• 【功能性胃灼热: 临床特征和结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835b108f 复制DOI
    作者列表:Surdea Blaga T,Dumitrascu D,Galmiche JP,Bruley des Varannes S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Patients with heartburn and normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, normal oesophageal acid exposure, no symptom-reflux association and who fail to respond to a proton-pump inhibitor are classified as having functional heartburn (FH). This study aimed (i) to characterize the symptoms and functional abnormalities of patients with FH and (ii) to describe their clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Among all patients referred for 24 h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (MII-pH), patients with FH were identified. The clinical characteristics and high-resolution oesophageal pressure topography recordings of FH patients were analyzed at the time of the 24-h MII-pH test. A symptom-related and health-related quality-of-life questionnaire was then sent to FH patients to assess the long-term outcome. RESULTS:Forty patients fulfilled the criteria for FH, representing 8.5% of the referred population. Twenty-two months after initial testing, 66% of patients still suffered from heartburn. The rate of mixed reflux (liquid/gas) was higher in patients with persisting heartburn at the final evaluation (63 vs. 50%, P=0.04). Sixty-six per cent of patients had one or more manometric abnormalities. Acid clearance time in MII-pH was significantly higher in patients with weak peristalsis than patients with normal peristalsis (60 ± 45 vs. 31 ± 19 s, P=0.03). A high rate of mixed reflux and/or a manometric abnormality were associated with a higher risk of persistent heartburn. CONCLUSION:FH is a chronic disorder with persisting symptoms in two-thirds of patients. An increased rate of mixed reflux and/or the presence of manometric abnormalities are associated with a higher risk of persisting symptoms and may help to identify the population with unmet therapeutic needs.
    背景与目标:
  • 【马凡综合征妇女的出生特征,妊娠的产科和新生儿结局-全国队列和病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.05.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kernell K,Sydsjö G,Bladh M,Josefsson A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim was to investigate birth characteristics, obstetric and neonatal outcomes of the first childbirth in women with Marfan syndrome by use of Swedish national registers since pregnancy-related outcomes in women with Marfan syndrome have only been sparsely investigated. STUDY DESIGN:In this national population-based cohort study and matched case-control study of Swedish women born 1973-1993, women with Marfan syndrome (n=273) were compared to women without the condition (n=1 017 265). The study population was followed until 2013. A total of 364 553 mother-firstborn-offspring pairs were analyzed. Sixty-one women with Marfan syndrome became mothers. Women with Marfan syndrome were also compared to 543 healthy controls. RESULTS:Women with Marfan syndrome were more often born preterm (p<0.001), small-for-gestational age (p<0.001), and delivered by cesarean section (p=0.001). Women with Marfan syndrome had no increased risk of giving birth by cesarean section (p=0.079). No increased neonatal risks in their children were found. Women with Marfan syndrome were less likely to give birth than those without (p<0.001). There were no maternal deaths. CONCLUSIONS:Women with Marfan syndrome were more likely to be born preterm, SGA and by cesarean section. These increased risks of preterm birth and SGA babies were not found in connection with their own first childbirth. Pregnancies with known fetal Marfan syndrome have to be carefully monitored. The results are important for obstetricians giving preconception counseling and treating women with Marfan syndrome. Further studies are needed to evaluate risks during pregnancy and long-term effects of pregnancy on the cardiovascular status of women with Marfan syndrome.
    背景与目标:
  • 【与已建立的人子宫内膜上皮和基质细胞系共培养对精子运动特性的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.6.1197 复制DOI
    作者列表:Guerin JF,Merviel P,Plachot M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effects of co-culture of human spermatozoa with human immortalized endometrial cells - epithelial or stromal - on sperm movement characteristics, including hyperactivation, were studied using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Epithelial and stromal cell types could be separated following 8-10 days of culture of endometrial cells originating from human biopsies. Both cell types were immortalized by the SV 40 large T antigen. Co-incubation of sperm with epithelial and stromal monolayers enhanced the rate of hyperactivation24.9% (P <0.05) and 17.8% (P = 0.05) versus 9.5% as control, respectively, whereas the majority of motility parameters remained unchanged. Conditioned media had no effect upon sperm parameters, including hyperactivation. Co-incubation with either monolayer was able to maintain sperm motility over a longer period than incubation in control medium alone.

