BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ceriodaphnia dubia were cultured in four reconstituted water formulations with hardness and alkalinity concentrations ranging from soft to the moderately hard water that is required by whole-effluent toxicity (WET) testing methods for culturing test organisms. The effects of these culture formulations alone and in combination with two levels of Cl-, SO4(2-), and HCO3- on reproduction of C. dubia were evaluated with the standard three-brood test. Reproduction was significantly reduced when test waters had lower hardness than culture waters. However, reproduction was not significantly different when animals cultured in low-hardness waters were exposed to moderately hard waters. The hardness of the culture water did not significantly affect the sensitivity of C. dubia to the three anions. Conversely, increased hardness in test waters significantly reduced the toxicities of Cl- and SO4(2-), with HCO3- toxicity following the same pattern. Alkalinity exhibited no consistent effect on Cl- and SO4(2-) toxicity. The physiological stress of placing animals cultured in moderately hard water into softer test waters might contribute to marginal failures of otherwise nontoxic effluents. The standard WET protocol should be revised to allow the culture of C. dubia under lower hardness conditions to better represent local surface water chemistries.

背景与目标： : 在四种重新配制的水配方中培养了杜鹃，其硬度和碱度的浓度范围从软水到中等硬水，这是全废水毒性 (湿) 测试方法培养测试生物所需的。这些培养配方单独以及与两种水平的Cl-，SO4(2-) 和HCO3-组合对杜比C繁殖的影响。用标准的三育试验进行了评估。当试水的硬度低于培养水时，繁殖显着减少。但是，当在低硬度水中培养的动物暴露于中等硬水中时，繁殖没有显着差异。培养水的硬度不会显着影响C. dubia对三种阴离子的敏感性。相反，测试水中硬度的增加会显着降低Cl-和SO4(2-) 的毒性，而HCO3毒性则遵循相同的模式。碱度对Cl-和SO4(2-) 毒性没有一致的影响。将在中等硬水中培养的动物放入较软的试验水中的生理压力可能会导致原本无毒的废水的边际失败。应修订标准的湿方案，以允许在较低硬度条件下培养杜氏杜氏菌，以更好地代表当地的地表水化学性质。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An aging population in the United States presents important challenges for patients and physicians. The presence of inflammation can contribute to an accelerated aging process, the increasing presence of comorbidities, oxidative stress, and an increased prevalence of chronic pain. As patient-centered care is embracing a multimodal, integrative approach to the management of disease, patients and physicians are increasingly looking to the potential contribution of natural products. Camu camu, a well-researched and innovative natural product, has the potential to contribute, possibly substantially, to this management paradigm. The key issue is to raise camu camu's visibility through increased emphasis on its robust evidentiary base and its various formulations, as well as making consumers, patients, and physicians more aware of its potential. A program to increase the visibility of camu camu can contribute substantially not only to the management of inflammatory conditions and its positive contribution to overall good health but also to its potential role in many disease states.

背景与目标： : 美国人口老龄化给患者和医生带来了重要挑战。炎症的存在可能导致加速衰老过程，合并症，氧化应激和慢性疼痛的患病率增加。由于以患者为中心的护理正在采用多模式，综合的方法来管理疾病，因此患者和医生越来越关注天然产物的潜在贡献。Camu camu是一种经过充分研究和创新的天然产品，有可能为这种管理范式做出巨大贡献。关键问题是通过更加强调其强大的证据基础和各种配方来提高camu camu的知名度，并使消费者，患者和医生更加意识到其潜力。提高camu camu知名度的计划不仅可以大大促进炎症性疾病的管理及其对整体健康的积极贡献，而且还可以促进其在许多疾病状态中的潜在作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Metals are essential elements for human life but may cause disorders when exposure is excessive. Previously, we reported on the acute toxicity of 50 metals; however, the chronic toxicity data of some metals are not available. Therefore, we conducted chronic toxicity tests to determine the effects of 50 metals on the water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia. The IC20 of 20 metals (Be, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Ru, Ag, Cd, In, Te, W, Os, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl and Pb) were <100 μg/L; nine metals (Al, V, As, Se, Zr, Nb, Rh, Sb and Bi) were 100 ≤ IC20 < 1000 μg/L; 16 metals (Li, Mg, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ga, Ge, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sn, Cs, Ba, Re and Ir) were 1000 ≤ IC20 ≤ 100 000 μg/L; and two metals (Na and Ca) were >100 000 μg/L. Three metals (Pd, Hf and Ta) did not show IC20 at the upper limit of respective aqueous solubility, and IC20 s were not obtained. The maximum test concentrations (almost aqueous solubility) of Pd, Hf and Ta were 83, 2400 and 5.3 μg/L, respectively. These data show the high correlation between our IC50 s for C. dubia and those for Dahpnia magna published previously. The IC50 s of 47 metals were not correlated with electronegativity, first ionization energy, atomic weight, atomic number, covalent radius, atomic radius or ionic radius.

