BACKGROUND & AIMS: :What is the Best Practice for automated inference in Medical Decision Support for personalized medicine? A known system already exists as Dirac's inference system from quantum mechanics (QM) using bra-kets and bras where A and B are states, events, or measurements representing, say, clinical and biomedical rules. Dirac's system should theoretically be the universal best practice for all inference, though QM is notorious as sometimes leading to bizarre conclusions that appear not to be applicable to the macroscopic world of everyday world human experience and medical practice. It is here argued that this apparent difficulty vanishes if QM is assigned one new multiplication function @, which conserves conditionality appropriately, making QM applicable to classical inference including a quantitative form of the predicate calculus. An alternative interpretation with the same consequences is if every i = radical-1 in Dirac's QM is replaced by h, an entity distinct from 1 and i and arguably a hidden root of 1 such that h2 = 1. With that exception, this paper is thus primarily a review of the application of Dirac's system, by application of linear algebra in the complex domain to help manipulate information about associations and ontology in complicated data. Any combined bra-ket can be shown to be composed only of the sum of QM-like bra and ket weights c(), times an exponential function of Fano's mutual information measure I(A; B) about the association between A and B, that is, an association rule from data mining. With the weights and Fano measure re-expressed as expectations on finite data using Riemann's Incomplete (i.e., Generalized) Zeta Functions, actual counts of observations for real world sparse data can be readily utilized. Finally, the paper compares identical character, distinguishability of states events or measurements, correlation, mutual information, and orthogonal character, important issues in data mining and biomedical analytics, as in QM.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We propose a realistic hybrid classical-quantum linear solver to solve systems of linear equations of a specific type, and demonstrate its feasibility with Qiskit on IBM Q systems. This algorithm makes use of quantum random walk that runs in [Formula: see text](N log(N)) time on a quantum circuit made of [Formula: see text](log(N)) qubits. The input and output are classical data, and so can be easily accessed. It is robust against noise, and ready for implementation in applications such as machine learning.

背景与目标： ：我们提出了一个现实的混合古典量子线性求解器，以求解特定类型的线性方程组，并证明其在IBM Q系统上使用Qiskit的可行性。该算法利用了在[公式：（log（N））个量子位组成的量子电路上以[公式：（text）（N log（N））时间）运行的量子随机游动。输入和输出是经典数据，因此可以轻松访问。它具有强大的抗噪能力，可以在机器学习等应用中实施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Precision spectroscopy of atomic systems1 is an invaluable tool for the study of fundamental interactions and symmetries2. Recently, highly charged ions have been proposed to enable sensitive tests of physics beyond the standard model2-5 and the realization of high-accuracy atomic clocks3,5, owing to their high sensitivity to fundamental physics and insensitivity to external perturbations, which result from the high binding energies of their outer electrons. However, the implementation of these ideas has been hindered by the low spectroscopic accuracies (of the order of parts per million) achieved so far6-8. Here we cool trapped, highly charged argon ions to the lowest temperature reported so far, and study them using coherent laser spectroscopy, achieving an increase in precision of eight orders of magnitude. We use quantum logic spectroscopy9,10 to probe the forbidden optical transition in 40Ar13+ at a wavelength of 441 nanometres and measure its excited-state lifetime and g-factor. Our work unlocks the potential of highly charged ions as ubiquitous atomic systems for use in quantum information processing, as frequency standards and in highly sensitive tests of fundamental physics, such as searches for dark-matter candidates11 or violations of fundamental symmetries2.

