BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Carbon nanotubes (CNT) possess excellent mechanical properties to play the role as reinforcement for imparting strength and toughness to brittle hydroxyapatite (HA) bioceramic coating. However, lack of processing technique to uniformly distribute multiwalled CNTs in HA coating and limited studies and sparse knowledge evincing toxicity of CNTs has kept researchers in dispute for long. In the current work, we have addressed these issues by (i) successfully distributing multiwalled CNT reinforcement in HA coating using plasma spraying to improve the fracture toughness (by 56%) and enhance crystallinity (by 27%), and (ii) culturing human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cells onto CNT reinforced HA coating to elicit its biocompatibility with living cells. Unrestricted growth of human osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cells has been observed near CNT regions claiming assistance by CNT surfaces to promote cell growth and proliferation.

背景与目标： ：碳纳米管（CNT）具有出色的机械性能，可充当增强剂，为脆性羟基磷灰石（HA）生物陶瓷涂层赋予强度和韧性。然而，缺乏在HA涂层中均匀分布多壁CNT的加工技术，有限的研究以及有关CNTs毒性的稀疏知识一直困扰着研究人员。在当前的工作中，我们已通过以下方法解决了这些问题：（i）使用等离子喷涂在HA涂层中成功分配多壁CNT增强材料，以提高断裂韧性（提高56％）和提高结晶度（提高27％），以及（ii）培养人将成骨细胞hFOB 1.19细胞涂在CNT增强的HA涂层上，以引发其与活细胞的生物相容性。在CNT区域附近观察到人类成骨细胞hFOB 1.19细胞的生长不受限制，声称其受CNT表面的辅助来促进细胞生长和增殖。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was conducted to determine the significance of bromacil transport as a function of water and carbon content in soils and to explore the implications of neglecting sorption when making assessments of travel time of bromacil through the vadose zone. Equilibrium batch sorption tests were performed for loamy sand and sandy soil added with four different levels of powdered activated carbon (PAC) content (0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%). Column experiments were also conducted at various water and carbon contents under steady-state flow conditions. The first set of column experiments was conducted in loamy sand containing 1.5% organic carbon under three different water contents (0.23, 0.32, and 0.41) to measure breakthrough curves (BTCs) of bromide and bromacil injected as a square pulse. In the second set of column experiments, BTCs of bromide and bromacil injected as a front were measured in saturated sandy columns at the four different PAC levels given above. Column breakthrough data were analyzed with both equilibrium and nonequilibrium (two-site) convection-dispersion equation (CDE) models to determine transport and sorption parameters under various water and carbon contents. Analysis with batch data indicated that neglect of the partition-related term in the calculation of solute velocity may lead to erroneous estimation of travel time of bromacil, i.e. an overestimation of the solute velocity by a factor of R. The column experiments showed that arrival time of the bromacil peak was larger than that of the bromide peak in soils, indicating that transport of bromacil was retarded relative to bromide in the observed conditions. Extent of bromacil retardation (R) increased with decreasing water content and increasing PAC content, supporting the importance of retardation in the estimation of travel time of bromacil even at small amounts of organic carbon for soils with lower water content.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是确定溴麦草碱的运输作为土壤中水和碳含量的函数的重要性，并探讨在评估溴麦草碱通过渗流带的传播时间时忽略吸附的影响。对添加了四种不同水平的粉状活性炭（PAC）含量（0％，0.01％，0.05％和0.1％）的壤土和沙质土壤进行了平衡批吸附测试。在稳态流动条件下，还对各种水和碳含量进行了柱实验。第一组柱实验是在三种不同水含量（0.23、0.32和0.41）下，在含1.5％有机碳的质壤土砂中进行的，以测量以方脉冲形式注入的溴化物和苯甲嘧啶的穿透曲线（BTC）。在第二组色谱柱实验中，在上述四个不同的PAC浓度下，在饱和沙质色谱柱中测量了作为前沿注入的溴化物和溴苯甲酰胺的BTC。使用平衡和非平衡（两点）对流扩散方程（CDE）模型对色谱柱穿透数据进行了分析，以确定在各种水和碳含量下的迁移和吸附参数。使用批处理数据进行的分析表明，在溶质速度的计算中忽略与分区相关的项可能导致错误地估计了溴苯虫的传播时间，即溶质速度的高估了R倍。色谱柱实验表明，到达时间在土壤中，溴溴甲烷峰的“溴化物”峰大于溴化物峰的溴化物，表明在观察到的条件下，相对于溴化物，溴甲烷土的转运受阻。随着含水量的减少和PAC含量的增加，苯丙胺类药物的阻滞作用（R）的程度也增加，这支持了苯丙胺类药物的滞留在估算苯丙草胺的传播时间中的重要性，即使对于水分含量较低的土壤，即使有机碳含量较低也是如此。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to ascertain the effects of different carbon sources (methanol, glucose, starch and NaHCO(3)) on denitrification in BESs, the experiment was conducted in a constant current, 3.5 of chemical oxygen demand to nitrate ratio in a greenhouse. Among the four carbon sources investigated in BESs, NaHCO(3) showed the highest nitrite accumulation and the ratio of soluble microbial products to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SMP/SCOD) with a value of 3.68 ± 0.68 mg/L and 94%, respectively. And the addition of organic substrates could reduce SMP production and enhance the denitrification process. In the constant voltage experiment, it was observed that the organics could be used by microbes to generate electrons at the anode. And a maximal current value of 11.0 mA in the BESs fed with starch indicated that the complex carbon source was easier to be used by microorganisms to generate electricity than the simple carbon source.