背景与目标： : 金属是人类生命必不可少的元素，但当暴露过度时可能会导致疾病。以前，我们报道了50种金属的急性毒性; 但是，某些金属的慢性毒性数据不可用。因此，我们进行了慢性毒性测试，以确定50种金属对水蚤，小花杜比的影响。20种金属 (Be，Sc，Cr，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn，Y，Ru，Ag，Cd，In，Te，W，Os，Pt，Au，Hg，Tl和Pb) 的IC20 <100 μ g/L; 9种金属 (Al，V，as，Se，Zr，Nb，Rh，Sb和Bi) 100 ≤ IC20 < 1000 μ g/L; 16种金属 (Li，Mg，K，Ti，Mn，Fe，Ga，Ge，Rb，Sr，Mo，Sn，Cs，Ba，re和Ir) 1000 ≤ IC20 ≤ 100 000 μ g/L; 两种金属 (Na和Ca)> 100 000 μ g/L。三种金属 (Pd，Hf和Ta) 在各自的水溶性上限未显示IC20，并且未获得IC20。Pd、Hf和Ta的最大测试浓度 (几乎水溶性) 分别为83、2400和5.3 μ g/L。这些数据显示了我们对杜氏杜氏菌的IC50与先前发表的Dahpnia magna的IC50之间的高度相关性。47种金属的IC50与电负性，第一电离能，原子量，原子序数，共价半径，原子半径或离子半径无关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are neurologically active drugs that can contaminate surface waters and have the potential to negatively affect aquatic organisms. In this investigation, the 48-h acute toxicity of mixtures (binary and quaternary) of four common SSRIs (fluoxetine [Prozac], sertraline [Zoloft], paroxetine [Paxil], and citalopram [Celexa]) were determined in the daphnid Ceriodaphnia dubia. Logistic regression was used to model mortality data and to investigate the applicability of concentration addition and independent action models to explain observed mortality. The concentrations estimated to induce 50% mortality in 48 h for the individual SSRIs sertraline, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram were 0.48 to 0.66, 1.23 to 1.84, 2.23 to 3.57, and 10.47 to 14.53 microM, respectively. Concentration addition was a better predictor of mixture effects than independent action and suggested that the tested SSRIs have a similar mechanism of action. Results indicate that environmental hazard assessments should be conservative and consider that acutely toxic effects in aquatic organisms can be additive for each SSRI in a mixture.

背景与目标： 选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs) 是神经活性药物，可污染地表水，并有可能对水生生物产生负面影响。在这项研究中，在水蚤中测定了四种常见ssri (氟西汀 [百忧解]，舍曲林 [Zoloft]，帕罗西汀 [Paxil] 和西酞普兰 [Celexa]) 的混合物 (二元和四级) 的48小时急性毒性。使用逻辑回归对死亡率数据进行建模，并研究浓度添加和独立作用模型解释观察到的死亡率的适用性。将单个SSRIs舍曲林，氟西汀，帕罗西汀和西酞普兰的估计在48小时内引起50% 死亡的浓度分别0.48至0.66，1.23至1.84，2.23至3.57和10.47至14.53 microM。浓度添加比独立作用更好地预测了混合物的影响，并表明所测试的ssri具有相似的作用机理。结果表明，环境危害评估应保持保守，并考虑到水生生物中的急性毒性作用可能是混合物中每种SSRI的累加作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the current study, the effect of different types of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) (rutile, anatase, and mixture) was analyzed on Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of algae under distinct irradiation conditions such as visible and UV-A. The toxicity experiments were performed in sterile freshwater to mimic the chemical composition of the freshwater system. In addition, the oxidative stress biomarkers such as MDA, catalase, and GSH were analyzed to elucidate the stress induced by the NPs on daphnids. Individually, both rutile and anatase NPs induced similar mortality under both visible and UV-A irradiations at all the test concentrations except 600 and 1200 μM where rutile induced higher mortality under UV-A. Upon visible irradiation, the binary mixture exhibited a synergistic effect at their lower concentration and an additive effect at higher concentrations. In contrast, UV-A irradiation demonstrated the additive effect of mixture except for 1200 μM which elucidated antagonistic effect. Mathematical model confirmed the effects of the binary mixture. The surface interaction between the individual NPs in the form of aggregation played a pivotal role in the induction of specific effects exhibited by the binary mixture. Oxidative stress biomarkers were highly increased upon NPs exposure especially under visible irradiation. These observations elucidated that the irradiation and crystallinity effect of TiO2 NPs were noted only on certain biomarkers and not on the mortality.

