BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was performed to determine the effect of plant-endophytic Enterobacter sp. EN2 interactions and blue-red LED light conditions on gaseous benzene removal by plants. It was found that under consecutive benzene fumigation for three cycles (18 days), inoculation of the strain EN2 into sterilized and non-sterilized native C. comosum resulted in significantly increased gaseous benzene removal compared to that in non-inoculated groups under the same light conditions (P < 0.05). Remarkably, EN2 colonization in inoculated plants under LED conditions was higher than under fluorescence conditions as the EN2 could grow better under LED conditions. Strain EN2 possesses NADPH that is used to facilitate benzene degradation and modulate plant growth under benzene stress by bacterial IAA production and ACC deaminase activity; higher IAA and lower ethylene levels were found in inoculated plants compared to non-inoculated ones. These contributed to better benzene removal efficiency. Interestingly, under fumigation for 16 cycles (67 days), there was no difference in gaseous benzene removal between inoculated plants and non-inoculated plants under the same light conditions at initial benzene concentrations of 5 ppm. This is probably due to EN2 reaching maximum growth under all treatments. However, C. comosum exhibited better benzene removal under LED conditions than under fluorescence conditions during 16 cycles, possibly due to better photosynthetic performance and plant growth, leading to more NADPH, and eventually enhanced benzene removal efficiency. Hence, the most efficient acceleration of benzene removal was provided by inoculation of strain EN2 onto C. comosum under blue-red LED light conditions.

背景与目标： ：这项研究是为了确定植物内生肠杆菌的影响。 EN2相互作用和蓝红色LED光照条件对植物去除气态苯的影响。发现在连续三个熏蒸（18天）的条件下，与未接种组相同，在相同的光照下，将EN2菌株接种到已灭菌和未灭菌的天然C. comosum中会导致气态苯去除率显着提高。条件（P <0.05）。值得注意的是，在LED条件下接种植物中的EN2定植高于在荧光条件下，因为EN2在LED条件下可以更好地生长。 EN2菌株具有NADPH，可用于通过细菌IAA产生和ACC脱氨酶活性促进苯降解并在苯胁迫下调节植物生长。与未接种的植物相比，接种后的植物具有更高的IAA和更低的乙烯含量。这些有助于提高苯的去除效率。有趣的是，在熏蒸16个周期（67天）时，在初始光照浓度为5ppm的相同光照条件下，接种植物和未接种植物之间气态苯的去除率没有差异。这可能是由于EN2在所有处理下均达到最大增长。但是，在16个循环中，发光二极管在LED条件下的苯去除率比荧光条件下的苯去除率更好，这可能是由于更好的光合作用性能和植物生长导致了更多的NADPH，并最终提高了苯去除率。因此，通过在蓝红色LED光线条件下将EN2菌株接种到C. comosum上，可以最有效地促进苯的去除。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spontaneous intercellular chromatin migration/cytomixis was observed to occur in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the Chlorophytum comosum for the first time. The migration through cytomictic channels was more pronounced in meiosis-I and very rare in meiosis-II. The process was associated with erratic meiosis, which was characterized by defects in chromosome organization and segregation. Cytomixis was more intense in the month of April than in July and consequently the frequency of meiotic irregularities was much more pronounced during the month of April. As a consequence of abnormal meiosis, fertility was drastically reduced resulting in meager seed efficiency of 17% only. Recombination system also does not guarantee the release of sufficient variability. We view the phenomenon of cytomixis as genetically controlled mechanism involving meiotic genes and operating through signal transduction pathway triggered by the environmental stimuli. The evolutionary significance and tenable hypothesis in the backdrop of existing literature is also proposed.