背景与目标： ：原子系统的精密光谱学1是研究基本相互作用和对称性2的宝贵工具。最近，由于高电离的离子对基本物理的高敏感性和对外部扰动的不敏感性，已提出了高电荷的离子以实现超出标准模型2-5的物理敏感性测试和实现高精度原子钟3,5。它们的外电子具有很高的结合能。然而，到目前为止，这些思想的实现受到了低光谱精度（百万分之几）的阻碍[6-8]。在这里，我们将捕获的高电荷氩离子冷却至迄今为止报告的最低温度，并使用相干激光光谱法对其进行研究，从而将精度提高了八个数量级。我们使用量子逻辑光谱法9,10来探测40Ar13在441纳米波长处的禁止光学跃迁，并测量其激发态寿命和g因子。我们的工作释放了高电荷离子作为量子信息处理，频率标准和基础物理的高度敏感测试（如搜索暗物质候选物11或违反基本对称性2）中无处不在的原子系统的潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Synthetic non-conservative systems with parity-time (PT) symmetric gain-loss structures can exhibit unusual spontaneous symmetry breaking that accompanies spectral singularity. Recent studies on PT symmetry in optics and weakly interacting open quantum systems have revealed intriguing physical properties, yet many-body correlations still play no role. Here by extending the idea of PT symmetry to strongly correlated many-body systems, we report that a combination of spectral singularity and quantum criticality yields an exotic universality class which has no counterpart in known critical phenomena. Moreover, we find unconventional low-dimensional quantum criticality, where superfluid correlation is anomalously enhanced owing to non-monotonic renormalization group flows in a PT-symmetry-broken quantum critical phase, in stark contrast to the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless paradigm. Our findings can be experimentally tested in ultracold atoms and predict critical phenomena beyond the Hermitian paradigm of quantum many-body physics.

背景与目标： ：具有奇偶时间（PT）对称增益-损失结构的合成非保守系统可能会显示出异常的自发对称性破坏，并伴随光谱奇异性。最近关于光学和弱相互作用的开放量子系统中PT对称性的研究显示出有趣的物理特性，但多体关联仍然没有作用。在这里，通过将PT对称性的概念扩展到高度相关的多体系统，我们报告了光谱奇点和量子临界性的组合产生了一个奇异的通用性类别，该类别在已知的临界现象中没有对应物。此外，我们发现了非常规的低维量子临界性，其中超流体相关性由于PT对称性破裂的量子临界相中的非单调重整化群流而异常增强，这与Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless范式形成了鲜明的对比。我们的发现可以在超冷原子中进行实验测试，并预测超出量子多体物理学的埃尔米特范式的临界现象。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Realization of electrically pumped lasing with solution processable materials will have a revolutionary impact on many disciplines including photonics, chemical sensing, and medical diagnostics. Due to readily tunable, size-controlled emission wavelengths, colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive materials for attaining this goal. Here we use specially engineered QDs to demonstrate devices that operate as both a light emitting diode (LED) and an optically pumped laser. These structures feature a distributed feedback resonator integrated into a bottom LED electrode. By carefully engineering a refractive-index profile across the device, we are able to obtain good confinement of a waveguided mode within the QD medium, which allows for demonstrating low-threshold lasing even with an ultrathin (about three QD monolayers) active layer. These devices also exhibit strong electroluminescence (EL) under electrical pumping. The conducted studies suggest that the demonstrated dual-function (lasing/EL) structures represent a promising device platform for realizing colloidal QD laser diodes.

背景与目标： ：用溶液可处理材料实现电泵浦激光技术将对包括光子学，化学传感和医学诊断在内的许多学科产生革命性的影响。由于易于调节尺寸，控制发射波长，胶体半导体量子点（QD）是实现此目标的有吸引力的材料。在这里，我们使用经过特殊设计的QD来演示既可以用作发光二极管（LED）也可以用作光泵浦激光器的设备。这些结构的特征是集成在底部LED电极中的分布式反馈谐振器。通过仔细设计整个设备的折射率分布，我们能够在QD介质中很好地限制波导模式，即使在超薄（约三个QD单层）有源层的情况下，也可以演示低阈值激光发射。这些器件在电泵浦下还具有很强的电致发光（EL）性能。进行的研究表明，已证明的双功能（激光/ EL）结构代表了实现胶体QD激光二极管的有前途的设备平台。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A simple turn on/off fluorescence approach based on dithizone-capped ZnS quantum dots (ZnS@DZ QDs) with the help of lead ions as a fluorescent probe for the quantitative determination of quercetin is reported. The interaction of lead ions with dithizone led to the formation of a rigid structure on the surface of ZnS@DZ QDs and turned on the fluorescence intensity of the QDs. After addition of quercetin to this probe and interaction with lead ions, the fluorescence emission turned off. Concerning the quenching fluorescence intensity of ZnS@DZ QDs/Pb2+ QDs probe induced by the target, under the optimum conditions, the probe enabled detection of quercetin in the concentration range from 0.54 μM to 21.7 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.993 and detection limit of 0.25 μM. The present probe was applied successfully to the determine quercetin as a nutritional biomarker in human serum and 24-h urine samples.