背景与目标： : 在当前的研究中，分析了不同类型的二氧化钛 (TiO2) 纳米颗粒 (NPs) (金红石，锐钛矿和混合物) 在藻类存在下在可见光和UV-A等不同辐射条件下对紫花的影响。毒性实验是在无菌淡水中进行的，以模拟淡水系统的化学成分。此外，还分析了氧化应激生物标志物，例如MDA，过氧化氢酶和GSH，以阐明NPs对水蚤引起的应激。在所有测试浓度下，金红石和锐钛矿NPs在可见光和uv-a照射下均单独诱导了相似的死亡率，除了600和1200微米，其中金红石在uv-a下诱导了更高的死亡率。在可见的照射下，二元混合物在较低的浓度下表现出协同作用，而在较高的浓度下表现出累加作用。相反，uv-a辐照显示了混合物的加性效应，除了1200 μ m，其阐明了拮抗效应。数学模型证实了二元混合物的影响。聚集形式的单个np之间的表面相互作用在诱导二元混合物表现出的特定效果中起着关键作用。NPs暴露后，氧化应激生物标志物高度增加，尤其是在可见辐射下。这些观察结果表明，TiO2 np的辐射和结晶度效应仅在某些生物标志物上被发现，而在死亡率上却没有。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Centrins are members of the EF-hand family of calcium-binding proteins, which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. Centrins bind to several cellular targets, through a hydrophobic triad. However, the W(1)xxL(4)xxxL(8) triad in XPC (Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C protein) is found in the reverse orientation, as in the L(8)xxxL(4)xxW(1) triad in Sfi1 (Suppressor of Fermentation-Induced loss of stress resistance protein 1). As shown by previous NMR studies of human centrin 2 in complex with XPC or Sfi1, the E148 residue of human centrin 2 is in contact with XPC but is pushed away from the triad of Sfi1. We corroborated these findings using site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutations in Scherffelia dubia centrin (SdCen) and by using isothermal titration calorimetry to analyze the binding affinity of these mutants to XPC and Sfi1. We mutated the F109 residue, which is the main residue involved in target binding regardless of triad orientation, and the E144 residue, which was thought to be involved only in XPC binding. The F109L mutation reduced the binding of SdCen to XPC and Sfi1 and the negative effect was greater upon temperature increase. By contrast, the E144A mutation reduced the binding to XPC but had no effect on Sfi1 binding. The F109L-E144A mutation enhanced the negative effect of the two single mutations on XPC binding. Sfi1 proteins from Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Ostreococcus tauri, which belong to the same clade as S. dubia, were also investigated. A comparative analysis shows that the triad residues are more conserved than those in human Sfi1.