    In four patients whose spermatozoa did not exhibit hyperactivation, co-incubation with epithelial cells, but not conditioned medium, allowed normal rates of hyperactivation (range6.9-15.6%).

    背景与目标: 使用计算机辅助精子分析 (CASA) 研究了人类精子与人类永生化的子宫内膜细胞 (上皮或基质) 共培养对精子运动特征 (包括过度活化) 的影响。在培养源自人活检的子宫内膜细胞8-10天后,可以分离上皮和基质细胞类型。两种细胞类型都被SV 40大T抗原永生化。与9.5% 对照相比,将精子与上皮和基质单层共同孵育可分别提高高激活率24.9% (P <0.05) 和17.8% (P = 0.05),而大多数运动参数保持不变。条件培养基对精子参数 (包括过度活化) 没有影响。与单独在对照培养基中孵育相比,与任一单层共同孵育能够在更长的时间内保持精子活力。
    在四名精子未表现出过度活化的患者中,与上皮细胞共同孵育,但不是条件培养基,允许正常的过度激活率 (范围6.9-15.6%)。
  • 【HDR (甲状旁腺功能减退,感音神经性聋,肾发育不良) 综合征的听力损失特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000095899 复制DOI
    作者列表:van Looij MA,Meijers-Heijboer H,Beetz R,Thakker RV,Christie PT,Feenstra LW,van Zanten BG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Haploinsufficiency of the zinc finger transcription factor GATA3 causes the triad of hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia, known by its acronym HDR syndrome. The purpose of the current study was to describe in detail the auditory phenotype in human HDR patients and compare these to audiometrical and histological data previously described in a mouse model of this disease. Pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, speech in noise, auditory brainstem responses and transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions were measured in 2 patients affected by HDR syndrome. Both patients were affected by a moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss. Speech reception thresholds were shifted and speech recognition in noise was disturbed. No otoacoustic emissions could be generated in either patient. Auditory brainstem response interpeak intervals were normal. The human and murine audiological phenotypes seem to correspond well. Hearing loss in HDR syndrome is moderate to severe, seems to be slightly worse at the higher end of the frequency spectrum and may be progressive with age. The absence of otoacoustic emissions and the loss of frequency selectivity suggest an important role for outer hair cells in causing the hearing loss.
    背景与目标: : 锌指转录因子GATA3的单倍不足导致甲状旁腺功能减退,耳聋和肾发育不良的三联征,其首字母缩写为HDR综合征。本研究的目的是详细描述人类HDR患者的听觉表型,并将其与先前在该疾病的小鼠模型中描述的听觉和组织学数据进行比较。在2例受HDR综合征影响的患者中测量了纯音测听,言语测听,噪声语音,听觉脑干反应和瞬时诱发的耳声发射。两名患者均受到中度至重度感音神经性听力损失的影响。语音接收阈值偏移,噪声中的语音识别受到干扰。任何一名患者都不会产生耳声发射。听觉脑干反应峰间间隔正常。人类和鼠的听力学表型似乎很吻合。HDR综合征的听力损失为中度至重度,在频谱的高端似乎稍差,并且可能随着年龄的增长而逐渐恶化。耳声发射的缺乏和频率选择性的丧失表明外毛细胞在引起听力损失中起着重要作用。
  • 【培养中的胎鼠肺泡II型细胞表达体内发现的几种II型细胞特征,以及主要的组织相容性抗原。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1165/ajrcmb/3.4.325 复制DOI
    作者列表:Oomen LC,Ten Have-Opbroek AA,Hageman PC,Oudshoorn-Snoek M,Egberts J,van der Valk MA,Calafat J,Demant P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alveolar type II cells were isolated from fetal mouse lung by differential adherence and obtained in monolayer culture. Cultures display a high degree of purity as shown by histochemical and immunocytochemical staining procedures. Seventy-five percent of cells stained positive with specific anti-lavage serum mouse (SALS-M), an antiserum specific for (pre)alveolar type II cells of the mouse, and osmiophilic bodies were present in 82% of cells. These and other characteristics of type II cells in culture correspond to those of alveolar type II cells in fetal mouse lung. The pattern of reactivity of these cells with various anti-cytokeratin antibodies is described, and we show that, in contrast to rat type II cells, they do not exhibit alkaline phosphatase activity. Identity of the type II cell cultures was shown by their specific phospholipid composition and surfactant protein A (SP-A) content. The fetal alveolar type II cells in culture were found to synthesize and express class I but not class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. The possibility to culture fetal alveolar type II cells of the mouse and the availability of genetically well-defined inbred and transgenic mouse strains opens ways to study the genetics of type II cell differentiation and function. Also, the in vitro availability of alveolar type II cells, the progenitor cells of mouse lung tumors, will enable us to study in vitro several of the processes involved in lung tumorigenesis in the mouse.