背景与目标： ：报道了一种基于双硫zone封端的ZnS量子点（ZnS @ DZ QDs）的简单打开/关闭荧光方法，该方法借助铅离子作为荧光探针来定量测定槲皮素。铅离子与双硫zone的相互作用导致在ZnS @ DZ量子点表面形成刚性结构，并开启了量子点的荧光强度。向该探针添加槲皮素并与铅离子相互作用后，荧光发射关闭。关于目标诱导的ZnS @ DZ QDs / Pb2 QDs探针的猝灭荧光强度，在最佳条件下，该探针能够检测浓度为0.54μM至21.7μM的槲皮素，相关系数为0.993，检测极限为0.25微米本探针已成功地应用于测定槲皮素作为人体血清和24小时尿液样品中的营养生物标志物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this paper we report a continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol using multimode coherent states generated on subcarrier frequencies of the optical spectrum. We propose a coherent detection scheme where power from a carrier wave is used as a local oscillator. We compose a mathematical model of the proposed scheme and perform its security analysis in the finite-size regime using fully quantum asymptotic equipartition property technique. We calculate a lower bound on the secret key rate for the system under the assumption that the quantum channel noise is negligible compared to detector dark counts, and an eavesdropper is restricted to collective attacks. Our calculation shows that the current realistic system implementation would allow distributing secret keys over channels with losses up to 9 dB.

背景与目标： ：在本文中，我们报告了一种连续可变量子密钥分配协议，该协议使用在光谱的子载波频率上生成的多模相干态。我们提出了一种相干检测方案，其中将来自载波的功率用作本地振荡器。我们组成了该方案的数学模型，并使用完全量子渐近等分性质技术在有限大小的方案中进行了安全性分析。我们假设量子信道噪声与检测器暗计数相比可忽略不计，并且窃听者仅限于集体攻击，从而计算出系统的秘密密钥率的下限。我们的计算表明，当前现实的系统实现方式将允许在损耗高达9 dB的信道上分配秘密密钥。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Decompression stress and exposure to hyperoxia may cause a reduction in transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide and in maximal aerobic capacity after deep saturation dives. In this study lung function and exercise capacity were assessed before and after a helium-oxygen saturation dive to a pressure of 2.5 MPa where the decompression rate was reduced compared with previous deep dives, and the hyperoxic exposure was reduced by administering oxygen intermittently at pressures of 50 and 30 kPa during decompression. Eight experienced divers of median age 41 years (range 29-48) participated in the dive. The incidence of venous gas microemboli was low compared with previous deep dives. Except for one subject having treatment for decompression sickness, no changes in lung function or angiotensin converting enzyme, a marker of pulmonary endothelial cell damage, were demonstrated. The modified diving procedures with respect to decompression rate and hyperoxic exposure may have contributed to the lack of changes in lung function in this dive compared with previous deep saturation dives.

