BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes) forms black, round to irregular sclerotia in forest soils. Fungi that colonize the sclerotia appear to affect sclerotia viability and may play an important role in the life history of Cenococcum. Some of the fungi could also affect nutrient cycling by decomposing Cenococcum sclerotia, which are melanized and recalcitrant to decay. We used a culture-based method to document the fungal communities growing inside surface-sterilized sclerotia that were collected from forest soils. Cenococcum was successfully isolated from 297 of 971 sclerotia whereas 427 sclerotia hosted fungi other than Cenococcum. DNA barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA followed by grouping at 97% sequence similarity yielded 85 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that consisted primarily of Ascomycota (e.g. Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Helotiales, Pleosporales) and a few Basidiomycota and Mucoromycotina. Although most fungal OTUs were infrequently cultured, several OTUs such as members of Asterostroma, Cladophialophora, Oidiodendron, and Pleosporales were common and found across many sites. Our results suggest that Cenococcum sclerotia act as a substrate for diverse fungi. The occurrence of several OTUs in sclerotia across many sites suggests that these fungi may be active parasites of Cenococcum sclerotia or may preferentially use sclerotia as a nutrient source.

背景与目标： ：外生菌根真菌Cenococcum geophilum（Ascomycota，Dothideomycetes）在森林土壤中形成黑色，圆形至不规则菌核。菌落在菌核上的真菌似乎会影响菌核的生存能力，并可能在仙茅球菌的生活史中发挥重要作用。某些真菌还可能通过分解黑色素和顽固的腐烂的Cenococcum菌核来影响营养循环。我们使用了一种基于文化的方法来记录从森林土壤中收集到的经过表面灭菌的菌核内部生长的真菌群落。成功地从971菌核中的297菌核分离出Cenococcum，而427菌核含有除Cenococcum以外的真菌。内部转录的间隔区rDNA的DNA条形码编码，然后以97％的序列相似性分组，产生了85个操作分类单位（OTU），主要由子囊菌（例如，甲壳纲，Eurotiales，Hellotiales，Pleosporales）以及一些Basidiomycota和Mucoromycotina组成。尽管大多数真菌OTU很少被培养，但一些OTU（例如，Asterostroma，Cladophialophora，Oidiodendron和Pleosporales的成员）很常见，并且在很多地方都可以找到。我们的结果表明，Cenococcum菌核菌可以充当多种真菌的底物。在许多部位的菌核中有数个OTU的出现表明，这些真菌可能是Cenococcum菌核的活性寄生虫，或者可能优先使用菌核作为营养源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The asexual ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum has a wide geographic range in diverse forest ecosystems. Although its genetic diversity has been documented at a stand or regional scale, knowledge of spatial genetic structure is limited. We studied the genetic diversity and spatial structure of C. geophilum in eight Japanese coastal pine forests with a maximum geographic range of 1364 km. A total of 225 samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) followed by microsatellite analysis with five loci. The phylogenetic analysis based on GAPDH resolved three groups with most isolates falling into one dominant lineage. Microsatellite analyses generated 104 multilocus genotypes in the overall populations. We detected significant genetic variation within populations and genetic clusters indicating that high genetic diversity may be maintained by possible recombination processes at a stand scale. Although no spatial autocorrelation was detected at a stand scale, the relationship between genetic and geographic distances among the populations was significant, suggesting a pattern of isolation by distance. These results indicate that cryptic recombination events at a local scale and unknown migration events at both stand and regional scales influence spatial distribution and genetic structure of C. geophilum in coastal pine forests of Japan.

