public holidays, sporting and social events. DESIGN:Time-series analysis was used to explore trends in intoxication in the context of major events. SETTING:Population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 2000 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS:All patients attended by ambulance, presenting to hospital EDs, or admitted to hospital who were classified as acutely alcohol intoxicated. MEASUREMENT:Analysis of daily numbers of presentations for acute alcohol intoxication associated with major events were undertaken, including lead and lag effects. Analyses controlled for day of week and month of year to address temporal and seasonal variations. FINDINGS:Alcohol intoxication presentations were significantly elevated the day before all public holidays, with intoxication cases on the day of public holidays only higher on New Year's Day (ambulance 6.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.4-9.74; ED 3.34, 95% CI: 1.28-5.4) and ANZAC Day (ambulance 3.71, 95% CI: 0.68-6.75). The Australian Football League (AFL) Grand Final (ED 2.37, 95% CI: 0.55-4.19), Commonwealth Games (ED 2.45, 95% CI: 0.6-4.3) and Melbourne Cup Day (ambulance 6.14, 95% CI: 2.42-9.85) represented the sporting events with significant elevations in acute intoxication requiring medical attention. The last working day before Christmas was the only social event where a significant increase in acute intoxication occurred (ambulance 8.98, 95% CI: 6.8-11.15). CONCLUSIONS:Acute alcohol intoxication cases requiring ambulance, emergency department and hospital in-patient treatment increase substantially on the day preceding public holidays and other major social events.
    背景与目标:
  • 【安大略省1968 1991年的酒精消费、匿名酗酒者会员资格和凶杀死亡率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00216.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mann RE,Zalcman RF,Smart RG,Rush BR,Suurvali H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Research has shown a strong link between alcohol use and a variety of problems, including violence. Parker and colleagues have presented a selective disinhibition theory for the link between alcohol use and homicide (and other violence) that posits a causal relationship that is also influenced by other situational and contextual factors. This model is particularly well suited for aggregate-level investigations. In this study, we examine the impact of alcohol factors, including consumption measures and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership rates, on homicide mortality rates in Ontario, and test predictions derived from the selective disinhibition model. METHODS:Time series analyses with ARIMA modeling were applied to total, male, and female homicide rates in Ontario between 1968 and 1991. The analyses performed included total alcohol consumption, spirits consumption, beer consumption, and wine consumption. Missing AA membership data were interpolated with cubic splines. RESULTS:For the total population and males, homicide rates were significantly and positively related to total alcohol consumption and to the consumption of beer and spirits. They were also negatively related to AA membership rates in the analyses involving spirits and wine and positively related to unemployment rates in the analyses involving beer, wine, and total alcohol. Among females, none of the measures were significant predictors of homicide mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS:These data provide important support for the selective disinhibition model and confirm important relationships between per capita consumption measures and homicide mortality rates, especially among males, seen in other studies. Additionally, the results for AA membership rates are consistent with the hypothesis that AA membership and treatment for misuse of alcohol can exert beneficial effects observable at the population level.
    背景与目标:
  • 3 Alcohol and suicidal behavior in adolescents. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【青少年的酒精和自杀行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sher L,Sperling D,Zalsman G,Vardi G,Merrick J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This review describes epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents. As one of the leading causes of death of young adults, adolescent suicide has become a public health problem and an increase in the adolescent suicide rate has been observed over the past several decades. One important risk factor thought to contribute to the recent rise in suicidal behavior among young adults is increasing alcohol abuse among adolescents. The link between alcohol and suicide in adolescents is complicated and multiple risk factors are important in explaining and understanding suicidal behavior among adolescents. Comorbid psychopathology, which is common among adolescent alcohol abusers, substantially increases the risk for suicide behavior. Availability of alcohol and guns at home may also contribute to suicide risk in adolescents. Studies of stress hormones, brain neurotransmitters, hereditary factors, behavioral measures and gender differences shed light in understanding this complex phenomenon. Ideally, treatment of adolescents who receive a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder and co-occurring suicidality should follow an integrated protocol that addresses both conditions. Future studies of psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of suicidality in adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse are merited.