背景与目标： ：首次观察到自发的细胞间染色质迁移/细胞混合出现在绿藻的花粉母细胞（PMC）中。在减数分裂-I中，通过细胞学途径的迁移更为明显，而在减数分裂-II中则非常罕见。该过程与减数分裂不稳定有关，其特征在于染色体组织和分离缺陷。混合细胞在四月份比七月份更为强烈，因此减数分裂异常的频率在四月份更为明显。减数分裂异常的结果是，生育力大大降低，导致种子效率低下，仅为17％。重组系统也不能保证释放足够的可变性。我们将细胞混合现象视为涉及减数分裂基因的遗传控制机制，并通过环境刺激触发的信号转导途径进行操作。还提出了在现有文献背景下的进化意义和成立的假设。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The present study was carried out to record and evaluate the effect of Rosa brunonii, Calligonum polygonoides, Sueda fruticosa and Pegnum harmala L., extracts on brine shrimp collected during March-June 2013 from different regions of District Bannu. These four plants were medicinal xerophytes and widely distributed throughout Pakistan. Rosa brunonii is commonly used as a hedge plant for gardening. Calligonum polygonoides and Sueda fruticosa are locally used as a fuel, while Pegnum harmala (L.) is the most important multipurpose medicinal xeric plant, which is used for various purposes. All these selected medicinal xerophytes have inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. In this study the effect of different concentration (10-70 μ/ml) were tested on brine shrimp. The results showed that maximum cytotoxic activities were observed in Rosa brunonii (100.0±0.4), Calligonum polygonoides (100.0±0.2) and Pegnum harmala (L.) (90.0±5.2) while Sueda fruticosa (50.0±7.1) has less cytotoxic property. These activities are may be due to the presence of bioactive constituents.

背景与目标： ：本研究的目的是记录和评估罗莎布鲁诺伊，多角Calligonum polyoides，Sueda fruticosa和Pegnum harmala L.提取物对班努地区不同区域在2013年3月至6月收集的卤水虾的效果。这四种植物是药用旱生植物，广泛分布于巴基斯坦各地。 Rosa brunonii通常用作园艺的树篱植物。本地将Calligonum polygonoides和Sueda fruticosa用作燃料，而Pegnum harmala（L.）是最重要的多用途药用干燥植物，其用途广泛。所有这些选定的药用旱生植物均对细菌的生长具有抑制作用。在这项研究中，测试了不同浓度（10-70μ/ ml）对盐水虾的影响。结果表明，在野蔷薇（Rosa brunonii）（100.0±0.4），多角Calligonum polyoides（100.0±0.2）和Pegnum harmala（L.）（90.0±5.2）中观察到最大的细胞毒性活性，而Sueda fruticosa（50.0±7.1）具有较低的细胞毒性。这些活动可能是由于生物活性成分的存在。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cadmium (Cd) accumulation, antioxidant activity (AOA), chlorophyll fluorescence (F) and organic acid distribution in Chlorophytum comosum and Callisia fragrans plants exposed to artificially added Cd (40, 160 and 320 mg kg-1) were examined in pot experiment. At the highest Cd concentration, C. comosum accumulated in roots and the aboveground parts up to 1331 and 1054 mg Cd kg-1 DW, and C. fragrans up to 1427 and 1263 mg Cd kg-1 DW, respectively, which are quite near at the level of hyperaccumulator. Cd accumulation in both plant species increased significantly with the increment of soil Cd dosage, and the distribution was roots > shoots > stolons. Values of BC showed rising trend indicating an accumulation potential of both species. The root AOA was positively correlated to Cd addition, especially in C. comosum. Higher values of free SA were found in roots with a significant enhancement at concentrations of 40 and 160 mg kg-1 Cd. It was observed that citric acid significantly reacted in both species, while fumaric acid only in C. comosum in response to Cd which may contribute to Cd chelation. Our data indicate that both species are suitable for phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils which increases their value as ornamentals.