背景与目标： ：无性外生菌根真菌Cenococcum geophilum在不同的森林生态系统中具有广泛的地理范围。尽管已在林分或区域范围内记录了其遗传多样性，但对空间遗传结构的了解有限。我们研究了八种日本沿海松林中地衣梭菌的遗传多样性和空间结构，其最大地理范围为1364公里。总共225个样品根据甘油醛3-磷酸脱氢酶基因（GAPDH）进行了系统发育分析，然后通过五个位点进行了微卫星分析。基于GAPDH的系统发育分析可分为三类，大多数分离物属于一个优势谱系。微卫星分析在总种群中产生了104个多基因座基因型。我们在种群和遗传簇中检测到显着的遗传变异，表明在标准规模上可能通过可能的重组过程维持了较高的遗传多样性。尽管在林分尺度上未检测到空间自相关，但种群之间的遗传距离与地理距离之间的关系很重要，这表明了按距离隔离的模式。这些结果表明，在日本沿海松林中，局部范围内的神秘重组事件以及林分和区域范围内的未知迁移事件都影响了地衣梭菌的空间分布和遗传结构。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cenococcum geophilum is an ecologically important mycorrhizal fungus with a global distribution and a wide host range. It has been difficult to study since it forms only sterile mycelia and, occasionally, sclerotial bodies. Because of its lack of morphological variability, its taxonomy and phylogenetic origins have until recently remained unclear. To better understand the genetic variation and environmental adaptability of C. geophilum, a molecular phylogeny was constructed based on the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of 69 isolates from various hosts and habitats. The results suggest DNA sequence conservation in the ITS regions. Considering its broad geographic and host range, this ITS conservation was unexpected. Our data imply that the ITS2 region is under evolutionary pressure to maintain the RNA secondary structure (similar to the pressure on the CgSSU introns) involved in the post-transcriptional processing of rRNA. Also, C. geophilum has very short ITS regions, thus limiting the number of mutable sites. This limited ITS variability suggests a recent radiation of C. geophilum, having been geographically distributed by a variety of efficient processes. C. geophilum appears to be a single taxonomic entity, possibly a single species. Therefore, it is an extremely adaptable, as well as ecologically valuable, taxon.

背景与目标： ：Cenococcum geophilum是一种具有生态重要性的菌根真菌，具有全球分布和广泛的宿主范围。由于它仅形成无菌菌丝体，偶而形成菌核，因此很难进行研究。由于缺乏形态变异性，其分类学和系统发生起源直到最近仍不清楚。为了更好地了解嗜水假单胞菌的遗传变异和环境适应性，基于来自各个宿主和生境的69个分离株的核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区（ITS1和ITS2）构建了分子系统发育学。结果表明ITS区域中的DNA序列保守性。考虑到其广泛的地理和寄主范围，这种ITS保护措施是出乎意料的。我们的数据暗示ITS2区处于进化压力下，以维持参与rRNA转录后加工的RNA二级结构（类似于对CgSSU内含子的压力）。此外，地衣梭菌的ITS区域非常短，因此限制了易变位点的数量。这种有限的ITS变异性表明，最近通过各种有效过程在地理上分布了地衣梭菌的辐射。地衣梭菌似乎是一个单一的生物分类实体，可能是一个单一的物种。因此，它是一种极具适应性且具有生态价值的分类单元。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Population genetic analyses of the mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum were conducted to test for a clonal or recombining population structure. Multilocus genotypes based on polymorphisms in 9 loci, identified in this study by PCR-SSCP techniques, were obtained for two populations. Genotypic variation occurred on a fine scale because unique genotypes were identified at most every transect point, and in some cases occurred even within one soil sample (equivalent to about a 500 mL volume). The largest genet observed occurred over a 30 meter transect space. The two population genetic methods employed to distinguish between clonality and recombination, (1) Index of Association; and (2) "Parsimony Tree Length Permutation Test" (PTLPT), could not reject the null hypothesis of recombination in either population. Wright's Fst, as estimated by theta, was used to examine gene flow between the two populations based on allele frequencies. Two of the nine loci had theta values that were not significantly different from what one would expect for the null hypothesis of panmixia. However, the other seven loci were consistent with reduced gene flow. The theta value for the Fisher combined probability (combining all 9 loci) was significant and indicated that there was genetic differentiation between these two populations.