背景与目标： ：为了确定不同碳源（甲醇，葡萄糖，淀粉和NaHCO（3））对BES中反硝化的影响，该实验在恒定电流下进行，该温室中化学需氧量与硝酸盐的比率为3.5。在BES中研究的四种碳源中，NaHCO（3）表现出最高的亚硝酸盐积累和可溶性微生物产物与可溶性化学需氧量（SMP / SCOD）的比率，分别为3.68±0.68 mg / L和94％ 。并且添加有机底物可以减少SMP的产生并增强反硝化过程。在恒压实验中，观察到微生物可以将有机物用于在阳极产生电子。淀粉喂养的BES中的最大电流值为11.0 mA，这表明与简单碳源相比，微生物更容易使用复杂的碳源发电。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Boreal forests are an important source of timber and pulp wood, but provide also other products and services. Utilizing a simulation program and field data from a tree retention experiment in a Scots pine forest in central Sweden, we simulated the consequences during the following 100 years of various levels of retention on production of merchantable wood, dead wood input (as a proxy for biodiversity), and carbon stock changes. At the stand level, wood production decreased with increased retention levels, while dead wood input and carbon stock increased. We also compared 12 scenarios representing a land sharing/land sparing gradient. In each scenario, a constant volume of wood was harvested with a specific level of retention in a 100-ha landscape. The area not needed to reach the defined volume was set-aside during a 100-year rotation period, leading to decreasing area of set-asides with increasing level of retention across the 12 scenarios. Dead wood input was positively affected by the level of tree retention whereas the average carbon stock decreased slightly with increasing level of tree retention. The scenarios will probably vary in how they favor species preferring different substrates. Therefore, we conclude that a larger variation of landscape-level conservation strategies, also including active creation of dead wood, may be an attractive complement to the existing management.