背景与目标： ：在盆栽实验中，对暴露于人工添加的Cd（40、160和320 mg kg-1）的小球藻和脆弱类植物的镉（Cd）积累，抗氧化活性（AOA），叶绿素荧光（F）和有机酸分布进行了研究。在最高的Cd浓度下，玉米在根和地上部分积累的Cd kg-1 DW分别高达1331和1054 mg，而C.fragrans的Cd kg-1 DW分别高达1427和1263 mg Cd kg-1 DW。在超蓄积水平上。随着土壤Cd用量的增加，两种植物中Cd的积累量均显着增加，其分布方式为根>芽>茎。 BC值显示出上升趋势，表明两种物种都有积累潜力。根的AOA与Cd的添加呈正相关，尤其是在C. comosum中。根中发现的游离SA值更高，在40和160 mg kg-1 Cd的浓度下显着增强。观察到柠檬酸在两个物种中均显着反应，而富马酸仅在C.comosum中响应于Cd，这可能有助于Cd螯合。我们的数据表明，这两种物种都适合从受污染的土壤中提取镉，从而增加了其作为观赏植物的价值。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Benzene, a carcinogenic compound, has been reported as a major indoor air pollutant. Chlorophytum comosum (C. comosum) was reported to be the highest efficient benzene removal plant among other screened plants. Our previous studies found that plants under light conditions could remove gaseous benzene higher than under dark conditions. Therefore, C. comosum exposure to airborne benzene was studied under different light quality at the same light intensity. C. comosum could remove 500 ppm gaseous benzene with the highest efficiency of 68.77% under Blue:Red = 1:1 LED treatments and the lowest one appeared 57.41% under white fluorescent treatment within 8 days. After benzene was uptaken by C. comosum, benzene was oxidized to be phenol in the plant cells by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. Then, phenol was catalyzed to be catechol that was confirmed by the up-regulation of phenol 2-monooxygenase (PMO) gene expression. After that, catechol was changed to cic, cis-muconic acid. Interestingly, cis,cis-muconic acid production was found in the plant tissues higher than phenol and catechol. The result confirmed that NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), cytochrome b5 (cyt b5), phenol 2-monooxygenase (PMO) and cytochrome P450 90B1 (CYP90B1) in plant cells were involved in benzene degradation or detoxification. In addition, phenol, catechol, and cis,cis-muconic acid production were found under the Blue-Red LED light conditions higher than under white fluorescent light conditions due to under LED light conditions gave higher NADPH contents. Hence, C. comosum under the Blue-Red LED light conditions had a high potential to remove benzene in a contaminated site.

背景与目标： ：苯，一种致癌化合物，已被报告为室内主要空气污染物。据报道，在其他筛选出的植物中，吊兰草（C.ophosum）是除苯效率最高的植物。我们以前的研究发现，在黑暗条件下，植物可以比在黑暗条件下更高地去除气态苯。因此，研究了C.comosum在相同光强度下在不同光质量下暴露于空气中的苯的情况。在蓝色：红色= 1：1 LED处理下，C.comos可以去除500 ppm的气态苯，效率最高为68.77％，而在白色荧光处理下，在8天之内最低的出现率为57.41％。苯丙酸杆菌吸收苯后，细胞色素P450单加氧酶系统将苯氧化为植物细胞中的苯酚。然后，苯酚被催化为儿茶酚，这是通过苯酚2-单加氧酶（PMO）基因表达的上调证实的。在那之后，儿茶酚变成顺式，顺式-粘康酸。有趣的是，在植物组织中发现顺式，顺式-粘康酸的产生高于苯酚和邻苯二酚。结果证实植物细胞中的NADPH-细胞色素P450还原酶（CPR），细胞色素b5（cyt b5），苯酚2-单加氧酶（PMO）和细胞色素P450 90B1（CYP90B1）与苯降解或排毒有关。另外，在蓝红色LED光条件下，发现苯酚，邻苯二酚和顺式，顺式-粘康酸的产生高于在白色荧光灯条件下，这是由于在LED光条件下提供了较高的NADPH含量。因此，在蓝红色LED光线条件下，骆驼毛很可能在受污染的地方去除苯。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The ash of C. polygonoides (locally called balanza) was collected from Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and was utilized as biosorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution. The ash was used as biosorbent without any physical or chemical treatment. The biosorbent was characterized by using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particle size and surface area were measured using particle size analyzer and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation (BET), respectively. The SEM and BET results expressed that the adsorbent has porous nature. Effects of various conditions such as initial concentration of methylene blue (MB), initial pH, contact time, dosage of biosorbent, and stirring rate were also investigated for the adsorption process. The rate of the adsorption of MB on biomass sample was fast, and equilibrium has been achieved within 1 hour. The kinetics of MB adsorption on biosorbent was studied by pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the pseudo-second-order has better mathematical fit with correlation coefficient value (R (2)) of 0.999. The study revealed that C. polygonoides ash proved to be an effective, alternative, inexpensive, and environmentally benign biosorbent for MB removal from aqueous solution.