背景与目标： ：对菌根真菌Cenococcum geophilum进行了人口遗传分析，以测试克隆或重组的种群结构。通过PCR-SSCP技术在本研究中获得了两个种群的基于9个基因座多态性的多基因座基因型。基因型变异发生在精细的规模上，因为在每个样点都可以识别出独特的基因型，并且在某些情况下甚至可以在一个土壤样本中发生（相当于约500 mL体积）。观察到的最大家族发生在30米的样带空间内。用来区分克隆性和重组的两种群体遗传方法：（1）关联指数； （2）“简约树长度排列检验”（PTLPT）无法拒绝这两个种群中重组的无效假设。由theta估计的赖特氏Fst用于基于等位基因频率检查两个群体之间的基因流。九个基因座中的两个具有theta值，该值与对panmixia零假设的期望值没有显着差异。但是，其他七个基因座与基因流减少一致。 Fisher组合概率（组合所有9个基因座）的theta值很重要，表明这两个种群之间存在遗传分化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Various bacteria are associated with ectomycorrhizal roots, which are symbiotic complexes formed between plant roots and fungi. Among these associated bacteria, actinomycetes have received attention for their ubiquity and diverse roles in forest ecosystems. Here, to examine the association of actinomycetes with ectomycorrhizal root tips, we compared the bacterial and actinomycete communities on the surface and inside of root tips of coastal Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) colonized by the fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Next-generation sequences of 16S rDNA of bacteria communities using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine showed that the number of bacterial classes in the surface of C. geophilum ECM roots was significantly higher than that in non-ECM roots. The bacterial community structure of surface, inside, and non-ECM roots was significantly discriminated each other. For an isolation method, a total of 762 and 335 actinomycete isolates were obtained from the surface and inside of the roots, respectively. In addition, the isolation ratio of actinomycetes in these root tips varied depending on the age of the tree and the season. Identification of the isolates based on partial 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the isolates belonged to nine genera of the order Actinomycetales. On the surface of the roots, most of the isolates belonged to genus Streptomyces (90.4%); inside of the roots, most of the isolates belonged to genus Actinoallomurus (40.0%), which is a relatively new taxon. Our results suggest that actinomycetes as well as bacteria are ubiquitously associated with C. geophilum ectomycorrhizal roots of P. thunbergii, although their communities can vary either surface or inside of individual root tips.

背景与目标： ：各种细菌与根外生根有关，根外生根是植物根和真菌之间形成的共生复合物。在这些相关细菌中，放线菌因其在森林生态系统中的普遍存在和不同作用而受到关注。在这里，为了检查放线菌与根外菌根尖的关联，我们比较了由真菌Cenococcum geophilum繁殖的日本黑松（Pinus thunbergii）根尖的表面和内部的细菌和放线菌群落。使用离子洪流型个人基因组机的细菌群落的16S rDNA的下一代序列显示，嗜地衣芽孢杆菌ECM根表面的细菌种类数量显着高于非ECM根。表面，内部和非ECM根的细菌群落结构彼此之间有明显区别。对于分离方法，分别从根的表面和内部获得了总共762和335放线菌的分离株。另外，这些根尖中放线菌的分离率根据树的年龄和季节而变化。基于部分16S rDNA测序的分离物的鉴定表明，分离物属于放线菌纲的9个属。在根的表面上，大多数分离物属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）（90.4％）。在根部内部，大多数分离物属于放线菌属（Actinoallomurus）（40.0％），这是一个相对较新的分类群。我们的结果表明，放线菌以及细菌普遍与雷氏假单胞菌的地衣芽孢杆菌外生菌根相关，尽管它们的群落可以在单个根尖的表面或内部变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four in vitro experiments were set up to verify the colonization potential of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) Cenococcum geophilum FR. (strain CGE-4), saprotrophic Geomyces pannorum (LINK) SIGLER & CARMICHAEL (GPA-1) and a frequent root-associated, potentially ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM)-forming Meliniomyces variabilis Hambleton & Sigler (MVA-1) in roots of Rhododendron and Vaccinium. A typical ErM fungus, Rhizoscyphus ericae (Read) Zhuang & Korf (RER-1), was included for comparison. All fungal strains intracellularly colonized rooted Vaccinium microcuttings: GPA-1 occasionally produced hyphal loops similar to ErM, MVA-1 and RER-1 exhibited a typical ErM colonization pattern. CGE-4 hyphae grew vigorously on and around newly formed roots and rarely penetrated turgescent rhizodermal cells forming intracellular loose loops. Rooting of Rhododendron sp. microcuttings was not promoted by any fungal strain except CGE-4, which also promoted the most vigorous growth of Rhododendron ponticum L. seedlings. The widespread EcM fungus C. geophilum has a potential to colonize non-EcM roots and support their development which may influence overall growth of ericaceous plants. As shown for G. pannorum, structures resembling ErM may be formed by fungi that are to date not regarded as ericoid mycorrhizal.