    背景与目标: : 通过差异粘附从胎鼠肺中分离出II型肺泡细胞,并在单层培养中获得。如组织化学和免疫细胞化学染色程序所示,培养物显示出高度的纯度。用特异性抗灌洗液血清小鼠 (sars-M) 染色阳性的5% 个细胞,该血清对小鼠的 (前) 肺泡II型细胞具有特异性的抗血清,和嗜渗体体存在于细胞82% 中。培养的II型细胞的这些和其他特征对应于胎鼠肺中II型肺泡细胞的那些特征。描述了这些细胞与各种抗细胞角蛋白抗体的反应性模式,并且我们表明,与大鼠II型细胞相反,它们不显示碱性磷酸酶活性。II型细胞培养物的身份通过其特定的磷脂组成和表面活性剂蛋白A (sp-a) 含量显示。发现培养物中的胎儿肺泡II型细胞合成并表达I类但不表达II类主要组织相容性复合物 (MHC) 抗原培养小鼠胎儿肺泡II型细胞的可能性以及遗传明确的近交和转基因小鼠品系的可用性为研究II型细胞分化和功能的遗传学开辟了途径。此外,肺泡II型细胞 (小鼠肺肿瘤的祖细胞) 的体外可用性将使我们能够在体外研究与小鼠肺肿瘤发生有关的几个过程。
  • 【慢速拉伸过程中的急性首次绳肌拉伤: 临床,磁共振成像和恢复特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0363546507303563 复制DOI
    作者列表:Askling CM,Tengvar M,Saartok T,Thorstensson A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Hamstring strains can be of 2 types with different injury mechanisms, 1 occurring during high-speed running and the other during stretching exercises. HYPOTHESIS:A stretching type of injury to the proximal rear thigh may involve specific muscle-tendon structures that could affect recovery time. STUDY DESIGN:Case series (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS:Fifteen professional dancers with acute first-time hamstring strains were prospectively included in the study. All subjects were examined, clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging, on 4 occasions after injury: at day 2 to 4, 10, 21, and 42. The clinical follow-up period was 2 years. RESULTS:All dancers were injured during slow hip-flexion movements with extended knee and experienced relatively mild acute symptoms. All injuries were located proximally in the posterior thigh close to the ischial tuberosity. The injury involved the semimembranosus (87%), quadratus femoris (87%), and adductor magnus (33%). All injuries to the semimembranosus involved its proximal free tendon. There were no significant correlations between clinical or magnetic resonance imaging parameters and the time to return to preinjury level (median, 50 weeks; range, 30-76 weeks). CONCLUSION:Stretching exercises can give rise to a specific type of strain injury to the posterior thigh. A precise history and careful palpation provide the clinician enough information to predict a prolonged time until return to preinjury level. One factor underlying prolonged recovery time could be the involvement of the free tendon of the semimembranosus muscle.
    背景与目标:
  • 【社区获得性艰难梭菌感染与医院获得性艰难梭菌感染的临床和分子特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.014 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kwon SS,Gim JL,Kim MS,Kim H,Choi JY,Yong D,Lee K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) is a growing concern. CA-CDI differs from hospital-acquired C. difficile infection (HA-CDI) in its epidemiology, risk factors, severity, and outcomes. In this study, we investigated C. difficile infections in a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, Korea, and compared the CA-CDI and HA-CDI cases diagnosed in the same period. Total 593 cases were confirmed as CDI in 2014, of which CA-CDI accounted for 68 (11.5%) of the total CDI cases. Compared with HA-CDI, the mean age of CA-CDI cases was lower than that of HA-CDI (42.7 vs 60.4). In CA-CDI, antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use in the 12 preceding weeks and concurrent chemotherapy and tube feeding were less frequent compared with HA-CDI. In most cases (63/68, 92.6%), patients with CA-CDI recovered without any complications or recurrence. The most prevalent C. difficile type in CA-CDI cases was PCR-ribotype 012, accounting for 18.3% of the total, followed by PCR-ribotype 018 (16.7%).