背景与目标： ：C. polygonoides的灰（当地称为balanza）是从巴基斯坦开伯尔·普赫图赫瓦（Khyber Pakhtunkhwa）的Lakki Marwat收集的，并用作从水溶液中去除亚甲基蓝（MB）的生物吸附剂。灰分未经任何物理或化学处理即可用作生物吸附剂。通过使用各种技术来表征生物吸附剂，例如傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），热重分析（TGA）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）。分别使用粒度分析仪和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller方程（BET）测量粒度和表面积。 SEM和BET结果表明该吸附剂具有多孔性。还研究了各种条件的影响，例如亚甲基蓝（MB）的初始浓度，初始pH，接触时间，生物吸附剂的剂量和搅拌速率，对吸附过程的影响。 MB在生物质样品上的吸附速度很快，并且在1小时内达到了平衡。通过伪一阶和伪二阶动力学模型研究了MB在生物吸附剂上的吸附动力学，该伪二阶具有更好的数学拟合，且相关系数值（R（2））为0.999。研究表明，多角梭菌灰分被证明是从水溶液中去除MB的有效，替代，廉价和对环境无害的生物吸附剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The essential oil from air dried buds and roots of Calligonum polygonoides Linn., has been extracted from dry steam distillation and analysed for chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 27 and 10 compounds were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, accounting for 68.42% and 82.12% total contents of the essential oils of buds and roots, respectively. It contains a complex mixture of terpenoids, hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, acid derivatives and ketones. The main component of essential oil was ethyl homovanillate (11.79%) in buds and drimenol (29.42%) in roots.

背景与目标： ：从干蒸气蒸馏中提取风干的Calligonum polyoidoides Linn。的芽和根中的精油，并通过气相色谱-质谱法分析其化学成分。总共定性和定量分析了27种和10种化合物，分别占芽和根精油总含量的68.42％和82.12％。它包含萜类化合物，烃，酚类化合物，酸衍生物和酮的复杂混合物。香精油的主要成分是芽中的高香草酸乙酯（11.79％）和根中的drimenol（29.42％）。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although many studies have investigated the metabolism of selenium and arsenic in hyperaccumulating plants for phytoremediation purposes, few have explored non-hyperaccumulating plants as a model for general contaminant exposure to plants. In addition, the result of simultaneous supplementation with selenium and arsenic has not been investigated in plants. In this study, Chlorophytum comosum, commonly known as the spider plant, was used to investigate the metabolism of selenium and arsenic after single and simultaneous supplementation. Size exclusion and ion-pairing reversed phase liquid chromatography were coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to obtain putative metabolic information of the selenium and arsenic species in C. comosum after a mild aqueous extraction. The chromatographic results depict that selenium and arsenic species were sequestered in the roots and generally conserved upon translocation to the leaves. The data suggest that selenium was directly absorbed by C. comosum roots when supplemented with Se(VI), but a combination of passive and direct absorption occurred when supplemented with Se(IV) due to the partial oxidation of Se(IV) to Se(VI) in the rhizosphere. Higher molecular weight selenium species were more prevalent in the roots of plants supplemented with Se(IV), but in the leaves of plants supplemented with Se(VI) due to an increased translocation rate. When supplemented as As(III), arsenic is proposed to be passively absorbed as As(III) and partially oxidized to As(V) in the plant root. Although total elemental analysis demonstrates a selenium and arsenic antagonism, a compound containing selenium and arsenic was not present in the general aqueous extract of the plant.

背景与目标： ：尽管许多研究已经为植物修复目的研究了超富集植物中硒和砷的代谢，但很少有人探索非超富集植物作为一般污染物暴露于植物的模型。另外，尚未在植物中研究同时补充硒和砷的结果。在这项研究中，一般被称为蜘蛛植物的吊兰（Chlorophytum comosum）用于研究单次和同时补充后硒和砷的代谢。将大小排阻和离子对反相液相色谱仪与电感耦合等离子体质谱仪耦合，以在温和的水提取后获得推定的C. comosum中硒和砷物种的推定代谢信息。色谱结果表明，硒和砷物质被隔离在根部，在转移到叶片时通常被保存下来。数据表明硒补充硒（VI）时会被骆驼毛根直接吸收，但是硒（IV）会部分氧化为硒（Se）时会发生被动吸收和直接吸收的结合。 VI）在根际中。较高分子量的硒物种在补充Se（IV）的植物根部更为普遍，但在增加Se（VI）的植物叶片中，由于提高了易位率。当砷被补充为砷（III）时，被提议以砷（III）的形式被被动吸收并在植物根部被部分氧化为砷（V）。尽管总元素分析显示了硒和砷的拮抗作用，但植物的普通水浸液中不存在含硒和砷的化合物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antitumor and antimetastatic activities of the plant cysteine endoproteinase bromelaine were evaluated in a murine model. Syngeneic sarcoma L-1 cells were incubated with bromelaine (after preceeding time and dosage kinetics) and subcutaneously; (s.c.) or intravenously; (i.v.) inoculated into BALB/c-mice (n = 5 per experimental group) to induce local tumor growth or lung colonization. Compared to non-protease incubated L-1 cells, local tumor growth and experimental lung metastasis decreased significantly (p < 0.05). After bromelaine incubation of the tumor cells. Sarcoma L-1 cells induced local tumor growth after s.c. inoculation and lung colonization after i.v. injection. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) or s.c. administration of bromelaine (optimal dosage and time schedule tested in preceeding kinetic studies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced local tumor weight, however, lung colonization was non-significantly reduced. Bromelaine incubation of sarcoma L-1 cells significantly reduced their tumorigenic/metastatic capacities. Bromelaine treatment after tumor cell inoculation significantly reduced local tumor growth, experimental lung metastasis, however, to a lesser, non-significant degree.