背景与目标： ：进行了四个体外实验，以验证外生菌根（EcM）Cenococcum geophilum FR的定殖潜力。 （菌株CGE-4），腐生的土壤霉菌（LINK）SIGLER＆CARMICHAEL（GPA-1）以及在杜鹃花的根部经常与根相关的潜在类脂状菌根（ErM）形成变种Meliniomyces variabilis Hambleton＆Sigler（MVA-1）和牛痘。为了进行比较，还包括了一种典型的ErM真菌，Rhizoscyphus ericae（Read）Zhuang＆Korf（RER-1）。所有真菌菌株在细胞内定殖的生根越桔微切屑：GPA-1偶尔会产生类似于ErM，MVA-1和RER-1的菌丝环，表现出典型的ErM定殖模式。 CGE-4菌丝在新形成的根部及其周围旺盛生长，很少穿透形成根际的松散环状的根皮状根皮细胞。杜鹃花的生根。除CGE-4外，任何真菌菌株均不促进微切屑的形成，CGE-4也促进了杜鹃杜鹃幼苗的最旺盛生长。广泛分布的EcM真菌C. geophilum具有在非EcM根部定植并支持其发育的潜力，这可能会影响菊科植物的整体生长。如对于潘诺氏菌（G.pannorum）所示，类似于ErM的结构可以由迄今为止尚未被认为是类胡萝卜素菌根的真菌形成。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Enzyme activities of Cenococcum geophilum isolates were examined on enzyme-specific solid media. Deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, and urease were detected in all isolates, whereas cellulase was not detected in any of the isolates. Variations in enzyme activities of amylase, caseinolysis, gelatinase, lipase, and ribonuclease were observed among isolates.

背景与目标： ：在酶特异性固体培养基上检查了嗜水炭疽菌分离物的酶活性。在所有分离物中都检测到了脱氧核糖核酸酶，磷酸酶和脲酶，而在任何分离物中均未检测到纤维素酶。在分离物中观察到淀粉酶，酪蛋白分解酶，明胶酶，脂肪酶和核糖核酸酶的酶活性变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic structure in a Cenococcum geophilum population associated with Salix reinii in an early successional volcanic desert at Gotenba, on the south-eastern slope of Mount Fuji in Japan, and in three other populations associated with the same host at more developed sites on the mountain, one at Fujinomiya and two at Subashiri. The genotype richness of C. geophilum tended to be higher in more developed vegetation patches as well as in more developed sites, suggesting that genotype richness increased with advanced succession because new genotypes might have been introduced into these sites over time. High genotypic similarity was observed between the Gotenba and Fujinomiya populations but not between the Gotenba and Subashiri populations, suggesting that C. geophilum genotypes in Gotenba were introduced from the direction of Fujinomiya. Genotypes in the Gotenba population were clearly distinguishable into two groups. The absence of any intermediate genotype suggests the absence of frequent recombination in this C. geophilum population associated with early successional vegetation.