背景与目标： : 中枢蛋白是钙结合蛋白EF-hand家族的成员，在真核生物中高度保守。中枢蛋白通过疏水三联体与几个细胞靶标结合。然而，XPC中的W(1)xxL(4)xxxL(8) 三联体 (XPC) (着色性干皮C组蛋白) 的方向相反，如Sfi1中的L(8)xxxL(4)xxW(1) 三联体 (发酵诱导的抗逆性蛋白1损失的抑制剂)。如先前对人centrin 2与XPC或Sfi1复合物的NMR研究所示，人centrin 2的E148残基与XPC接触，但被推离Sfi1的三联体。我们通过定点诱变在Scherffelia dubia centrin (SdCen) 中产生突变，并通过等温滴定量热法分析这些突变体与XPC和sfi1的结合亲和力，证实了这些发现。我们突变了F109残基和E144残基，F109残基是参与靶结合的主要残基，而与三联体方向无关，而E144残基被认为仅参与XPC结合。F109L突变降低了SdCen与XPC和Sfi1的结合，并且随着温度升高，负面影响更大。相比之下，E144A突变降低了与XPC的结合，但对Sfi1的结合没有影响。F109L-E144A突变增强了两个单个突变对XPC结合的负面影响。还研究了与杜氏链球菌属于同一进化枝的lucimarinus和taococcus的Sfi1蛋白。比较分析表明，三联体残基比人sfi1中的残基更保守。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ellagic acid (1) and its two derivatives, 4-O-methylellagic acid (2) and 4-(alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid (3) were isolated as inhibitors of aldose reductase (AR) from Myrciaria dubia (H. B. & K.) McVaugh. Compound 2 was the first isolated from the nature. Compound 3 showed the strongest inhibition against human recombinant AR (HRAR) and rat lens AR (RLAR). Inhibitory activity of compound 3 against HRAR (IC50 value = 4.1 x 10(-8) M) was 60 times more than that of quercetin (2.5 x 10(-6) M). The type of inhibition against HRAR was uncompetitive.

背景与目标： : 鞣花酸 (1) 及其两种衍生物，从杜叶桃金娘 (H. B. & K.) McVaugh中分离出4-o-甲基鞣花酸 (2) 和4-(α-鼠李糖吡喃糖基) 鞣花酸 (3) 作为醛糖还原酶 (AR) 的抑制剂。化合物2是从自然界中分离出的第一个化合物。化合物3显示出对人类最强的抑制作用重组AR (HRAR) 和大鼠晶状体AR (RLAR)。化合物3对HRAR的抑制活性 (IC50值 = 4.1 × 10(-8) M) 是槲皮素 (2.5 × 10(-6) M) 的60倍。对HRAR的抑制类型是无竞争力的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Innovative research and diagnostic techniques for biological testing have advanced during recent years because of the development of semiconductor nanocrystals. Although these commercially available, fluorescent nanocrystals have a protective organic coating, the inner core contains cadmium and selenium. Because these metals have the potential for detrimental environmental effects, concerns have been raised over our lack of understanding about the environmental fate of these products. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency test protocol and fluorescence microscopy were used to determine the fate and effect of quantum dots (QDs; Qdot 545 ITK Carboxyl Quantum Dots [Fisher Scientific, Fisher part Q21391MP; Invitrogen Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA]) using standard aquatic test organisms. No lethality was measured following 48-h exposure of Ceriodaphnia dubia to QD suspensions as high as 110 ppb, but the 96-h median lethal concentration to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was measured at 37.1 ppb. Transfer of QDs from dosed algae to C. dubia was verified with fluorescence microscopy. These results indicate that coatings present on nanocrystals provide protection from metal toxicity during laboratory exposures but that the transfer of core metals from intact nanocrystals may occur at levels well above toxic threshold values, indicating the potential exposure of higher trophic levels. Studies regarding the fate and effects of nanoparticles can be incorporated into models for predictive toxicology of these emerging contaminants.