    背景与目标: : 社区获得性艰难梭菌感染 (ca-cdi) 日益受到关注。Ca-cdi与医院获得性艰难梭菌感染 (ha-cdi) 的流行病学、危险因素、严重程度和结局不同。在这项研究中,我们调查了韩国首尔一家三级医院的艰难梭菌感染,并比较了同期诊断的ca-cdi和ha-cdi病例。共593例确诊为CDI 2014年,其中ca-cdi占CDI病例总数的68 (11.5%)。与ha-cdi相比,ca-cdi病例的平均年龄低于ha-cdi (42.7 vs 60.4)。在ca-cdi中,与ha-cdi相比,前12周使用抗生素和质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 以及同时进行化疗和管饲的频率较低。在大多数情况下 (63/68,92.6%),CA-CDI患者恢复无任何并发症或复发。CA-CDI病例中最普遍的艰难梭菌类型是PCR核型012,占总数的18.3%,其次是PCR核型018 (16.7%)。
  • 【台湾艰难梭菌感染患者的特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S0950268812002749 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lin YC,Huang YT,Lee TF,Lee NY,Liao CH,Lin SY,Ko WC,Hsueh PR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The medical records of 84 patients with stool cultures positive for Clostridium difficile during the period August 2007 to June 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. A case of confirmed (toxigenic)C. difficile infection (CDI) was defined by the presence of symptoms (fever, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort or distension, ileus) and the presence of toxigenic C. difficile. Patients with compatible clinical symptoms and stool cultures positive for non-toxigenic C. difficile isolates were defined as probable (non-toxigenic) CDI cases. Of these 84 patients, 50 (59.5%) were diagnosed as confirmed CDI and 34 (40.5%) as probable CDI. Thirteen (15.5%) of the 84 patients died during their hospital stay. Usage of proton pump inhibitors was a significant independent risk factor for CDI (OR 3.21, P=0.014). Of the 50 isolates associated with confirmed CDI, seven (8.3%) carried binary toxin genes (cdtAB), and six (7.1%) had a deletion in the tcdC gene. The mortality rate in confirmed CDI patients with isolates exhibiting deletion in the tcdC gene (2/6, 33.3%), those with isolates harbouring binary toxin genes (2/7, 28.6%), and those with isolates containing mutations in gyrA (2/7, 28.6%) and gyrB (1/2, 50%) was higher than the overall mortality rate (10/50, 20%) in patients with confirmed CDI.
    背景与目标: : 回顾性分析了2009年6月2007年8月84例粪便培养为艰难梭菌阳性的患者的病历。1例确诊 (有毒) 艰难梭菌感染 (CDI) 的定义是症状 (发热,腹泻,腹部不适或腹胀,肠梗阻) 和产毒艰难梭菌的存在。具有相容的临床症状和粪便培养的非产毒艰难梭菌分离株阳性的患者被定义为可能的 (非产毒的) CDI病例。在这84名患者中,50名 (59.5% 名) 被诊断为CDI确诊,34名 (40.5% 名) 被诊断为CDI可能。84名患者中有13名 (15.5% 名) 在住院期间死亡。质子泵抑制剂的使用是CDI (或3.21,P = 0.014)。在与确诊CDI相关的50个分离株中,7个 (8.3% 个) 携带二元毒素基因 (cdtAB),6个 (7.1% 个) tcdC基因缺失。死亡率在确诊的CDI患者中,分离株显示tcdC基因缺失 (2/6,33.3%),具有二元毒素基因的分离株 (2/7,28.6%) 和具有gyrA (2/7,28.6%) 和gyrB (1/2,50%) 突变的分离株高于确诊CDI患者的总死亡率 (10/50,20%)。
  • 【使用6-磺基-glcnac作为受体糖底物研究 β1,4-半乳糖基转移酶I。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10719-013-9488-4 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ramakrishnan B,Moncrief AJ,Davis TA,Holland LA,Qasba PK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :6-sulfate modified N-acetylglucosamine (6-sulfo-GlcNAc) is often found as part of many biologically important carbohydrate epitopes such as 6-sulfo-Le(X). In these epitopes, the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc moiety is extended by a galactose sugar in a β1-4 linkage. The β4GalT1 enzyme transfers galactose (Gal) from UDP-Gal to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the presence of manganese. Here we report that the β4GalT1 enzyme transfers Gal to the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc and 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (6-sulfo-βGlcNAc-MU) acceptor substrates, although with very low efficiency. To understand the effect that the 6-sulfate group on the GlcNAc acceptor has on the catalytic activity of the β4GalT1 molecule, we have determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of bovine β4GalT1 mutant enzyme M344H-β4GalT1 complex with the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc molecule. In the crystal structure, the 6-sulfo-GlcNAc is bound to the protein in a way that is similar to the GlcNAc molecule. However, the 6-sulfate group engages in additional interactions with the hydrophobic region, residues 276-285, of the protein molecule, and this group is found wedged between the aromatic side chains of Phe-280 and Trp314 residues. Since the side chain of the Trp314 residue undergoes conformational changes during the catalytic cycle of the enzyme, molecular interaction between Trp314 and the 6-sulfate group might hinder this conformational change. Therefore, the lack of a favorable binding environment, together with hindrance to the conformational changes, might be responsible for the poor catalytic activity.
