Much of the peripheral nervous system of the head is derived from ectodermal thickenings, called placodes, that delaminate or invaginate to form cranial ganglia and sense organs. The trigeminal ganglion, which arises lateral to the midbrain, forms via interactions between the neural tube and adjacent ectoderm. This induction triggers expression of Pax3, ingression of placode cells and their differentiation into neurons. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signals remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction. By in situ hybridization, PDGF receptor beta is expressed in the cranial ectoderm at the time of trigeminal placode formation, with the ligand PDGFD expressed in the midbrain neural folds. Blocking PDGF signaling in vitro results in a dose-dependent abrogation of Pax3 expression in recombinants of quail ectoderm with chick neural tube that recapitulate placode induction. In ovo microinjection of PDGF inhibitor causes a similar loss of Pax3 as well as the later placodal marker, CD151, and failure of neuronal differentiation. Conversely, microinjection of exogenous PDGFD increases the number of Pax3+ cells in the trigeminal placode and neurons in the condensing ganglia. Our results provide the first evidence for a signaling pathway involved in ophthalmic (opV) trigeminal placode induction.

译文

头部的许多周围神经系统来自外胚层增厚,称为placodes,其分层或内陷形成颅神经节和感觉器官。三叉神经节出现在中脑外侧,是通过神经管与相邻外胚层之间的相互作用形成的。这种诱导触发Pax3的表达,胎盘细胞的进入及其向神经元的分化。然而,潜在信号的分子性质仍然未知。在这里,我们研究PDGF信号在眼科三叉神经胎盘诱导中的作用。通过原位杂交,PDGF受体 β 在三叉神经胎盘形成时在颅外胚层中表达,配体PDGFD在中脑神经褶皱中表达。体外阻断PDGF信号传导导致鹌鹑外胚层重组体中Pax3表达的剂量依赖性废除,鸡鸡神经管概括了胎盘诱导。在ovo中,PDGF抑制剂的显微注射会导致类似的Pax3丢失以及后来的胎盘标记CD151和神经元分化失败。相反,微量注射外源PDGFD会增加三叉神经节中Pax3细胞的数量和凝结神经节中的神经元的数量。我们的结果为参与眼科 (opV) 三叉神经节胎盘诱导的信号通路提供了第一个证据。

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