背景与目标： ：减压应力和高氧暴露可能导致一氧化碳的肺转移因子减少，并导致深度饱和潜水后最大有氧运动能力降低。在这项研究中，在氦氧饱和度潜水至2.5 MPa的压力之前和之后评估了肺功能和运动能力，与以前的深潜相比，减压率降低了，而在200℃的压力下间歇地给氧减少了高氧暴露减压期间为50和30 kPa。八名经验丰富的潜水员，中位数年龄为41岁（29-48岁），参加了此次潜水。与以前的深潜相比，静脉气体微栓塞的发生率低。除一名接受减压病治疗的受试者外，未证明肺功能或血管紧张素转换酶（肺内皮细胞损伤的标志物）发生变化。与以前的深度饱和潜水相比，在减压和高氧暴露方面经过改进的潜水程序可能导致该肺功能缺乏变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The study of health behavior change, including nutrition and physical activity behaviors, has been rooted in a cognitive-rational paradigm. Change is conceptualized as a linear, deterministic process where individuals weigh pros and cons, and at the point at which the benefits outweigh the cost change occurs. Consistent with this paradigm, the associated statistical models have almost exclusively assumed a linear relationship between psychosocial predictors and behavior. Such a perspective however, fails to account for non-linear, quantum influences on human thought and action. Consider why after years of false starts and failed attempts, a person succeeds at increasing their physical activity, eating healthier or losing weight. Or, why after years of success a person relapses. This paper discusses a competing view of health behavior change that was presented at the 2006 annual ISBNPA meeting in Boston. DISCUSSION:Rather than viewing behavior change from a linear perspective it can be viewed as a quantum event that can be understood through the lens of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems. Key principles of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems relevant to understanding health behavior change include: 1) Chaotic systems can be mathematically modeled but are nearly impossible to predict; 2) Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions; 3) Complex Systems involve multiple component parts that interact in a nonlinear fashion; and 4) The results of Complex Systems are often greater than the sum of their parts. Accordingly, small changes in knowledge, attitude, efficacy, etc may dramatically alter motivation and behavioral outcomes. And the interaction of such variables can yield almost infinite potential patterns of motivation and behavior change. In the linear paradigm unaccounted for variance is generally relegated to the catch all "error" term, when in fact such "error" may represent the chaotic component of the process. The linear and chaotic paradigms are however, not mutually exclusive, as behavior change may include both chaotic and cognitive processes. Studies of addiction suggest that many decisions to change are quantum rather than planned events; motivation arrives as opposed to being planned. Moreover, changes made through quantum processes appear more enduring than those that involve more rational, planned processes. How such processes may apply to nutrition and physical activity behavior and related interventions merits examination.

背景与目标： 背景：对健康行为变化（包括营养和身体活动行为）的研究已扎根于认知理性范式。变革在概念上是线性的，确定性的过程，在此过程中，个人权衡利弊，并在收益大于成本的情况下发生变化。与此范例相一致，相关的统计模型几乎完全假定了心理社会预测因素与行为之间的线性关系。然而，这样的观点未能说明非线性的，量子的对人类思想和行为的影响。考虑为什么在经过多年的错误开始和失败尝试之后，一个人成功地增加了自己的体育锻炼，饮食健康或减肥。或者，为什么一个人在多年成功之后会复发。本文讨论了在波士顿举行的2006年度ISBNPA年会上提出的有关健康行为改变的竞争观点。
讨论：不是从线性的角度观察行为的变化，它可以被看作是一个量子事件，可以通过混沌理论和复杂动力系统的角度来理解。与理解健康行为变化相关的混沌理论和复杂动力系统的关键原理包括：1）混沌系统可以进行数学建模，但几乎无法预测； 2）混沌系统对初始条件敏感； 3）复杂系统包含以非线性方式交互的多个组成部分；和4）复杂系统的结果通常大于其各个部分的总和。因此，知识，态度，功效等方面的细微变化可能会极大地改变动机和行为结果。这些变量的相互作用可以产生几乎无限的潜在动机和行为改变模式。在线性范式中，未解释方差通常归结为“所有错误”一词，而实际上这种“错误”可能代表过程的混乱成分。然而，线性和混沌范式并不是相互排斥的，因为行为改变可能包括混沌和认知过程。对成瘾的研究表明，许多改变决定是量子的，而不是计划的事件。动机到来而不是被计划。而且，通过量子过程进行的变化看起来比那些涉及更合理，计划的过程的变化更持久。这些过程如何适用于营养和身体活动行为以及相关干预措施，值得研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Surface passivation is an effective method to protect the surfaces and improve the luminescence properties of perovskite (PS) films. CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) have been employed for surface passivation of PS films because of their size-dependent tunable bandgaps. Herein, the energy transfer (ET) behavior of CH3NH3PbI2Br PS films covered with CdSe/ZnS QDs (QD/PS hybrid structures) is characterized by using photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. The PL decay time and the integrated PL intensity of the QD/PS hybrid structure increase compared with those of the bare PS films, owing to ET from the QDs to the PS and reduced charge traps. The ET efficiency increases from ~7% to 63% for the QD/PS hybrid structure when the core diameter of the QDs decreases from 6.5 to 2.7 nm, respectively. This can be explained by the charge transfer rate enhancement due to the control of energy level alignment of QDs. These results allow us to understand fundamental mechanisms such as ET from QDs to PS films as a function of the size of the QD.