背景与目标： ：在鼠模型中评估了植物半胱氨酸内蛋白酶菠萝蛋白酶的抗肿瘤和抗转移活性。将同种肉瘤L-1细胞与菠萝蛋白酶温育（在经过时间和剂量动力学之后）并皮下培养； （s.c.）或静脉注射； （i.v.）接种到BALB / c-小鼠中（每个实验组n = 5）以诱导局部肿瘤生长或肺部定植。与非蛋白酶培养的L-1细胞相比，局部肿瘤的生长和实验性肺转移显着降低（p <0.05）。菠萝蛋白酶孵育后的肿瘤细胞。 s.c.后肉瘤L-1细胞诱导局部肿瘤生长。静脉注射后接种和肺部定植注射。腹膜内（i.p.）或s.c.服用菠萝蛋白酶（在动力学研究之前测试了最佳剂量和时间表）显着（p <0.05）减轻了局部肿瘤的重量，但是肺部定植却没有明显减少。肉瘤L-1细胞的菠萝蛋白酶孵育显着降低了其致瘤/转移能力。接种肿瘤细胞后的菠萝蛋白酶治疗显着降低了局部肿瘤的生长，但实验肺转移的程度较小，无统计学意义。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spleen cells from C3H/He or BALB.K mice immunized to the newly synthesized amino-reactive hapten 5-sulfo-1-naphthoxy acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (AED-NH2) were stimulated in vitro with AED-NH2-modified syngeneic cells. After 5 days of culture, effector cells were assayed for their cytotoxic activity against AED-NH2-modified target blast cells. C3H/He and BALB.K mice exhibited the respective high and low anti-AED-NH2 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. This contrasted with the observation that both of these H-2k strains generated potent CTL responses against aminoreactive haptens, e.g., trinitrophenyl (TNP). Because C3H.SW and BALB.B strains, which are the H-2b counterpart of the above two strains, also represented the respective high and low responders to AED-NH2 hapten, this hapten model enabled us to investigate cellular mechanisms underlying the above non-H-2-associated genetic regulation of CTL responses (C3H vs BALB non-H-2 backgrounds). The results demonstrated that there was no detectable difference between C3H/He and BALB.K strains in the lysability of target cells and the ability of stimulating cells to activate primed spleen cells. Anti-AED-NH2 CTL responses were only marginal when antigen-presenting cells (APC) were eliminated from the primed spleen cells of high responder C3H/He or (C3H/He X BALB.K)F1 mice. The addition of APC to cultures free of APC regained an appreciable CTL response in C3H/He or (C3H/He X BALB.K)F1 mice, irrespective of whether APC were derived from high (C3H/He) or low (BALB.K) responders. We have also demonstrated that allogeneic radiation bone marrow chimera (BALB.K----C3H/He) exhibited a CTL response comparable to that induced by C3H/He mice, whereas the reverse direction of allogeneic chimera (C3H/He----BALB.K) induced a marginal CTL response. These results indicate that this non-H-2-associated Ir gene defect is expressed on T cells (CTL precursors and/or helper T cells) rather than APC, and that this T cell defect is not predetermined at the level of bone marrow cells. The results are discussed in the light of the genetic and cellular mechanisms underlying non-H-2-linked Ir gene control.