背景与目标： : 近年来，由于半导体纳米晶体的发展，用于生物测试的创新研究和诊断技术得到了发展。尽管这些市售的荧光纳米晶体具有保护性有机涂层，但内核包含镉和硒。由于这些金属可能会对环境造成不利影响，因此人们对我们对这些产品的环境命运缺乏了解感到担忧。美国环境保护局测试方案和荧光显微镜用于使用标准水生测试生物确定量子点 (QDs; Qdot 545 ITK羧基量子点 [Fisher Scientific，Fisher部分Q21391MP; Invitrogen分子探针，Eugene，OR，USA]) 的命运和效果。在将杜氏假单胞菌暴露于QD悬浮液中48小时后，未测量到高达110 ppb的致死性，但在37.1 ppb下测量了对假单胞菌的96小时中位致死浓度。用荧光显微镜验证了量子点从定量藻类到杜比藻的转移。这些结果表明，纳米晶体上存在的涂层在实验室暴露期间提供了免受金属毒性的保护，但核心金属从完整的纳米晶体的转移可能发生在远高于毒性阈值的水平，这表明较高的营养水平的潜在暴露。有关纳米颗粒的命运和影响的研究可以纳入这些新兴污染物的预测毒理学模型中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Campus parking lot stormwater (CPLSW) runoff can mobilize a variety of constituents from vehicular and atmospheric deposition that may pose risks to receiving aquatic systems. The objective of this study was to characterize CPLSW and to discern potential constituents of concern that may affect aquatic biota in receiving systems. Characterization of CPLSW included analyses of metals, oil and grease, and general water chemistry. Toxicity tests were performed using two sentinel species, Ceriodaphniadubia Richard and Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Metals measured (at their maximum) in CPLSW included 4756microg Al L(-1), 53microg Cu L(-1), 130microg Pb L(-1), and 908microg Zn L(-1). Although CPLSW varied widely in composition and toxicity, constituents of concern included: pH, alkalinity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, metals, and oil and grease. Fish (P. promelas) were more sensitive to CPLSW than C. dubia with decreased survival in 92% and 15% of the samples (n=13), respectively.

背景与目标： : 校园停车场雨水 (CPLSW) 径流可以从车辆和大气沉积中调动各种成分，这可能对接收水生系统构成风险。这项研究的目的是表征CPLSW并识别可能影响接收系统中水生生物区系的潜在关注成分。CPLSW的表征包括金属，油和油脂以及一般水化学的分析。使用两种哨兵物种Ceriodaphniadubia Richard和Pimephales promelas Rafinesque进行了毒性测试。在CPLSW中测得的金属 (最大值) 包括4756微克Al L(-1) 、53微克Cu L(-1) 、130微克Pb L(-1) 和908微克Zn L(-1)。尽管CPLSW的成分和毒性差异很大，但值得关注的成分包括: pH，碱度，总悬浮固体，生物需氧量，化学需氧量，金属以及油脂。Fish (P. promelas) 对CPLSW比C. dubia更敏感，分别在92% 和15% 样品 (n = 13) 中存活率降低。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Coke from the Athabasca (Alberta, Canada) oil sands operations may someday be integrated into reclamation landscapes. It is hypothesized that the metals associated with the solid coke may leach into the surrounding environment. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to characterize the toxicity and chemistry of coke leachates collected from two field lysimeters (i.e. shallow lysimeter and deep lysimeter) over a period of 20months, as well as from other oil sands coke storage sites. In addition, a batch renewal leaching of coke was conducted to examine the rate of metals release. Chronic toxicity of key metals (e.g. Al, Mn, Ni and V) found in lysimeter coke leachate was evaluated separately. Toxicity test results revealed that whole coke leachates (100% v/v) were acutely toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia; the 7-day LC50 values were always <25% v/v coke leachate. The deep lysimeter leachate was generally more toxic than the shallow lysimeter leachate, likely because of significantly higher concentrations of vanadium (V) found in the deep lysimeter leachate at all sampling times. Vanadium concentrations were higher than all other metals found in the leachate from both lysimeters, and in the batch renewal leaching study. Furthermore, V found in leachates collected from other oil sands field sites showed a concentration-response relationship with C. dubia survival. Mass balance calculations indicated that 94-98% of potentially leachable V fraction was still present in the coke from two field lysimeters. Evidence gathered from these assessments, including toxic unit (TU) calculations for the elements of concern, suggests that V was the likely cause of toxicity of the deep lysimeter leachate, whereas in the shallow lysimeter leachate both Ni and V could be responsible for the observed toxicity.