背景与目标： ：北方森林是木材和纸浆木材的重要来源，但也提供其他产品和服务。利用模拟程序和来自瑞典中部苏格兰松树林的树木保留实验的现场数据，我们模拟了在接下来的100年中，不同保留水平对可买卖木材，死木投入物（作为生物多样性的替代品）生产的后果），以及碳库的变化。在展位水平上，木材产量随着保留水平的提高而下降，而死木投入和碳储量却增加了。我们还比较了代表土地共享/土地节约梯度的12个方案。在每种情况下，均会在100公顷的景观中采伐恒定体积的木材，并保留特定的水平。在100年的轮换期内，预留了不需要达到定义体积的区域，这导致在12种方案中保留空间的增加，保留空间的增加。树木固持水平对死木投入量产生了积极影响，而平均碳储量随树木固持水平的提高而略有下降。这些方案可能会在它们如何偏爱具有不同底物的物种方面有所不同。因此，我们得出结论，景观级保护策略的更大变化，包括积极创建枯木，可能是对现有管理的一种有吸引力的补充。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was conducted at 35 °C to evaluate the effects of inoculum to substrate ratio (ISR) and substrate mix ratio between para-grass and pig manure co-digesting using different inocula. Rubber latex digester (RLD) inoculum showed higher methanogenic activity (41.4 mL CH4/gVS) than pig farm digester (PFD) inoculum (37.3 mL CH4/gVS). However, the maximum methane yields, occurred at the highest para-grass mix ratio (G), were 369.6, 437.6, 465.9 and 442.6 mL CH4/gTSadded for RLD inoculum, versus 332.4, 475.0, 519.5 and 521.9 mL/gTSadded for PFD inoculum at ISR 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. HPr, HBu and HVa appeared at higher G, corresponding to substrate's higher biodegradability. Response surface indicated that higher ISR and G had a significantly positive impact on methane yield. It suggested the use of higher ISR, i.e. 3 or 4, for BMP assay of these co-substrates. Dominant species of fermentative bacteria in each inoculum was tested by DGGE.

背景与目标： ：在35°C下进行生化甲烷潜力（BMP）分析，以评估接种物与底物比率（ISR）以及使用不同接种物共同消化副草和猪粪之间的底物混合比率的影响。橡胶乳胶消化器（RLD）接种物显示出更高的产甲烷活性（41.4 mL CH4 / gVS），高于养猪场消化器（PFD）接种物（37.3 mL CH4 / gVS）。然而，最大的甲烷产量出现在最高的草皮混合比（G）下，对于RLD接种物，添加的CH4 / gTS为369.6、437.6、465.9和442.6 mL，而对于PFD接种物，添加的甲烷为332.4、475.0、519.5和521.9 mL / gTS分别位于ISR 1、2、3和4。 HPr，HBu和HVa以较高的G出现，这对应于底物的较高的生物降解性。响应面表明，较高的ISR和G对甲烷产量具有明显的积极影响。它建议使用较高的ISR（即3或4）进行这些共底物的BMP测定。用DGGE检测每个接种物中的发酵菌的主要种类。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Second instar larvae of the fly Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae) were recovered from the diapers of a 16-month-old child abandoned by her mother on Oahu, Hawaii. The development of these larvae indicated a minimum period of 23.5 h of exposure prior to discovery of the child. Larvae of this species of fly are not normally associated with living tissues in Hawaii, but rather with feces and remains during the early stages of decomposition. Had the child in this case died and data not been provided detailing the site of infestation, the postmortem interval estimated would have been significantly longer than was actually the case, because of the development of the larvae inside the diapers of the living child. The need for caution in cases involving deaths of infants, the elderly, and individuals not capable of caring for themselves is stressed.

背景与目标： ：蝇蝇（Chrysomya megacephala，Diptera，Calliphoridae）的第二龄幼虫是从一个被母亲遗弃在夏威夷瓦胡岛的16个月大婴儿的尿布中回收的。这些幼虫的发育表明在发现孩子之前最短的暴露时间为23.5小时。这种蝇类的幼虫通常与夏威夷的生物组织无关，而与分解初期的粪便和残骸有关。如果在这种情况下该儿童死亡，并且未提供详细的侵染地点的数据，则估计的死后间隔时间将比实际情况长得多，这是因为活着的儿童尿布内的幼虫发育所致。强调了在涉及婴儿，老人和无能力照顾自己的人死亡的案件中需要谨慎的做法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amendments of olive orchard soil with two different preparations of olive mill solid waste (OMWMs) at the rate of 9tonha(-1) per year for five years in two different plots were compared with an industry standard soil amendment using urea. Both the OMWMs amendments showed significant increases in total organic carbon and humic substances in soil of approximately 40% and 58%, respectively, without negative effects on tree growth and yield. This work has shown that olive oil mill waste (OMW) can be recycled safely using the bioremediation system used in this study. We suggest that this system is particularly beneficial to organic farming and is an alternative solution to direct spreading of raw OMW on farm lands.