背景与目标： ：用AED-NH2-修饰的同系物体外刺激从C3H / He小鼠或BALB.K小鼠脾细胞中免疫新合成的氨基反应性半抗原5-磺基-1-萘氧基乙酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯（AED-NH2）细胞。培养5天后，测定效应细胞对AED-NH 2修饰的靶母细胞的细胞毒性活性。 C3H / He和BALB.K小鼠分别表现出高和低的抗AED-NH2细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）反应。这与观察结果相反，这两个H-2k菌株均产生针对氨基反应性半抗原（例如三硝基苯基（TNP））的有效CTL反应。因为与上述两个菌株的H-2b对应的C3H.SW和BALB.B菌株也分别代表了对AED-NH2半抗原的高响应和低响应，所以这种半抗原模型使我们能够研究上述非半抗原的细胞机制。 -H-2相关的CTL反应的遗传调控（C3H与BALB非H-2背景）。结果表明，C3H / He和BALB.K菌株之间在靶细胞的裂解能力和刺激细胞激活初免的脾细胞的能力方面没有可检测的差异。当从高反应性C3H / He或（C3H / He X BALB.K）F1小鼠的初次免疫脾细胞中去除抗原呈递细胞（APC）时，抗AED-NH2 CTL反应才是微不足道的。向无APC的培养物中添加APC可使C3H / He或（C3H / He X BALB.K）F1小鼠恢复明显的CTL应答，无论APC是来自高（C3H / He）还是低（BALB.K） ）响应者。我们还证明了同种异体辐射骨髓嵌合体（BALB.K ---- C3H / He）表现出的CTL反应与C3H / He小鼠诱导的相当，而同种异体嵌合体的反向（C3H / He-- -BALB.K）诱导边缘CTL反应。这些结果表明，这种非H-2相关的Ir基因缺陷在T细胞（CTL前体和/或辅助性T细胞）上表达，而不是在APC上表达，并且该T细胞缺陷并未预先确定在骨髓细胞水平。根据非H-2-连接的Ir基因控制的遗传和细胞机制讨论了结果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Calligonum polygonoides is locally called as Phog which belongs to the Polygonaceae family. It is traditionally used as an antifungal. The methanolic extract, hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and aqueous extract were screened against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger in seven concentrations, that is, 1.8, 2.9, 6.5, 12.6, 25, 50 and 75 µg/mL/disc. Calligonum polygonoides showed significant activity against Candida albicans as the observed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 6.5 µg/mL for methanolic extract, 9.8 µg/mL for ethyl acetate extract, whereas aqueous and hexane extracts showed no activity. Calligonum polygonoides did not show any significant activity against Aspergillus niger.

背景与目标： ：Calligonum polygonoides在当地被称为Phog，属于Polygonaceae家族。传统上用作抗真菌剂。用七个浓度的白色念珠菌和黑曲霉筛选甲醇提取物，己烷提取物，乙酸乙酯提取物和水提取物，浓度分别为1.8、2.9、6.5、12.6、25、50和75 µg / mL / disc。由于对甲醇提取物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为6.5 µg / mL，对于乙酸乙酯提取物为9.8 µg / mL，Calligonum polyoides对白念珠菌具有显着活性，而对水和己烷提取物则无活性。 Calligonum polygonoides对黑曲霉没有显示任何明显的活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The formation of yeast biofilm on food industry equipment can lead to serious hygiene problems and economic losses due to food spoilage and equipment impairment. This study explored the ability of a sub-lethal concentration of the bulb extract of Muscari comosum to modulate adhesion of Candida albicans and subsequent biofilm development by this fungus. The HPLC profile of the ethanolic bulb extract showed phenolic constituents, which were found to undergo Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reduction. Prior to the adhesion tests, it was shown that up to 4000 mg l(-1) of natural extract did not adversely affect fungal growth nor did it act as a carbon energy source for C. albicans. Mathematical models predicted that 4000 mg l(-1) and 700 mg l(-1) of bulb extract would cause more than 98% reduction in fungal coverage on abiotic surfaces, without killing the planktonic cells. When added to C. albicans biofilm, the natural extract was shown to induce the dispersion of sessile cells in a dose-dependent manner.