    背景与目标: : 这篇综述描述了青少年自杀行为流行病学,病理生理学,危险因素,治疗和预防。作为年轻人死亡的主要原因之一,青少年自杀已成为公共卫生问题,并且在过去几十年中观察到青少年自杀率上升。被认为是导致年轻人自杀行为最近上升的一个重要危险因素是青少年酗酒增加。青少年酒精与自杀之间的联系很复杂,多种危险因素对于解释和理解青少年的自杀行为很重要。在青少年酗酒者中常见的合并症精神病理学大大增加了自杀行为的风险。家里有酒精和枪支也可能导致青少年自杀风险。对应激激素,脑神经递质,遗传因素,行为措施和性别差异的研究为理解这一复杂现象提供了启示。理想情况下,接受酒精使用障碍和同时发生自杀的诊断的青少年的治疗应遵循解决这两种情况的综合方案。值得对酗酒和/或滥用药物的青少年自杀的心理和神经生物学机制进行进一步研究。
  • 【酒精和饮食叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌风险: 日本的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32835b6a60 复制DOI
    作者列表:Islam T,Ito H,Sueta A,Hosono S,Hirose K,Watanabe M,Iwata H,Tajima K,Tanaka H,Matsuo K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Owing to its interaction with alcohol, folate has been suggested to be a potential factor for many types of cancer. The impact of these factors on the risk of breast cancer among Asian populations has not been fully examined, however, particularly with respect to receptor status. We carried out a case-control study in premenopausal and postmenopausal Japanese women, including 1754 breast cancer patients and 3508 noncancer controls. We determined the association between self-reported alcohol drinking, dietary folate intake, and the risk of breast cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic models adjusted for potential confounders. Alcohol consumption was associated with the risk of breast cancer, with the OR for a drinker consuming 23 g or more per day relative to a nondrinker of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.07-1.80). A significant inverse association was observed between folate intake and overall risk of breast cancer, with an OR of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.93; Ptrend=0.004) for the highest tertile relative to the lowest. The OR of a drinker consuming 23 g or more per day relative to a nondrinker with a low folate intake was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.06-2.33). However, a significantly increased risk was not observed in tertile 2 and tertile 3 folate in taker with any amount of alcohol consumption. Higher folate intake decreases the risk of breast cancer among Japanese, whereas alcohol intake increases the risk. These two factors interact with each other, and the excess risk of breast cancer with alcohol consumption might be attenuated by increasing the intake of folate. In addition, the effects of folate/alcohol may vary according to the tumor subtype.
    背景与目标: : 由于叶酸与酒精的相互作用,叶酸被认为是许多类型癌症的潜在因素。然而,这些因素对亚洲人群乳腺癌风险的影响尚未得到充分研究,特别是在受体状态方面。我们对绝经前和绝经后的日本女性进行了病例对照研究,包括1754例乳腺癌患者和3508例非癌症对照。我们确定了自我报告的饮酒,饮食中叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌风险之间的关联。使用校正了潜在混杂因素的逻辑模型来估计具有95% 置信区间 (CIs) 的优势比 (or)。饮酒与患乳腺癌的风险相关,饮酒者的OR每天消耗23g或更多,相对于不饮酒的1.39 (95% CI: 1.07-1.80)。观察到叶酸摄入量与乳腺癌的总体风险之间存在显着的负相关,相对于最低的,最高的三分位数的OR为0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.93; Ptrend = 0.004)。1.58了相对于叶酸摄入量低的非饮酒者每天摄入23 g或更多的饮酒者的OR (95% CI: 1.06-2.33)。然而,在摄入任何量的酒精的情况下,在摄入的2号和3号叶酸中没有观察到明显增加的风险。较高的叶酸摄入量降低了日本人患乳腺癌的风险,而饮酒则增加了患乳腺癌的风险。这两个因素相互作用,饮酒可能会通过增加叶酸的摄入量来降低乳腺癌的超额风险。此外,叶酸/酒精的作用可能因肿瘤亚型而异。
  • 【身体吸引力对获得酒精的影响: 当社会政策符合社会决策时。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:McCall M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite numerous legal interventions, minors continue to purchase and consume alcohol. Prior research had suggested that the decision to request identification to prove legal age was susceptible to various judgement and decision heuristics. This research examined whether the physical attractiveness of the potential consumer and the presence or absence of others were significant predictors of alcohol accessibility. Bartenders (n = 130) rated a target individual who was either high or low in attractiveness. Results indicated that attractiveness was a significant predictor of "proofing likelihood". High levels of attractiveness were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of being asked to provide proof of legal age for the purchase of alcohol. Individuals presented alone were seen as significantly older than when grouped with others. Implications of these findings for the restriction of alcohol availability among minors are considered.