背景与目标： ：多态性简单序列重复（SSR）标记用于研究御殿场，日本富士山东南坡以及其他三个地方的早期演替火山沙漠中与柳柳相关的土生白尾藻种群的遗传结构。与同一个寄主相关的种群位于山上较发达的地点，其中一个位于富士宫，两个位于Subashiri。在更发达的植被斑块和更发达的地点，地衣梭菌的基因型丰富度往往更高，这表明基因型丰富度随着高级演替的增加而增加，因为随着时间的流逝，新的基因型可能已被引入这些地点。在御殿场和富士宫族之间观察到高的基因型相似性，但御殿场和Subashiri种群之间没有观察到相似性，这表明御殿场的嗜地衣芽孢杆菌基因型是从富士宫方向引入的。 Gotenba人群中的基因型明显可分为两组。缺少任何中间基因型表明与早期演替植被相关的这种嗜地衣梭菌种群中没有频繁的重组。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of drought and elevated temperature on relative abundance and functioning of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum on three oak species differing in adaptation to a warm and dry climate. The experiment QUERCO comprised three Quercus species (Q. robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens) grown for 3 years under four treatments: elevated air temperature, drought, a combination of the two, and control. Fine root samples were analysed for relative abundance and potential extracellular enzyme activities of ectomycorrhizae of C. geophilum, a fungal species known to be drought resistant. The relative abundance of C. geophilum on the roots of the oak species was significantly increased by temperature, decreased by drought, but unchanged in the combined treatment compared to the control. Although the extent of treatment effects differed among oak species, no significant influence of tree species on relative abundance of C. geophilum was detected. Exoenzyme activities of C. geophilum on Q. robur and Q. petraea (but not Q. pubescens) significantly increased in the combined treatment, but for all oak species were reduced under drought and air warming alone compared to the control. There was a significant negative correlation between abundance of C. geophilum and its leucine aminopeptidase activity. As this enzyme is not frequent among ectomycorrhizal fungi, this emphasises the functional importance of C. geophilum in the ectomycorrhizal community. Our results indicate that increased temperature and drought will influence the relative abundance and enzyme activity of C. geophilum. However, both the Quercus species and C. geophilum tolerated warming and strong drought.

背景与目标： ：本研究旨在阐明干旱和高温对三种不同适应温暖干燥气候的橡树外生菌根真菌Cenococcum geophilum相对丰度和功能的影响。实验QUERCO包括3种在3年中生长的栎类（Q.robur，Q.petraea，Q.pubescens）：升高的温度，干旱，二者的结合和控制。分析了细根样品的地衣芽孢杆菌（C.geophilum）的外生菌根的相对丰度和潜在的胞外酶活性，这是一种已知具有抗旱性的真菌。橡木树根上的地衣梭菌的相对丰度随着温度的升高而显着增加，由于干旱而降低，但与对照相比，联合处理中的相对丰度没有变化。尽管橡木树种的处理效果程度不同，但未检测到树木种对C.geophilum相对丰度的显着影响。与对照相比，组合处理中地衣梭菌对罗布氏菌和白屈菜的外酶活性显着增加，但对所有橡树种而言，仅在干旱和空气加热下，其外酶活性显着降低。嗜碱梭菌的丰度与其亮氨酸氨肽酶活性之间存在显着的负相关性。由于这种酶在外生菌根真菌中不常见，因此强调了C.geophilum在外生菌根群落中的功能重要性。我们的结果表明，温度升高和干旱会影响地衣梭菌的相对丰度和酶活性。但是，栎属物种和C.geophilum都可以忍受变暖和强烈干旱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Introduction Guidelines have been recommending the use of arteriovenous fistula among the hemodialysis population, but no clear conclusion has emerged with regard to the adequate access type in octogenarians. In this paper, the outcomes of arteriovenous fistula in octogenarian cohort were presented for death-censored cumulative patency rate, complications, and patients' survival rate. Methods A retrospective review of 88 consecutive arteriovenous fistula interventions in 70 octogenarian patients were performed at one referral institution between January 2010 and June 2014. The patients' records were analyzed and postoperative complications were documented. Death-censored cumulative arteriovenous fistula patency rates were calculated, and Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze patient survival for 24 months. FINDINGS:Eighty-eight arteriovenous fistula constructions and six salvage procedures were performed in 70 octogenarians. Fifty-four (61.3%) forearm and 34 (38.7%) upper arm fistulas were created. All types of fistulas had 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month death-censored cumulative patency rates of 63.6%, 58.3%, 48.8%, and 41.4%, respectively. The primary failure rate was 40.9%. A total of 15 complications were documented as edema, hematoma/bleeding, infection, distal ischemia, and venous aneurysm, all of which had been treated. Patient survival rates for 12 and 24 months were 68.5% and 58.5%, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:This analysis regarding arteriovenous fistula in octogenarian end-stage renal disease patients figured out equal death-censored cumulative patency compared to nonelderly, and two-year survival rate was acceptable. This study strengthens the argument that arteriovenous fistula should be the best proper choice in selected octogenarians; older age only should not be considered as an absolute contraindication for arteriovenous fistula creation in octogenarians; and patient-based approach should be applied.