背景与目标： ：表面钝化是保护表面并改善钙钛矿（PS）膜发光性能的有效方法。 CdSe / ZnS核-壳量子点（QDs）已被用于PS膜的表面钝化，因为它们的尺寸取决于可调带隙。在此，通过使用光致发光（PL）和时间分辨PL光谱来表征覆盖有CdSe / ZnS QDs（QD / PS杂化结构）的CH3NH3PbI2Br PS薄膜的能量转移（ET）行为。与裸PS膜相比，QD / PS杂化结构的PL衰减时间和积分PL强度增加，这是由于从QD到PS的ET以及电荷陷阱的减少。当QDs的芯径分别从6.5nm减小到2.7nm时，QD / PS混合结构的ET效率从7％增至63％。这可以通过控制QD的能级对齐来提高电荷传输速率来解释。这些结果使我们能够了解基本机制，例如从QD到PS薄膜的ET，它们是QD尺寸的函数。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We explore the mechanism for the long-lived quantum coherence by considering the discrete phonon modes: these vibrational modes effectively weaken the exciton-environment interaction, due to the new composite (polaron) formed by excitons and vibrons. This subsequently demonstrates the role of vibrational coherence which greatly contributes to long-lived feature of the excitonic coherence that has been observed in femtosecond experiments. The estimation of the timescale of coherence elongated by vibrational modes is given in an analytical manner. To test the validity of our theory, we study the pigment-protein complex in detail by exploring the energy transfer and coherence dynamics. The ground-state vibrational coherence generated by incoherent radiations is shown to be long-survived and is demonstrated to be significant in promoting the excitation energy transfer. This is attributed to the nonequilibriumness of the system caused by the detailed-balance-breaking, which funnels the downhill migration of excitons.

背景与目标： ：我们通过考虑离散声子模式来探索长寿命量子相干的机制：由于激子和振动子形成了新的复合物（极化子），这些振动模式有效地削弱了激子与环境的相互作用。随后证明了振动相干的作用，这极大地促进了在飞秒实验中观察到的激子相干的长寿命特征。通过分析方式给出了由振动模态拉长的相干时间尺度的估计。为了验证我们理论的正确性，我们通过探索能量转移和相干动力学来详细研究色素-蛋白质复合物。由非相干辐射产生的基态振动相干被证明可以长期存在，并被证明在促进激发能传递方面具有重要意义。这归因于详细平衡的破坏导致系统的不平衡，这使激子的下坡迁移成为可能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The spin filtering effect in the bilayer nanowire with quantum point contact is investigated theoretically. We demonstrate the new mechanism of the spin filtering based on the lateral inter-subband spin-orbit coupling, which for the bilayer nanowires has been reported to be strong. The proposed spin filtering effect is explained as the joint effect of the Landau-Zener intersubband transitions caused by the hybridization of states with opposite spin (due to the lateral Rashba SO interaction) and the confinement of carriers in the quantum point contact region.

背景与目标： ：从理论上研究了量子点接触双层纳米线中的自旋滤波效应。我们展示了基于横向子带间自旋轨道耦合的自旋滤波的新机制，据报道，该机制对于双层纳米线很强。提出的自旋滤波效应被解释为Landau-Zener子带间跃迁的联合效应，这是由于具有相反自旋的态（由于横向Rashba SO相互作用）和载流子限制在量子点接触区域中所引起的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Bell's theorem, a landmark result in the foundations of physics, establishes that quantum mechanics is a non-local theory. It asserts, in particular, that two spatially separated, but entangled, quantum systems can be correlated in a way that cannot be mimicked by classical systems. A direct operational consequence of Bell's theorem is the existence of statistical tests which can detect the presence of entanglement. Remarkably, certain correlations not only witness entanglement, but they give quantitative bounds on the minimum dimension of quantum systems attaining them. In this work, we show that there exists a correlation which is not attainable by quantum systems of any arbitrary finite dimension, but is attained exclusively by infinite-dimensional quantum systems (such as infinite-level systems arising from quantum harmonic oscillators). This answers the long-standing open question about the existence of a finite correlation witnessing infinite entanglement.