背景与目标： : 来自阿萨巴斯卡 (加拿大艾伯塔省) 油砂作业的焦炭有朝一日可能会融入填海景观。假设与固体焦炭相关的金属可能会渗入周围环境。因此，本研究的主要目的是表征在20个月内从两个现场溶渗出仪 (即浅溶渗出仪和深溶渗出仪) 以及其他油砂焦炭储存场所收集的焦炭渗滤液的毒性和化学性质。此外，还对焦炭进行了批量更新浸出，以检查金属的释放速率。分别评估了溶析仪焦炭渗滤液中发现的关键金属 (例如Al，Mn，Ni和V) 的慢性毒性。毒性测试结果表明，整个焦炭渗滤液 (100% v/v) 对杜氏紫花具有急性毒性; 7天LC50值始终 <25% v/v焦炭渗滤液。深溶渗滤液通常比浅溶渗滤液更具毒性，这可能是因为在所有采样时间，深溶渗滤液中发现的钒 (V) 浓度明显更高。钒的浓度高于两种溶渗仪和分批更新浸出研究中渗滤液中发现的所有其他金属。此外，在从其他油砂田地点收集的渗滤液中发现的V与杜比菌的生存呈浓度-反应关系。质量平衡计算表明，来自两个现场溶渗仪的焦炭中仍存在94-98% 的潜在可浸出的V馏分。从这些评估中收集的证据，包括对所关注元素的毒性单位 (TU) 计算，表明V可能是深溶渗滤液毒性的原因，而在浅溶渗滤液中，Ni和V可能是造成的。观察到的毒性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Purpose:This study deals with a comparative analysis of the effects of chronic exposure to a static magnetic field (SMF) and an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) in Blaptica dubia nymphs. The outcome of such treatment on insect and fat body mass, glycogen and total lipid content in the fat body and locomotion, as an energy demanding process, were examined.

Materials and methodsOne-month-old nymphs of B. dubia were exposed to an SMF (110 mT) or ELF MF (50 Hz, 10 mT) for 5 months. Their locomotion was monitored in the 'open-field' test for 10 min and expressed as travel distance, time in movement and average speed while in motion. After that, fat body mass and content of its main components (glycogen and total lipids) were determined. Nymph body mass was also estimated after 1 and 5 months of MF treatment.

Results:Chronic exposure to the SMF and ELF MF decreased nymph body mass and glycogen content in the fat body but increased all examined parameters of locomotion. In addition, chronic SMF treatment elevated total lipid content in the fat body, while chronic ELF MF treatment reduced fat body mass and total lipid content.

Conclusions:These findings indicate that B. dubia nymphs are sensitive to the applied MFs and possess different strategies for fuel usage in response to the SMF and ELF MF in order to satisfy increased energy demands and to overcome stressful conditions.

背景与目标： 目的 : 本研究对Blaptica dubia若虫的慢性暴露于静态磁场 (SMF) 和极低频磁场 (ELF MF) 的影响进行了比较分析。这种处理对昆虫和脂肪体质量，脂肪体和运动中的糖原和总脂质含量的结果，已检查。材料和方法将一个月大的杜氏杆菌若虫暴露于SMF (110  mT) 或ELF MF (50 hz hz，10  mT) 5个月。在 “开放场” 测试中监视他们的运动10  min，并表示为运动距离，运动时间和运动时的平均速度。之后，测定脂肪体质量及其主要成分 (糖原和总脂质) 的含量。在MF治疗1和5个月后，也估计了若虫的体重。
结果 : 长期暴露于SMF和ELF MF会降低若虫的体重和脂肪中的糖原含量，但增加了所有检查的运动参数。此外，慢性SMF治疗可提高脂肪体内的总脂质含量，而慢性ELF MF治疗可降低脂肪体重和总脂质含量。
结论 : 这些发现表明，杜比亚氏若虫对所应用的MFs敏感，并针对SMF和ELF MF具有不同的燃料使用策略，以满足不断增长的能源需求并克服压力条件。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Purpose: The main goal of this study was to analyze the long-term effects of static (SMF) and extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) on nymphal gut mass and antioxidant biomarkers in this tissue of cockroach Blaptica dubia.Materials and methods: One-month-old nymphs were exposed to magnetic field (MF) for 5 months in three experimental groups: control, exposure to SMF (110 mT) and exposure to ELF MF (50 Hz, 10 mT). Results: The gut masses of the MF groups were significantly lower when compared to control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were markedly higher than for the control and the differences between the MF groups were statistically significant only for SOD. The applied MF had no effect on total glutathione (GSH) content. Glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly lower in both MF groups in comparison to the control. There was a significant difference between MF groups for GR activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that CAT and GST were the main factors contributing to the differentiation of the control group from the treated experimental groups along PCA 1, and SOD and GR along PCA 2. PCA revealed clear separation between experimental groups depends on antioxidant biomarker response. Conclusion: The applied magnetic fields could be considered a potential stressor influencing gut mass, as well as examined antioxidative biomarkers.