背景与目标： ：由于食品变质和设备损坏，在食品工业设备上形成酵母生物膜会导致严重的卫生问题和经济损失。这项研究探索了亚致死浓度的穆斯卡里鳞茎鳞茎提取物调节这种念珠菌粘附力和随后的生物膜发育的能力。乙醇鳞茎提取物的HPLC图谱显示酚类成分，发现酚类成分经过Folin-Ciocalteu试剂还原。在附着力测试之前，研究表明，高达4000 mg l（-1）的天然提取物不会对真菌的生长产生不利影响，也不会充当白色念珠菌的碳能源。数学模型预测，球茎提取物4000 mg l（-1）和700 mg l（-1）会导致非生物表面真菌覆盖率降低98％以上，而不会杀死浮游生物。当添加到白色念珠菌生物膜中时，天然提取物显示出以剂量依赖的方式诱导无柄细胞的分散。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Actin filament (AF) organization was studied during the plasmolytic cycle in leaf cells of Chlorophyton comosum Thunb. In most cells the hyperosmotic treatment induced convex or concave plasmolysis and intense reorganization of the AF cytoskeleton. Thin cortical AFs disappeared and numerous cortical, subcortical and endoplasmic AFs arranged in thick and well-organized bundles were formed. Plasmolysed cells displayed a significant increase in the overall AF content compared with the control cells. Cortical AF bundles were preferentially localized in the shrunken protoplast areas, lining the detached plasmalemma regions. The endoplasmic AF bundles were mainly found in the perinuclear cytoplasm and on the tonoplast surface. AFs also traversed some of the Hechtian strands. AF disorganization after cytochalasin B (CB) treatment induced dramatic changes in the pattern of plasmolysis, which lasted for a longer time and led to a greater decrease of the protoplast volume compared to the untreated cells. In many of the above cells the protoplasts assumed an 'amoeboid' form and were often subdivided into sub-protoplasts. Soon after the removal of the plasmolytic solution both CB-treated and untreated cells were deplasmolysed, while the AF cytoskeleton gradually reassumed the organization observed in the control cells. The findings of this study revealed for the first time in angiosperm cells that plasmolysis triggers an extensive reorganization of the AF cytoskeleton, which is involved in the regulation of protoplast shape and volume. The probable mechanism(s) leading to AF reorganization as well as the function(s) of the atypical AF arrays in plasmolysed cells are discussed.

背景与目标： ：肌动蛋白丝（AF）的组织在溶菌周期的通透性叶片中的细胞的溶胞过程中进行了研究。在大多数细胞中，高渗处理引起房颤细胞骨架的凸面或凹面溶质分解和强烈重组。薄的皮质房颤消失了，形成了厚而组织良好的束的许多皮质，皮质下和内质性房颤形成了。与对照细胞相比，溶浆细胞显示出总体AF含量显着增加。皮质AF束优先位于收缩的原生质体区域，衬在脱离的浆膜区域。内质性AF束主要存在于核周细胞质和液泡膜表面。空军还穿越了赫希特地区的一些地区。与未处理的细胞相比，细胞松弛素B（CB）处理后的AF紊乱引起了胞浆裂解模式的剧烈变化，持续了更长的时间，并导致原生质体体积的更大减少。在上述许多细胞中，原生质体呈“变形虫”形式，通常细分为亚原生质体。去除溶酶溶液后不久，经CB处理的细胞和未经处理的细胞均被解质，而AF细胞骨架逐渐恢复了在对照细胞中观察到的组织。这项研究的发现首次揭示了在被子植物细胞中，胞浆裂解触发了AF细胞骨架的广泛重组，这与原生质体形状和体积的调节有关。讨论了导致房颤重组的可能机制以及浆细胞裂解细胞中非典型房颤阵列的功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Context Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp. comosum L' Hér. (Polygonaceae), locally known as "arta", is a slow-growing small leafless desert shrub. Objective Isolation, structure elucidation and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of flavonoids from C. polygonoides aerial parts. Materials and methods Flavonoids in the hydroalcoholic extract of the of C. polygonoides were isolated and purified using column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated flavonoids were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data including 2D NMR techniques. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated flavonoids (6.25, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) was evaluated against liver HepG2 and breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines using sulphorhodamine-B assay. Results A new flavonoid, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6″-n-butyl glucuronide) (1), and 13 known flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-β-D-(6″-n-butyl glucuronide) (2), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6″-methyl glucuronide) (3), quercetin-3-O-β-D-(6″-methyl glucuronide) (4), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (5), kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide (6), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (7), astragalin (8), quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside (9), taxifolin (10), (+)-catechin (11), dehydrodicatechin A (12), quercetin (13), and kaempferol (14), were isolated from the aerial parts of C. polygonoides. Quercetin showed significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 4.88 and 0.87 μg/mL, respectively. Structure-activity relationships were analyzed by comparing IC50 values of several pairs of flavonoids differing in one structural element. Discussion and conclusion The activity against breast cancer cell lines decreased by glycosylation at C-3. The presence of 2,3-double bond in ring C, carbonyl group at C-4 and 3',4'-dihydroxy substituents in ring B are essential structural requirements for the cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells.