    背景与目标: : 6-硫酸盐修饰的N-乙酰葡萄糖胺 (6-sulfo-GlcNAc) 通常被发现为许多生物学上重要的碳水化合物表位的一部分,例如6-sulfo-Le(X)。在这些表位中,6-sulfo-GlcNAc部分由 β1-4键的半乳糖糖延伸。在锰存在下,β4GalT1酶将半乳糖 (Gal) 从UDP-Gal转移到N-乙酰葡萄糖胺 (GlcNAc)。在这里,我们报告了 β4GalT1酶将Gal转移到6-sulfo-GlcNAc和4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (6-sulfo-βGlcNAc-MU) 受体底物上,尽管效率很低。为了了解GlcNAc受体上的6-硫酸盐基团对 β4GalT1分子的催化活性的影响,我们确定了牛 β4GalT1突变酶M344H-β4GalT1与6-sulfo-GlcNAc分子的催化结构域的晶体结构。在晶体结构中,6-磺基-GlcNAc以类似于GlcNAc分子的方式与蛋白质结合。然而,6-硫酸盐基团与蛋白质分子的疏水区域276-285残基进行另外的相互作用,并且发现该基团楔入Phe-280和Trp314残基的芳族侧链之间。由于Trp314残基的侧链在酶的催化循环过程中发生构象变化,因此Trp314与6-硫酸盐基团之间的分子相互作用可能会阻碍这种构象变化。因此,缺乏良好的结合环境以及对构象变化的阻碍,可能是导致催化活性差的原因。
  • 【承诺关系中MSM与性风险行为相关的关系特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1089/apc.2012.0198 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hoff CC,Chakravarty D,Beougher SC,Neilands TB,Darbes LA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding situations that increase HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires consideration of the context in which risky behaviors occur. Relationships are one such context. This study examines the presence and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the past 3 months among 566 MSM couples. A majority of couples allowed sex with outside partners. Overall, 65% of the sample engaged in UAI with primary partner, including nearly half of discordant couples. Positive relationship factors, such as attachment and intimacy, were associated with an increased likelihood of UAI with primary partner. Meanwhile, 22% of the sample engaged in at least one episode of UAI with an outside partner, half of whom were discordant or unknown HIV status outside partners. Higher levels of HIV-specific social support, equality, and sexual agreement investment were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner. HIV-positive men in discordant relationships had two and one half times the odds of having UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner as their HIV-negative partners. Many MSM in relationships, including some in serodiscordant ones, engage in UAI with primary partners. Potential explanations include relationship closeness, relationship length, and agreement type. In addition, relationship context appears to have a differential impact upon UAI with primary and outside partners, implying that prevention messages may need to be tailored for different types of couples. Prevention efforts involving MSM couples must take into account relationship characteristics as couples balance safer sex and HIV risk with intimacy and pleasure.