    背景与目标: 尽管有许多法律干预,未成年人仍继续购买和消费酒精。先前的研究表明,要求证明合法年龄的决定容易受到各种判断和决策启发式的影响。这项研究检查了潜在消费者的身体吸引力以及其他人的存在与否是否是酒精可及性的重要预测因素。调酒师 (n = 130) 对吸引力高或低的目标个体进行了评分。结果表明,吸引力是 “打样可能性” 的重要预测指标。高吸引力与被要求提供购买酒精的法定年龄证明的可能性降低有关。单独出现的人被认为比与他人分组时要大得多。考虑了这些发现对限制未成年人饮酒的影响。
  • 【基于网络的酒精干预: 重度饮酒者的系统减员研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2196/jmir.6780 复制DOI
    作者列表:Radtke T,Ostergaard M,Cooke R,Scholz U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Web-based alcohol interventions are a promising way to reduce alcohol consumption because of their anonymity and the possibility of reaching a high numbers of individuals including heavy drinkers. However, Web-based interventions are often characterized by high rates of attrition. To date, very few studies have investigated whether individuals with higher alcohol consumption show higher attrition rates in Web-based alcohol interventions as compared with individuals with lower alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to examine the attrition rate and predictors of attrition in a Web-based intervention study on alcohol consumption. METHODS:The analysis of the predictors of attrition rate was performed on data collected in a Web-based randomized control trial. Data collection took place at the University of Konstanz, Germany. A total of 898 people, which consisted of 46.8% males (420/898) and 53.2% females (478/898) with a mean age of 23.57 years (SD 5.19), initially volunteered to participate in a Web-based intervention study to reduce alcohol consumption. Out of the sample, 86.9% (781/898) were students. Participants were classified as non-completers (439/898, 48.9%) if they did not complete the Web-based intervention. Potential predictors of attrition were self-reported: alcohol consumption in the last seven days, per week, from Monday to Thursday, on weekends, excessive drinking behavior measured with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), and drinking motives measured by the Drinking Motive Questionnaire (DMQ-R SF). RESULTS:Significant differences between completers and non-completers emerged regarding alcohol consumption in the last seven days (B=-.02, P=.05, 95% CI [0.97-1.00]), on weekends (B=-.05, P=.003, 95% CI [0.92-0.98]), the AUDIT (B=-.06, P=.007, 95% CI [0.90-0.98], and the status as a student (B=.72, P=.001, 95% CI [1.35-3.11]). Most importantly, non-completers had a significantly higher alcohol consumption compared with completers. CONCLUSIONS:Hazardous alcohol consumption appears to be a key factor of the dropout rate in a Web-based alcohol intervention study. Thus, it is important to develop strategies to keep participants who are at high risk in Web-based interventions.
    背景与目标:
  • 【日本饮酒降低子宫内膜癌的风险。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00801.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hosono S,Matsuo K,Kajiyama H,Hirose K,Suzuki T,Hiraki A,Kawase T,Kidokoro K,Nakanishi T,Hamajima N,Kikkawa F,Tajima K,Tanaka H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The role of alcohol consumption in the etiology of endometrial cancer has not been clarified. To examine the association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk, we conducted a case-control study with 148 histologically diagnosed incident endometrial cancer cases and 1468 matched non-cancer controls. Median consumption of alcohol was only 19.3 g/week among cases who drank and 28.2 g/week among controls who drank. These values are lower than in Western countries. Relative risk was analyzed in subjects classified into four groups according to weekly alcohol consumption (non-drinkers, 1-24 g/week, 25-175 g/week, and >175 g/week). Confounder-adjusted odds ratios for those consuming alcohol at <25 g/week, 25-175 g/week, and >175 g/week compared to non-drinkers were 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49-1.28), 0.42 (95% CI, 0.23-0.79), and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.14-1.58), respectively. Further analysis was conducted concerning self-reported physical reaction to alcohol. Among women without flushing after drinking, a significant inverse association between risk and alcohol intake was seen (trend P = 0.001). In contrast, no protective effect of alcohol was seen among women who experience flushing after drinking. These results suggest the presence of an inverse association between alcohol drinking and endometrial cancer risk among Japanese women, and that this association is evident among those without flushing. Further investigation of these findings is warranted.