背景与目标： ：在两种不同的土地上，以每年9tonha（-1）的速率在两种不同的土地上对两种不同的橄榄磨固体废物（OMWMs）进行的橄榄果园土壤改良，与使用尿素的工业标准土壤改良剂进行了比较。两项OMWM修正案均显示土壤中的总有机碳和腐殖质分别显着增加了约40％和58％，而对树木的生长和产量没有负面影响。这项工作表明，使用本研究中使用的生物修复系统可以安全地回收橄榄油厂废料（OMW）。我们建议该系统特别有利于有机耕作，是直接将原始OMW散布在农田上的替代解决方案。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For roughly 25 years, 125I and 103Pd sources have been used in the treatment of various malignant diseases such as prostate cancer. Various new sources have been marketed and produced to meet the demand for new sources to use in treatment. Recently, IsoAID LLC created the ADVANTAGE 103Pd source. Various dosimetric parameters must be determined to facilitate treatment planning using this source. Theoretical determination of dosimetric characteristics, dose rate constant, radial dose function, and anisotropy function for this new source followed the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 43U1 recommendations. Theoretical calculations were performed in liquid water using the PTRAN Monte Carlo code version 7.44. The radial dose function of the new source was calculated in liquid water at distances up to 10.0 cm, and the anisotropy function, at distances ranging from 0.5 cm to 7.0 cm. The anisotropy factors and anisotropy constant were derived from the anisotropy function. The results in water indicate that the dose rate constant is 0.709 +/- 0.014 cGy x h-1 x U-1 and that the anisotropy constant is 0.880 +/- 0.040. The dosimetric characteristics of this new source compare favorably with those of other commercially available 103Pd sources.

背景与目标： ：大约25年以来，125I和103Pd来源已用于治疗各种恶性疾病，例如前列腺癌。已经销售和生产了各种新来源，以满足对用于治疗的新来源的需求。最近，IsoAID LLC创建了ADVANTAGE 103Pd源。必须确定各种剂量参数，以利于使用该源进行治疗计划。理论上确定该新来源的剂量特性，剂量率常数，径向剂量函数和各向异性函数的方法是遵循美国医学物理学会（AAPM）任务组43U1的建议。理论计算是在液态水中使用PTRAN蒙特卡罗代码7.44版进行的。新源的径向剂量函数是在液态水中最远10.0 cm处计算的，各向异性函数是在0.5 cm至7.0 cm范围内的距离计算的。各向异性因子和各向异性常数是从各向异性函数导出的。在水中的结果表明，剂量率常数为0.709 /-0.014 cGy x h-1 x U-1，各向异性常数为0.880 /-0.040。这种新来源的剂量学特征与其他市售103Pd来源的剂量学特征相比具有优势。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is highly up-regulated in acute pancreatitis (AP). In this study, we tested its metabolites as potential therapeutic agents for AP in rats. METHODS:Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced by retrograde intraductal injection of sodium taurocholate in rats. Biliverdin hydrochloride (BV HCl) (50 μmol/kg subcutaneously), the carbon monoxide, donor methylene chloride (MC) (500 mg/kg orally), or iron-chelating desferrioxamine (DFO) (125 mg/kg subcutaneously) were administered in a therapeutic manner starting with the first dose 4 hours after taurocholate injection to mimic the effects of HO-1 metabolites. RESULTS:Administration of BV HCl, MC, or DFO showed significant reduction of inflammatory activity in comparison to controls leading to lower myeloperoxidase activity in the pancreas, less edema, lower ascites volumes, and preservation of tissue integrity (P < 0.05). Administration of either BV HCl or MC markedly increased 5-day survival rate (70% and 75% vs 40%; P < 0.05), whereas DFO had no significant effect on survival (60%). When given in therapeutic manner, all 3 substances led to diminished nuclear factor κB activity in the pancreas (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Therapeutic use of BV HCl and MC led to marked reduction of mortality in experimental pancreatitis. Thus, HO-1 metabolites may present a novel therapeutic approach in AP treatment.