背景与目标： : 目的: 本研究的主要目的是分析静态 (SMF) 和极低频磁场 (ELF MF) 对蟑螂Blaptica dubia该组织中若虫肠道质量和抗氧化剂生物标志物的长期影响。材料和方法: 一个月大的若虫在三个实验组中暴露于磁场 (MF) 5个月: 对照组，暴露于SMF (110  mT) 和暴露于ELF MF (50 hz hz，10 mt)。结果: 与对照组相比，MF组的肠道质量明显降低。超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性明显高于对照组，MF组之间的差异仅对SOD具有统计学意义。应用的MF对总谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 含量没有影响。与对照组相比，两个MF组的谷胱甘肽还原酶 (GR) 和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 (GST) 活性均显着降低。MF组之间的GR活性存在显着差异。主成分分析 (PCA) 表明，CAT和GST是导致对照组与PCA 1处理的实验组之间的差异，而SOD和GR与PCA 2之间的差异的主要因素。PCA显示，实验组之间的明显分离取决于抗氧化剂生物标志物的反应。结论: 施加的磁场可以被认为是影响肠道质量的潜在压力源，以及被检查的抗氧化生物标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Noradrenaline (NA) is the active component of novel antifouling agents and acts by preventing attachment of fouling organisms. The goal of this study was to examine the toxicity of NA to the non-target zooplankton D. magna and C. dubia. Neonates were exposed to one of five concentrations of NA and effects on survival, reproduction and molting were determined. Calculated LC50 values were determined to be 46 and 38 μM in C. dubia and D. magna, respectively. A 10-day C. dubia study found that reproduction metrics were significantly impacted at non-lethal concentrations. In D. magna, concentrations greater than 40 μM significantly impacted molting. A toxicity test was conducted with D. magna using oxidized NA, which yielded similar results. These data indicate that both NA and oxidized NA are toxic to non-target zooplankton. Results obtained from this study can be used to guide future ecological risk assessments of catecholamine-based antifouling agents.

背景与目标： : 去甲肾上腺素 (NA) 是新型防污剂的活性成分，通过防止结垢生物的附着而起作用。这项研究的目的是检查NA对非目标浮游动物D. magna和C. dubia的毒性。新生儿暴露于五种浓度的NA之一，并确定了对存活，繁殖和蜕皮的影响。在C. dubia和D. magna中，计算出的LC50值分别确定为46和38μm。一项为期10天的C. dubia研究发现，在非致命浓度下，生殖指标会受到显着影响。在D. magna中，浓度大于40μm会显着影响蜕皮。使用氧化NA对D. magna进行了毒性试验，结果相似。这些数据表明NA和氧化NA对非目标浮游动物都是有毒的。从这项研究中获得的结果可用于指导基于儿茶酚胺的防污剂的未来生态风险评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :While it is increasingly being recognized that biotic ligand models (BLMs) are valuable in the risk assessment of metals in aquatic systems, the development of chronic BLMs has been less advanced for lead than for other metals. The authors investigated the univariate effects of Ca and pH on the chronic reproductive toxicity of Pb to Ceriodaphnia dubia at 4 levels. Calcium influenced chronic Pb toxicity to C. dubia only to a relatively small extent, whereas a high pH (8.2) provided strong protection against Pb toxicity (compared with lower pH levels). Based on this data set, a chronic Pb BLM for C. dubia was developed. The effect of pH was modeled as a single biotic ligand site competition by H(+) with a log stability constant for binding of H(+) to the biotic ligand (K(HBL)) of 7.6, while no other competitive constants were needed. The developed BLM was shown, in an independent validation with 3 other data sets, to be capable of predicting chronic Pb toxicity to different clones of C. dubia by an error of less than a factor of 2 in most synthetic and natural waters considered. The results add to the growing evidence that BLM-based risk assessment or water-quality criteria for Pb are likely to be more appropriate relative to hardness-based assessments or criteria.