    背景与目标: : 饮酒在子宫内膜癌病因中的作用尚未阐明。为了研究饮酒与子宫内膜癌风险之间的关系,我们对148例经组织学诊断的子宫内膜癌病例和1468例匹配的非癌症对照进行了病例对照研究。在饮酒的病例中,饮酒的中位数仅为19.3g/周,在饮酒的对照组中,饮酒的中位数为28.2g/周。这些数值低于西方国家。根据每周饮酒量 (不饮酒者,每周1-24g,每周25-175g和> 175g/周),对分为四组的受试者进行相对风险分析。与不饮酒者相比,饮酒 <25g/周、25-175g/周和> 175g/周的人的Confounder调整后的比值比0.79 (95% 置信区间 (CI),0.49-1.28),0.42 (95% CI,0.23-0.79),和0.47 (95% CI,0.14-1.58)。对自我报告的酒精身体反应进行了进一步分析。在饮酒后没有潮红的女性中,发现风险与酒精摄入量之间存在显着的负相关 (趋势P = 0.001)。相比之下,在饮酒后潮红的女性中没有发现酒精的保护作用。这些结果表明,日本女性饮酒与子宫内膜癌风险之间存在负相关关系,并且在没有潮红的女性中这种关联很明显。有必要对这些发现进行进一步调查。
  • 8 The effect of alcohol on athletic performance. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【酒精对运动成绩的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306506.55858.e5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shirreffs SM,Maughan RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The use of alcohol is often intimately associated with sport. As well as providing a source of energy, alcohol (ethanol) has metabolic, cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, and neuromuscular actions that may affect exercise performance. Strength is minimally affected, and performance impairments depend on the dose of alcohol and subject habituation to alcohol intake, exercise duration, environmental conditions, and other factors. Central nervous system function is impaired at high doses, resulting in decrements in cognitive function and motor skill, as well as behavioral changes that may have adverse effects on performance. Effects may persist for hours after intoxication.
    背景与目标: : 酒精的使用通常与运动密切相关。除了提供能量来源外,酒精 (乙醇) 还具有代谢,心血管,体温调节和神经肌肉作用,可能会影响运动表现。力量受到的影响最小,表现障碍取决于酒精的剂量和受试者对酒精摄入量的习惯,运动时间,环境条件和其他因素。高剂量时中枢神经系统功能受损,导致认知功能和运动技能下降,以及可能对表现产生不利影响的行为变化。中毒后,效果可能会持续数小时。
  • 【在印度那加兰邦,艾滋病毒阳性和艾滋病毒阴性的女性性工作者中使用酒精和避孕套。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0956462413480722 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nuken A,Kermode M,Saggurti N,Armstrong G,Medhi GK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examines the relationship between alcohol use, HIV status, and condom use among female sex workers in Nagaland, India. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 2009, using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Out of 417 female sex workers, one-fifth used alcohol daily and one-tenth were HIV-positive. HIV-positive female sex workers were more likely than HIV-negative female sex workers to consume alcohol daily (30.2% vs. 18.0%). HIV-positive daily alcohol users reported lower condom use at last sex with regular clients compared to HIV-positive non-daily alcohol users (46.2% vs. 79.3%), a relationship not evident among HIV-negative female sex workers. There is a need to promote awareness of synergies between alcohol use and HIV, and to screen for problematic alcohol use among female sex workers in order to reduce the spread of HIV.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究调查了印度那加兰邦女性性工作者饮酒,艾滋病毒状况和避孕套使用之间的关系。我们使用描述性和多变量统计数据分析了2009年进行的横断面调查的数据。在417名女性性工作者中,5分之1人每天饮酒,10分之1人是艾滋病毒阳性。HIV阳性的女性性工作者比HIV阴性的女性性工作者更有可能每天饮酒 (30.2% 比18.0%)。与艾滋病毒呈阳性的非每日饮酒者相比,艾滋病毒呈阳性的每日饮酒者报告说,与普通顾客的最后一次性行为时避孕套的使用率较低 (46.2% 比79.3%),在艾滋病毒呈阴性的女性性工作者中,这种关系并不明显。有必要提高对酒精使用与艾滋病毒之间协同作用的认识,并在女性性工作者中筛查有问题的酒精使用,以减少艾滋病毒的传播。
  • 【患有胎儿酒精谱系障碍的学龄儿童的功能性笔迹表现。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5014/ajot.2013.008243 复制DOI
    作者列表:Duval-White CJ,Jirikowic T,Rios D,Deitz J,Olson HC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Handwriting is a critical skill for school success. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) often present with fine motor and visual-motor impairments that can affect handwriting performance, yet handwriting skills have not been systematically investigated in this clinical group. This study aimed to comprehensively describe handwriting skills in 20 school-age children with FASD. Children were tested with the Process Assessment of the Learner, 2nd Edition (PAL-II), and the Visuomotor Precision subtest of NEPSY, a developmental neuropsychological assessment. Participants performed below average on PAL-II measures of handwriting legibility and speed and on NEPSY visual-motor precision tasks. In contrast, PAL-II measures of sensorimotor skills were broadly within the average range. Results provide evidence of functional handwriting challenges for children with FASD and suggest diminished visual-motor skills and increased difficulty as task complexity increases. Future research is needed to further describe the prevalence and nature of handwriting challenges in this population.