背景与目标： 目的：细胞保护酶血红素加氧酶1（HO-1）在急性胰腺炎（AP）中高度上调。在这项研究中，我们测试了其代谢物作为大鼠AP的潜在治疗剂。
方法：逆行导管内注射牛磺胆酸钠可诱发急性坏死性胰腺炎。皮下注射盐酸Biliverdin（BV HCl）（50μmol/ kg），皮下注射一氧化碳，施主二氯甲烷（MC）（500 mg / kg）或铁螯合去铁胺（DFO）（125 mg / kg）。从牛磺胆酸盐注射后4小时的第一剂开始，以模拟HO-1代谢产物的作用。
结果：与对照组相比，BV HCl，MC或DFO的给药显示出炎性活性显着降低，从而导致胰腺中的髓过氧化物酶活性降低，水肿减少，腹水量减少以及组织完整性得到保护（P <0.05）。 BV HCl或MC的给药显着提高了5天生存率（70％和75％对40％； P <0.05），而DFO对生存期无显着影响（60％）。当以治疗方式给予时，所有这三种物质均导致胰腺中核因子κB活性降低（P <0.05）。
结论：BV HCl和MC的治疗性使用可显着降低实验性胰腺炎的死亡率。因此，HO-1代谢物可能为AP治疗提供一种新颖的治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To improve the understanding of the environmental (14)C behaviour, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated a Tritium and C-14 Working Group (T&C WG) in its EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) programme. One of the scenarios developed in the frame of T&C WG involved the prediction of time dependent (14)C concentrations in potato plants. The experimental data used in the scenario were obtained from a study in which potatoes (Solanum tuberosum cv. Romano) were exposed to atmospheric (14)CO(2) in a wind tunnel. The observations were used to test models that predict temporal changes in (14)C concentrations in leaves at each sampling time for each experiment and (14)C concentrations in tubers at the final harvest of each experiment. The experimental data on (14)C dynamics in leaves are poorly reproduced by most of the models, but the predicted concentrations in tubers are in good agreement with the observations.

背景与目标： ：为了增进对环境（14）C行为的了解，国际原子能机构（IAEA）在其EMRAS（辐射安全环境建模）计划中协调了一个t和C-14工作组（T＆C WG）。在T＆C WG框架中开发的一种情况涉及对马铃薯植物中随时间变化的（14）C浓度的预测。该场景中使用的实验数据来自一项研究，该研究将马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum cv。Romano）暴露在风洞中的大气（14）CO（2）中。这些观察值用于测试预测每个实验每个采样时间叶片中（14）C浓度和每个实验最终收获期块茎中（14）C浓度随时间变化的模型。大多数模型均无法很好地再现叶片中（14）C动力学的实验数据，但预计块茎中的浓度与观测值非常吻合。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We report a simple and facile method to prepare a novel pH sensitive polyampholyte nanogel by copolymerizing vinylimidazole (VIM) with acrylic acid (AA) using functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (f-SWCNTs) (as reinforcing material) and cyanuric chloride via an intermolecular quaternization reaction. The polyampholyte nanogels have been characterized by various microscopic and spectroscopic methods. These studies reveal that incorporation of nanotubes in cross-linked copolymer of poly(vinylimidazole-co-acrylic acid) (PVI-co-AA) form polyampholyte nanogel with enhanced physical properties. The thermal experiments show that the introduction of f-SWCNTs into PVI-co-AA has significant impact on the thermal stability of nanogels. The rheological study showed that the nanogel is more viscoelastic than native gel. MTT assay indicates that the prepared polyampholyte gels possess biocompatibility and cell viability. The nanogel is also useful material to load water-soluble drug such as promethazine hydrochloride. The releasing profile of the drug from the nanogel clearly shows the pH-sensitive property of the material.