背景与目标： ：指南已经建议在血液透析人群中使用动静脉瘘，但是对于八岁以上人群的适当进入方式尚无明确的结论。在本文中，针对死于死亡的累积通畅率，并发症和患者的存活率，提出了八十岁队列中动静脉瘘的结局。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年6月在一家转诊机构对70例八岁以上患者进行的88例动静脉瘘的连续干预措施。分析了患者的病历并记录了术后并发症。计算死亡检查的累积动静脉瘘通畅率，并使用Kaplan-Meier方法分析患者24个月的存活率。
研究结果：在70名高龄者中进行了88例动静脉瘘的构造和6例挽救程序。创造了五十四（61.3％）个前臂和34个（38.7％）的上臂瘘管。所有类型的瘘管的6个月，12个月，18个月和24个月死亡检查的累积通畅率分别为63.6％，58.3％，48.8％和41.4％。主要失败率为40.9％。总共记录了15种并发症，如水肿，血肿/出血，感染，远端缺血和静脉动脉瘤，所有这些均已得到治疗。 12和24个月的患者生存率分别为68.5％和58.5％。
讨论与结论：这项关于八十岁末期肾脏疾病患者动静脉瘘的分析表明，与非老年人相比，死亡检查的累积通畅性相等，两年生存率是可以接受的。这项研究加强说法，动静脉瘘应在选定八旬老人中寻找最佳的选择;仅年龄较大的人不应被视为八岁老人动静脉瘘形成的绝对禁忌症；并且应采用基于患者的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe neurological condition with significant morbidity and mortality. A reliable tool for prognosis is needed to take decision regarding treatment strategies. We compared 2 available prognostic scores of outcome: the Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS) and the Epidemiology-based Mortality score in SE (EMSE). We included 46 patients with SE evaluated out the last 5years in our hospital. We excluded patients with postanoxic encephalopathy or incomplete data. Among the 46 patients with SE, in-hospital mortality was 28%. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting of death by STESS had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 with cutoff point ≥4. The best EMSE variable combination to predict mortality was EMSE-AEL using an optimized cutoff point of 34 (age/etiology/loss of consciousness) with an area under the ROC of 0.79. The STESS and EMSE would be useful tools to predict in-hospital mortality in SE.

背景与目标： ：癫痫持续状态（SE）是一种严重的神经系统疾病，发病率和死亡率均很高。需要可靠的预后工具来做出有关治疗策略的决策。我们比较了2种可用的预后结果评分：癫痫持续程度评分（STESS）和基于流行病学的SE死亡率评分（EMSE）。我们纳入了过去5年在我们医院评估过的46例SE患者。我们排除了缺氧性脑病或数据不完整的患者。在46例SE患者中，院内死亡率为28％。用于通过STESS预测死亡的接收器工作特性（ROC）曲线在曲线下（AUC）的面积为0.80，且截止点≥4。预测死亡率的最佳EMSE变量组合是EMSE-AEL，其最佳截断点为34（年龄/病因/意识丧失），ROC下面积为0.79。 STESS和EMSE将是预测SE住院死亡率的有用工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pseudoalteromonas is a genus of Gram-negative and is ubiquitously distributed in the ocean. Many Pseudoalteromonas species are capable of producing pigments, which can serve as an alternative source to replace synthetic pigments used in the food industry. Prodigiosins belong to a family of secondary metabolite characterized by a common pyrrolyl pyrromethane skeleton, and have been successfully applied to yogurt, milk and carbonated drinks as substitutes for synthetic additives. The strain Pseudoalteromonas rubra SCSIO 6842 can produce cycloprodigiosin and harbors a conjugative plasmid. Here we report the complete genome of P. rubra SCSIO 6842 for a better understanding of the molecular basis of cycloprodigiosin production and regulation.