    背景与目标: : 手写是学校成功的关键技能。患有胎儿酒精谱系障碍 (FASD) 的儿童经常出现精细运动和视觉运动障碍,可能会影响笔迹表现,但该临床组尚未对笔迹技能进行系统研究。本研究旨在全面描述20名学龄儿童FASD的笔迹技能。通过学习者的过程评估 (第二版) (pal-ii) 和NEPSY的视觉运动精度子测试 (一种发展神经心理学评估) 对儿童进行了测试。参与者在PAL-II的手写易读性和速度测量以及NEPSY视觉运动精度任务上的表现低于平均水平。相比之下,感觉运动技能的PAL-II测量大致在平均范围内。结果为FASD儿童提供了功能性手写挑战的证据,并表明随着任务复杂性的增加,视觉运动技能降低,难度增加。需要进一步的研究来进一步描述该人群中手写挑战的普遍性和性质。
  • 【土著妇女团体在满足门诊酒精和其他药物治疗客户的高需求方面的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/dar.12068 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lee KS,Dawson A,Conigrave KM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION AND AIMS:Support groups are typically offered as part of specialist alcohol or other drug treatment. However, their usefulness with Indigenous Australians has not been examined. This paper provides a profile of Aboriginal women attending an inner city outpatient alcohol and other drug treatment service, insight into how effective women and staff perceive the support group to be at meeting their needs and suggestions for improvements. DESIGN AND METHODS:Structured interviews were conducted with 24 Aboriginal female clients of an outpatient treatment service and with 21 staff from across that service and the local Aboriginal Medical Service. Client interviews also assessed alcohol consumption and mental health risk (Indigenous Risk Impact Screen). RESULTS:Clients reported social and health indicators illustrating disadvantage and complex needs. Most clients and staff perceived the group to be useful and easily accessible. The participants discussed positive elements including opportunities for shared experience in a non-judgemental environment, practical support and health education. Staff reported how the safe, relaxed environment of the group helped with early identification of issues and user-friendly pathways for treatment access. Suggested improvements included greater involvement from Aboriginal staff and community members and enhanced communication with other staff. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:Clients and staff recognised the usefulness of the group, including the opportunities it provided for socialisation and early intervention. Comprehensive research is needed to determine the types and sources of support that best assist Aboriginal women with substance use disorders.
    背景与目标:
  • 【酒精滥用者的认知障碍筛查。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Taylor J,McGown A,Anson J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: 1. Studies have reported various neuropsychological abnormalities in people with excessive drinking patterns and associated problems with the assessment and treatment of this group. 2. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of a screening instrument to help detect the presence of cognitive impairment in excessive alcohol users undergoing detoxification. 3. The Memory Screening Test has potential as a screening instrument to assess clients' cognitive ability to benefit from psychoeducational material.

    背景与目标: 1.研究报告了过度饮酒的人的各种神经心理异常以及与该组的评估和治疗相关的问题。2.这项研究的目的是评估一种筛查工具的潜力,以帮助检测过度饮酒的戒毒者是否存在认知障碍。3.记忆筛查测试具有作为评估客户从心理教育材料中受益的认知能力的筛查工具的潜力。
  • 【通过对准实验研究的系统回顾,证明了产前酒精暴露对后代出生体重和神经发育的有害影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/ije/dyz272 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mamluk L,Jones T,Ijaz S,Edwards HB,Savović J,Leach V,Moore THM,von Hinke S,Lewis SJ,Donovan JL,Lawlor DA,Davey Smith G,Fraser A,Zuccolo L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Systematic reviews of prenatal alcohol exposure effects generally only include conventional observational studies. However, estimates from such studies are prone to confounding and other biases. OBJECTIVES:To systematically review the evidence on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational designs using alternative analytical approaches to improve causal inference. SEARCH STRATEGY:Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PsychINFO from inception to 21 June 2018. Manual searches of reference lists of retrieved papers. SELECTION CRITERIA:RCTs of interventions to stop/reduce drinking in pregnancy and observational studies using alternative analytical methods (quasi-experimental studies e.g. Mendelian randomization and natural experiments, negative control comparisons) to determine the causal effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy and longer-term offspring outcomes in human studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:One reviewer extracted data and another checked extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using customized risk of bias tools. A narrative synthesis of findings was carried out and a meta-analysis for one outcome. MAIN RESULTS:Twenty-three studies were included, representing five types of study design, including 1 RCT, 9 Mendelian randomization and 7 natural experiment studies, and reporting on over 30 outcomes. One study design-outcome combination included enough independent results to meta-analyse. Based on evidence from several studies, we found a likely causal detrimental role of prenatal alcohol exposure on cognitive outcomes, and weaker evidence for a role in low birthweight. CONCLUSION:None of the included studies was judged to be at low risk of bias in all domains, results should therefore be interpreted with caution. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:This study is registered with PROSPERO, registration number CRD42015015941.