背景与目标： ：我们报告了一种简单易行的方法，该方法通过使用功能化的单壁碳纳米管（f-SWCNTs）（作为增强材料）和氰尿酰氯通过共聚乙烯基咪唑（VIM）与丙烯酸（AA）来制备新型pH敏感的聚两性电解质纳米凝胶。分子间季铵化反应。聚两性电解质纳米凝胶已经通过各种显微镜和光谱方法表征。这些研究表明，将纳米管并入聚（乙烯基咪唑-丙烯酸）（PVI-co-AA）的交联共聚物中可形成具有增强物理性能的聚两性电解质纳米凝胶。热实验表明，将f-SWCNTs引入PVI-co-AA对纳米凝胶的热稳定性有重大影响。流变学研究表明，纳米凝胶比天然凝胶更具粘弹性。 MTT分析表明，所制备的两性凝胶具有生物相容性和细胞活力。纳米凝胶也是用于加载水溶性药物如盐酸异丙嗪的有用材料。药物从纳米凝胶的释放曲线清楚地表明了该材料的pH敏感特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paper mill sludge (PMS) was utilized to prepare granular activated carbon (GAC) fillers for fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBBR) through stream activation. The properties of the PMS were tested and the optimum conditions for the production process were determined. Then, the GAC fillers were used in the FBBR to investigate the capacity for wastewater treatment. The results showed that the optimal conditions were: carbonization temperature of 450 degrees C, carbonization time of 50 min, activation temperature of 800 degrees C and activation time of 60 min. The specific surface area of the GAC fillers was 130 m2/g and the grain density was 1.34 x 10(3) kg/m3. The wastewater treatment results showed that after40 days ofrunning, under the conditions of influent COD of 800 mg/L and HRT of2 h, the COD removal efficiency was about 90%, which demonstrated that PMS-based GAC fillers were feasible for FBBR.

背景与目标： ：造纸厂污泥（PMS）用于通过流活化制备用于流化床生物反应器（FBBR）的颗粒状活性炭（GAC）填料。测试了PMS的性能，并确定了生产过程的最佳条件。然后，将GAC填料用于FBBR，以研究废水处理能力。结果表明，最佳条件为：碳化温度为450℃，碳化时间为50 min，活化温度为800℃，活化时间为60 min。 GAC填料的比表面积为130 m2 / g，颗粒密度为1.34 x 10（3）kg / m3。废水处理结果表明，运行40天后，在进水COD为800 mg / L，HRT为2 h的条件下，COD去除率约为90％，这表明基于PMS的GAC填料可用于FBBR。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Currently, fetal tissue transplantation into patients with Parkinson's disease utilizes the entire ventral mesencephalon (VM) as donor tissue. However, the resulting mixture of cell types contains a relatively low proportion of therapeutically relevant dopamine (DA) neurons. We show that differential dissection of a medial region of embryonic day 14 rat VM yields a significantly higher proportion of DA neurons (8-10%) than is found in lateral VM (2%) or whole VM (4-5%). Medial VM also contained a larger number of the specific subpopulation of DA neurons (aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive; AHD) that project to dorsolateral motor region of the striatum. Selective dissection of fetal medial VM selectively enriches DA neurons in cell preparations useful for transplantation in Parkinson's disease.