背景与目标： ：Pseudoalteromonas是革兰氏阴性菌，在海洋中无处不在。许多假单胞菌属物种能够生产色素，可以用作替代食品工业中使用的合成色素的来源。 Prodigiosins属于次级代谢产物家族，其特征是具有常见的吡咯基吡咯甲烷骨架，并且已成功应用于酸奶，牛奶和碳酸饮料中，以替代合成添加剂。麻风假单胞菌SCSIO 6842菌株可产生环prodigiosin，并带有结合质粒。在这里，我们报告了P​​. rubra SCSIO 6842的完整基因组，以更好地了解环己酮的生产和调控的分子基础。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cenococcum geophilum is a widely distributed ectomycorrhizal fungus potentially playing a significant role in resistance and resilience mechanisms of its tree hosts exposed to drought stress. In this study, we performed a large scale protein analysis in pure cultures of C. geophilum in order to gain first global insights into the proteome assembly of this fungus. Using 1-D gel electrophoresis coupled with ESI-MS/MS, we indentified 638 unique proteins. Most of these proteins were related to the metabolic and cellular processes, and the transport machinery of cells. In a second step, we examined the influence of water deprivation on the proteome of C. geophilum pure cultures at three time points of gradually imposed drought. The results indicated that 12 proteins were differentially abundant in mycelia subjected to drought compared to controls. The induced responses in C. geophilum point towards regulation of osmotic stress, maintainance of cell integrity, and counteracting increased levels of reactive oxygen species formed during water deprivation.

背景与目标： ：Cenococcum geophilum是一种广泛分布的外生菌根真菌，可能在暴露于干旱胁迫的树木宿主的抗性和复原力机制中发挥重要作用。在这项研究中，我们在纯净的嗜水梭状芽孢杆菌培养物中进行了大规模蛋白质分析，以初步了解这种真菌的蛋白质组学。使用一维凝胶电泳结合ESI-MS / MS，我们鉴定出638个独特的蛋白质。这些蛋白质大多数与代谢和细胞过程以及细胞的运输机制有关。在第二步中，我们研究了在逐渐施加干旱的三个时间点，缺水对C. geophilum纯培养物蛋白质组的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，干旱的菌丝体中12种蛋白质差异丰富。嗜水梭状芽胞杆菌的诱导反应指向调节渗透胁迫，维持细胞完整性和抵消在缺水期间形成的活性氧种类的增加水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS:

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cenococcum geophilum is perhaps the most widely distributed and most recognized ectomycorrhizal fungus with a host range of more than 200 tree species from 40 genera of both angiosperms and gymnosperms. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis on a large collection of isolates (n=74) from North America and Europe based on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd). A subset of isolates (n=22) also was analyzed with the more conservative LSU-rDNA locus. Significant nucleotide diversity was detected (approximately 20%) in the gpd region and the LSU-rDNA analysis supported that the C. geophilum isolates studied were monophyletic but distinct from two isolates, Am5-1 and N2-10, which previously were used in population genetic studies of this species. These results suggest that Am5-1 and N2-10 are likely two undescribed species or even genera. Our results suggest that C. geophilum sensu lato is a species complex and support previous molecular, physiological and morphological studies that have shown significant diversity in C. geophilum. This study also revealed that caution is advised when conducting population genetic studies in C. geophilum due to the possibility of pooling unrelated isolates. This potential problem also has implications for other fungal taxa because cryptic species routinely have been found in recent years based on molecular data.

背景与目标： ：Cenococcum geophilum可能是分布最广，最广为人知的外生菌根真菌，其寄主范围来自40属被子植物和裸子植物的200多种树种。我们基于3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（gpd）对北美和欧洲的大量分离株（n = 74）进行了系统发育分析。还使用更保守的LSU-rDNA基因座分析了分离株的一个子集（n = 22）。在gpd区检测到显着的核苷酸多样性（约20％），LSU-rDNA分析支持所研究的嗜地衣芽孢杆菌分离株是单系分离的，但不同于以前在人群中使用的两个分离株Am5-1和N2-10。该物种的遗传研究。这些结果表明，Am5-1和N2-10可能是两个未描述的物种，甚至属。我们的结果表明，C。geophilum sensu lato是一个物种复合体，支持以前的分子，生理和形态学研究，这些研究显示Geophilum的显着多样性。这项研究还表明，由于可能合并无关的分离株，因此在进行嗜地梭状芽胞杆菌的种群遗传研究时，建议谨慎行事。这个潜在的问题也对其他真菌类群有影响，因为近年来基于分子数据通常发现了隐性物种。