    背景与目标:
  • 【顺序和同时口服药物的小鼠模型中的甲基苯丙胺-酒精相互作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fultz EK,Martin DL,Hudson CN,Kippin TE,Szumlinski KK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A high degree of co-morbidity exists between methamphetamine (MA) addiction and alcohol use disorders and both sequential and simultaneous MA-alcohol mixing increases risk for co-abuse. As little preclinical work has focused on the biobehavioral interactions between MA and alcohol within the context of drug-taking behavior, we employed simple murine models of voluntary oral drug consumption to examine how prior histories of either MA- or alcohol-taking influence the intake of the other drug. METHODS:In one study, mice with a 10-day history of binge alcohol-drinking [5,10, 20 and 40% (v/v); 2h/day] were trained to self-administer oral MA in an operant-conditioning paradigm (10-40mg/L). In a second study, mice with a 10-day history of limited-access oral MA-drinking (5, 10, 20 and 40mg/L; 2h/day) were presented with alcohol (5-40% v/v; 2h/day) and then a choice between solutions of 20% alcohol, 10mg/L MA or their mix. RESULTS:Under operant-conditioning procedures, alcohol-drinking mice exhibited less MA reinforcement overall, than water controls. However, when drug availability was not behaviorally-contingent, alcohol-drinking mice consumed more MA and exhibited greater preference for the 10mg/L MA solution than drug-naïve and combination drug-experienced mice. Conversely, prior MA-drinking history increased alcohol intake across a range of alcohol concentrations. DISCUSSION:These exploratory studies indicate the feasibility of employing procedurally simple murine models of sequential and simultaneous oral MA-alcohol mixing of relevance to advancing our biobehavioral understanding of MA-alcohol co-abuse.
    背景与目标:
  • 【预测DSM-5酒精使用障碍的持续性并检查最近被缓解的个体的饮酒模式: 一项前瞻性的一般人群研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/add.12309 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tuithof M,Ten Have M,van den Brink W,Vollebergh W,de Graaf R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:To establish the 3-year persistency rate of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and its predictors, and to examine drinking patterns of recently remitted individuals. DESIGN AND SETTING:The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2) surveyed a nationally representative sample of adults (aged 18-64 years) at baseline (response = 65.1%) and 3-year follow-up (response = 80.4%). PARTICIPANTS:People with AUD at baseline, as defined by DSM-5 (n = 198). MEASUREMENTS:AUD, drinking patterns and mental disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Other predictors were assessed with an additional questionnaire. Predictors of persistency were examined with univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS:The AUD persistency rate was 29.5% [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 20.0-39.0]. In the multivariable model, the older (25-34 and 35-44) age groups had lower AUD persistency [odds ratio (OR) = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.00-0.49 and OR = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.02-0.79, respectively] than the youngest age group (18-24). A higher number of weekly drinks and a comorbid anxiety disorder predicted AUD persistency (OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.00-1.07 and OR = 4.56; 95% CI = 1.04-20.06, respectively). Furthermore, remission was associated with a reduction of six drinks per week between T0 and T1 . It should be noted, however, that 35.8% (95% CI = 22.4-49.2) of people in diagnostic remission still drank more than the recommended maximum (more than seven/14 drinks weekly for women/men). CONCLUSIONS:Only a minority of people in the Netherlands with alcohol use disorder as defined by DSM-5 still have the disorder 3 years later. Factors that help to identify people at risk of alcohol use disorder persistence are: younger age, a higher number of weekly drinks and a comorbid anxiety disorder. A substantial number of people recently in diagnostic remission still drink above the maximum recommended level.
    背景与目标:

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