背景与目标： 当前，将胎儿组织移植到帕金森氏病患者中是利用整个腹侧中脑（VM）作为供体组织。但是，所得的细胞类型混合物包含相对较低比例的治疗相关多巴胺（DA）神经元。我们显示胚胎第14天大鼠VM内侧区域的差异解剖产生的DA神经元比例（8-10％）比外侧VM（2％）或整个VM（4-5％）高得多。内侧VM还包含大量投射到纹状体背外侧运动区的DA神经元的特定亚群（醛脱氢酶阳性； AHD）。胎儿内侧VM的选择性解剖在可用于帕金森氏病移植的细胞制剂中选择性富集DA神经元。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sensory innervation of the guinea-pig adrenal medulla was studied using the fluorescent retrograde tracer Fast Blue. Labelled neurons were found in the dorsal root ganglia at segments T3-L2, the greatest contribution arising from T10 representing 15.2% of the total number of labelled cells. Labelling was ipsilateral to the site of injection of tracer into the adrenal medulla and the labelled neurons ranged in size between 6 and 36 microns. The overall size distribution fell into two groups of between 6 and 15 microns and of between 18 and 36 microns. Presumed sensory nerve endings were found in the adrenal medulla associated with chromaffin cells and vascular elements. The nerve endings were ovoid to spherical and densely packed with mitochondria. It is concluded that events occurring in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla, and possibly cortex, are monitored by sensory nerve terminals whose cell bodies lie within dorsal root ganglia. The exact distribution of the sensory nerve terminals within the adrenal gland is yet to be determined.

背景与目标： ：使用荧光逆行示踪剂Fast Blue研究了豚鼠肾上腺髓质的感觉神经。在背根神经节的T3-L2段发现了标记的神经元，T10产生的最大贡献占标记细胞总数的15.2％。标记与示踪剂注入肾上腺髓质的部位同侧，标记的神经元大小在6到36微米之间。总体尺寸分布分为6到15微米和18到36微米之间的两组。在肾上腺髓质中发现推测的感觉神经末梢与嗜铬细胞和血管元素有关。神经末梢为卵球形至球形，线粒体密集。结论是，发生在豚鼠肾上腺髓质甚至皮质中的事件是由感觉神经末梢监测的，感觉神经末梢的细胞体位于背根神经节内。肾上腺内感觉神经末梢的确切分布尚待确定。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the formation of hybrids of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), which has not been well investigated yet. In particular, the adsorption of dsDNA onto SWNT produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was examined for the first time. When small amount of dsDNA was mixed with CVD SWNT, well dispersed hybrids with smooth surfaces were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Through a comparison of dsDNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), CVD SWNT, and high-pressure carbon monoxide process (HiPco) SWNT, we found that the surface morphology of the hybrids was independent of the DNA type. Even when sonicated salmon testes DNA, which has a random sequence and length, was employed, smooth surfaces were obtained on the dsDNA-CVD hybrids as well as on the ssDNA-CVD hybrids. The ratio of monodispersed SWNT and bundled SWNT in a dispersion solution was also not affected by the DNA type. In contrast, the quantity of the fabricated hybrids was affected by the types of DNA especially when HiPco SWNT was used. Our results indicated that characteristic features of the dsDNA-CVD hybrids and provide an enhanced understanding of the adsorption mechanism of dsDNA onto SWNTs.

背景与目标： ：我们研究了双链DNA（dsDNA）和单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）杂化物的形成，但尚未对此进行深入研究。特别地，首次检查了dsDNA在通过化学气相沉积（CVD）产生的SWNT上的吸附。当少量dsDNA与CVD SWNT混合时，通过原子力显微镜（AFM）观察到表面光滑且分散良好的杂种。通过比较dsDNA，单链DNA（ssDNA），CVD SWNT和高压一氧化碳工艺（HiPco）SWNT，我们发现杂种的表面形态与DNA类型无关。即使使用具有随机序列和长度的超声鲑鱼睾丸DNA，在dsDNA-CVD杂种以及ssDNA-CVD杂种上也可获得光滑的表面。分散液中单分散的SWNT和成束的SWNT的比例也不受DNA类型的影响。相反，所制备的杂种的数量受DNA类型的影响，尤其是在使用HiPco SWNT的情况下。我们的结果表明dsDNA-CVD杂化物的特征，并提供了对dsDNA吸附到SWNTs上的增强的理解。