背景与目标： : 尽管人们越来越认识到生物配体模型 (blm) 在水生系统中金属的风险评估中有价值，但铅的慢性blm的发展不如其他金属先进。作者在4个水平上研究了Ca和pH对Pb对杜氏丝虫的慢性生殖毒性的单变量影响。钙仅在相对较小的程度上影响了对杜比菌的慢性Pb毒性，而高pH (8.2) 提供了对Pb毒性的强大保护 (与较低的pH水平相比)。基于此数据集，开发了用于杜比杜比的慢性Pb BLM。pH的作用被建模为H(+) 与7.6的生物配体 (K(HBL)) 结合的对数稳定性常数，通过H(+) 作为单个生物配体位点竞争，而不需要其他竞争常数。在与其他3个数据集的独立验证中，已显示出开发的BLM能够预测大多数合成和天然水中对dubia的不同克隆的慢性Pb毒性，其误差小于2倍。结果增加了越来越多的证据，表明基于BLM的风险评估或Pb的水质标准相对于基于硬度的评估或标准可能更合适。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent studies have indicated the potential for dietborne metals as an important exposure pathway for metal toxicity in freshwater organisms. We conducted a study in which freshwater cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia) were fed green algae (either Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata or Chlorella vulgaris) that were grown in Ag- or Cu-contaminated media. In one series of toxicity tests patterned after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's three-brood C. dubia chronic toxicity test, we exposed C. dubia to waterborne Ag or Cu while feeding them normal amounts of uncontaminated yeast-Cerophyll-trout chow (YCT) slurry and either algae grown in standard media or algae grown in standard media supplemented with Ag or Cu (added as AgNO3 or CuSO4 x 5H2O). These parallel tests demonstrated that dietborne metal did not contribute to survival or reproduction effects beyond the effects caused by waterborne metal alone. We also conducted dietborne-only toxicity tests patterned after two other recently published experimental designs in which (1) C. dubia were fed only metal-contaminated algae for 4 h, transferred to fresh water, and fed uncontaminated algae and YCT slurry for the duration of the three-brood test or (2) C. dubia were fed standard amounts of metal-contaminated algae and uncontaminated YCT slurry for the entire three-brood test. In contrast to previous studies, we did not find consistent dietborne metal toxicity or standard concentration-response relationships in those two experiments. Instead, among-experiment variation in intracellular partitioning of metals in the algae fed to the C. dubia, among-laboratory differences in experimental procedures, selective feeding by C. dubia to avoid metal-contaminated algae, an interaction between reproductive status of the C. dubia and dietborne metal concentration, or a combination of these might help explain the apparently inconsistent results.

背景与目标： : 最近的研究表明，dietborne金属可能是淡水生物中金属毒性的重要暴露途径。我们进行了一项研究，其中以在Ag或Cu污染的培养基中生长的绿藻 (假单胞菌或小球藻) 喂养淡水锁骨 (Ceriodaphnia dubia)。在美国环境保护署的三窝C. dubia慢性毒性试验之后的一系列毒性试验中，我们将杜比氏菌暴露于水性Ag或Cu中，同时向它们喂食正常量的未污染的酵母-绿藻鳟鱼 (YCT) 浆料，以及在标准培养基中生长的藻类或在补充有Ag或Cu的标准培养基中生长的藻类 (添加为AgNO3或CuSO4 x 5H2O)。这些平行测试表明，除了仅由水性金属引起的影响外，dietborne金属对生存或繁殖没有贡献。我们还在最近发表的另外两个实验设计之后进行了dietborne-only毒性测试，其中 (1) 杜比亚铁仅饲喂金属污染的藻类4小时，然后转移到淡水中，并在三巢试验或 (2) C.的持续时间内饲喂未污染的藻类和YCT浆液。在整个三巢试验中，dubia被饲喂标准量的金属污染的藻类和未污染的YCT浆液。与以前的研究相反，在这两个实验中，我们没有发现一致的dietborne金属毒性或标准浓度-反应关系。取而代之的是，在被喂食至杜比藻的藻类中细胞内金属分配的实验间变化，在实验程序中的实验室差异，杜比藻的选择性喂食以避免被金属污染的藻类，杜比藻的繁殖状态与dietborne金属浓度之间的相互作用，或者这些的组合可能有助于解释明显不一致的结果。