背景与目标： ：Context Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp。 L'Hér。 （Polygonaceae），当地人称为“ arta”，是一种生长缓慢的无叶小沙漠灌木。目的分离多角隐孢子虫空中部位的黄酮类化合物，对其结构进行阐明，并评价其细胞毒活性。材料和方法使用柱色谱和制备型HPLC分离和纯化多角隐孢子虫的水醇提取物中的类黄酮。根据包括2D NMR技术在内的光谱数据阐明了分离出的类黄酮的结构。使用磺基罗丹明-B分析评估了分离出的类黄酮（6.25、25、50和100μg/ mL）对肝HepG2和乳腺癌MCF-7癌细胞系的细胞毒活性。结果一个新的类黄酮，kaempferol-3-O-β-D-（6″-正丁基葡糖醛酸苷）（1）和13种已知的类黄酮，槲皮素3-O-β-D-（6″-正丁基葡糖醛酸苷）（2），山emp酚-3-O-β-D-（6″-甲基葡糖醛酸）（3），槲皮素-3-O-β-D-（6″-甲基葡糖醛酸）（4），槲皮素-3 -O-葡糖醛酸苷（5），山奈酚3-O-葡糖醛酸苷（6），槲皮素-3-O-α-鼠李糖苷（7），黄芪素（8），槲皮素-3-O-吡喃葡萄糖苷（9），滑石粉（ 10），（-）-儿茶素（11），脱氢二儿茶素A（12），槲皮素（13）和山emp酚（14）从多角形藻的地上部分中分离出来。槲皮素对HepG2和MCF-7细胞具有明显的细胞毒活性，IC50值分别为4.88和0.87μg/ mL。通过比较几对在一个结构元素上不同的类黄酮的IC50值，分析了结构活性关系。讨论和结论C-3处的糖基化作用降低了对乳腺癌细胞株的活性。 C环中2，3-双键，C-4处的羰基和B环中的3'，4'-二羟基取代基的存在是针对乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性活性的必要结构要求。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Lidocaine toxicity is a potential complication related to using tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) as the exclusive form of pain management in surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE:We sought to determine the minimum concentration of lidocaine in the tumescent solution required to provide adequate anesthesia in patients undergoing liposuction using TLA exclusively. METHODS:Liposuction using TLA exclusively was performed in 3430 procedures by the same surgeon. The initial concentration of 1000 mg/L lidocaine in the tumescent solution was gradually reduced to find the minimum required for adequate anesthesia. RESULTS:Adequate anesthesia was achieved using a lidocaine concentration of 500 mg/L saline in all areas treated and 400 mg/L saline for most of the areas treated. LIMITATIONS:Data are based on the specific TLA technique used by the same surgeon. Lidocaine serum levels were not analyzed. CONCLUSION:For patients undergoing liposuction using TLA exclusively, the concentration of lidocaine in the normal saline solution required for adequate anesthesia is 400 mg/L for most body areas and 500 mg/L for some sensitive areas.

背景与目标： 背景：利多卡因毒性是潜在的并发症，与使用肿胀局麻（TLA）作为外科手术中疼痛控制的唯一形式有关。
目的：我们试图确定肿胀溶液中利多卡因的最低浓度，以使仅使用TLA进行抽脂的患者能够充分麻醉。
方法：同一位外科医生在3430例手术中仅使用TLA进行抽脂。逐渐降低肿胀溶液中利多卡因的初始浓度1000 mg / L，以找到足够麻醉所需的最低浓度。
结果：利多卡因在所治疗的所有区域使用浓度为500 mg / L的利多卡因，对于大多数所治疗的区域使用400 mg / L盐水，可以实现充分的麻醉。
限制：数据基于同一位外科医生使用的特定TLA技术。没有分析利多卡因的血清水平。
结论：对于仅使用TLA进行抽脂的患者，充分麻醉所需的生理盐水中的利多卡因浓度在大多数身体区域为400 mg / L，在某些敏感区域为500 mg / L。