背景与目标： ：贝尔定理是物理学基础上的一个里程碑式的结果，它确立了量子力学是一种非局部理论。它特别指出，两个空间上分离但纠缠的量子系统可以以经典系统无法模仿的方式相互关联。贝尔定理的直接运算结果是统计检验的存在，该检验可以检测到纠缠的存在。值得注意的是，某些关联不仅证明了纠缠，而且还给出了达到它们的量子系统的最小维度的定量界限。在这项工作中，我们表明存在一个相关性，这是任何任意有限维的量子系统都无法实现的，而只能通过无限维的量子系统（例如由量子谐波振荡器产生的无限级系统）才能实现。这回答了关于存在无限纠缠的有限相关性的长期存在的开放性问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Quantum dot and well architectures are attractive for infrared optoelectronics, and have led to the realization of compelling light sensors. However, they require well-defined passivated interfaces and rapid charge transport, and this has restricted their efficient implementation to costly vacuum-epitaxially grown semiconductors. Here we report solution-processed, sensitive infrared field-emission photodetectors. Using quantum-dots-in-perovskite, we demonstrate the extraction of photocarriers via field emission, followed by the recirculation of photogenerated carriers. We use in operando ultrafast transient spectroscopy to sense bias-dependent photoemission and recapture in field-emission devices. The resultant photodiodes exploit the superior electronic transport properties of organometal halide perovskites, the quantum-size-tuned absorption of the colloidal quantum dots and their matched interface. These field-emission quantum-dot-in-perovskite photodiodes extend the perovskite response into the short-wavelength infrared and achieve measured specific detectivities that exceed 1012 Jones. The results pave the way towards novel functional photonic devices with applications in photovoltaics and light emission.

背景与目标： ：量子点和阱结构对红外光电器件很有吸引力，并导致了引人注目的光传感器的实现。然而，它们需要良好定义的钝化界面和快速的电荷传输，这将它们的有效实施限制在昂贵的真空外延生长的半导体上。在这里，我们报告解决方案处理，敏感的红外场发射光电探测器。我们使用钙钛矿中的量子点，通过场发射演示了光载流子的提取，然后是光生载流子的再循环。我们在操作超快瞬态光谱学中使用以感测偏置相关的光发射和场发射器件中的捕获。所得的光电二极管利用了有机金属卤化物钙钛矿的优异电子传输性能，胶体量子点的量子尺寸调谐吸收及其匹配的界面。这些场发射型钙钛矿中的量子点光电二极管将钙钛矿响应扩展到短波长红外中，并实现了超过1012 Jones的测量比探测率。结果为在光伏和光发射中应用的新型功能性光子器件铺平了道路。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The large dielectric constant and small effective mass in a semiconductor allows a description of its electronic states in terms of envelope wavefunctions whose energy, time, and length scales are mesoscopic, i.e., halfway between those of atomic and those of condensed matter systems. This property makes it possible to demonstrate and investigate many quantum mechanical, many-body, and quantum kinetic phenomena with tabletop experiments that would be nearly impossible in other systems. This, along with the ability to custom-design semiconductor nanostructures, makes semiconductors an ideal laboratory for experimental investigations. We present an overview of some of the most exciting results obtained in semiconductors in recent years using the technique of ultrafast nonlinear optical spectrocopy. These results show that Coulomb correlation plays a major role in semiconductors and makes them behave more like a strongly interacting system than like an atomic system. The results provide insights into the physics of strongly interacting systems that are relevant to other condensed matter systems, but not easily accessible in other materials.

背景与目标： 半导体中的大介电常数和小的有效质量可以用包络波函数描述其电子状态，包络波函数的能量，时间和长度尺度是介观的，即介于原子和凝聚态系统之间。这种特性使通过桌面实验来证明和研究许多量子力学，多体和量子动力学现象成为可能，而在其他系统中这几乎是不可能的。加上定制设计半导体纳米结构的能力，使得半导体成为进行实验研究的理想实验室。我们概述了近年来使用超快速非线性光学光谱技术在半导体领域获得的最令人兴奋的结果。这些结果表明，库仑相关性在半导体中起主要作用，并使它们的行为更像是一个强相互作用的系统，而不是原子系统。结果提供了对与其他凝聚态系统相关但在其他材料中不易访问的强相互作用系统的物理学的见解。