    背景与目标: : 了解与男性发生性关系的男性 (MSM) 中增加艾滋病毒风险的情况,需要考虑发生危险行为的背景。关系就是这样一种背景。这项研究调查了566对MSM夫妇在过去3个月中无保护的肛门性交 (UAI) 的存在和预测因素。大多数夫妇允许与外部伴侣发生性关系。总体而言,65% 的样本与主要伴侣进行了UAI,包括近一半的不和谐夫妇。积极的关系因素,例如依恋和亲密关系,与主要伴侣发生UAI的可能性增加有关。同时,样本的22% 与外部伴侣进行了至少一次UAI发作,其中一半是外部伴侣不和谐或未知的HIV状态。较高水平的HIV特异性社会支持,平等和性协议投资与参与UAI的可能性降低显着相关。处于不和谐关系中的HIV阳性男性与不和谐或未知HIV状态的UAI作为其HIV阴性伴侣的可能性是UAI的两倍半。许多处于关系中的MSM,包括一些处于不和谐关系中的MSM,都与主要合作伙伴进行UAI。潜在的解释包括关系密切,关系长度和协议类型。此外,关系背景似乎对与主要和外部伴侣的UAI产生了不同的影响,这意味着可能需要为不同类型的夫妇量身定制预防信息。涉及MSM夫妇的预防工作必须考虑到关系特征,因为夫妇在更安全的性行为和艾滋病毒风险与亲密关系和愉悦之间取得平衡。
  • 【不同生理状态下分裂和非分裂四膜虫细胞的特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80272-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hellung-Larsen P,Lyhne I,Andersen AP,Koppelhus U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eight defined physiological states of Tetrahymena pyriformis are described. For dividing cells the states comprise: 1. Exponentially growing cells, 2. Cells at late exponential growth phase, 3. Cells kept at a high cell concentration, 4. Cells shifted up or down by change of medium, temperature or degree of aeration. For non-dividing cells the states are: 5. Cells at stationary phase, 6. Cells during starvation, 7. Cells during shift-up after long-term starvation, 8. Cells at self-induced hypoxia. The different cellular states are described by one or more of the following characteristics: growth rate, volume, swimming speed, oxygen consumption and by the oxygen saturation and the pH in the medium. The results show that T. pyriformis grows equally well in proteose-peptone (PY) medium from 1 cell ml(-1) to 10(3) cells ml(-1) as from - e.g. - 10(2) to 10(5) cells ml(-1). The maximum cell concentration obtained depends on the medium and the availability of oxygen. At shift-down by decrease of temperature the cells grow slower and obtain a considerable oversize. Single cells tolerate starvation for 12 days. The cell volume (electronically determined) decreased from about 7000 μm(3) to about 200 μm(3). Long-term starved cells may be upshifted. Thereby growth without cell division can be studied until the cell volume approaches 2100 μm(3) which is the minimum volume of division competence. Under certain conditions cells may grow into self-induced hypoxia leading to growth arrest. These cells will attain an oversize. The swimming speed at 28°C of exponentially growing cells is 0.33 to 0.59 mm sec(-1) depending on the medium. At lower temperature the swimming speed is decreased. In PY-medium the values are: 28°C (0.57), 16°C (0.50), 9°C (0.37). During starvation the swimming speed decreases from about 0.6 to about 0.1 mm sec(-1) (after 6 days). The oxygen consumption is for state 1 cells: 3.9 μl O(2)/10(6) cells min(-1) (maximal value). The value of hypoxic cultures is 2.1, for cells kept at high concentration 0.4, and for starved cells (24 h) 0.2.
    背景与目标: : 描述了四膜虫的八种定义的生理状态。对于分裂细胞,状态包括: 1.指数生长的细胞,2。指数生长期晚期的细胞,3。细胞保持在较高的细胞浓度,4。细胞因介质、温度或曝气程度的变化而上下移动。对于非分裂细胞,状态为: 5。处于固定相的细胞,6。饥饿期间的细胞,7.长期饥饿后上移的细胞,8。自我诱导缺氧的细胞。不同的细胞状态由以下一个或多个特征描述: 生长速率,体积,游泳速度,耗氧量以及培养基中的氧饱和度和pH。结果表明,在从1细胞ml(-1) 到10(3) 细胞ml(-1) 的蛋白酶-蛋白胨 (PY) 培养基中,从-例如-10(2) 到10(5) 细胞ml(-1)。获得的最大细胞浓度取决于培养基和氧气的可用性。由于温度降低而向下移动时,细胞生长较慢,并获得相当大的尺寸。单细胞耐受饥饿12天。细胞体积 (电子测定) 从约7000微米 (3) 减少到约200微米 (3)。长期饥饿的细胞可能会向上移动。因此,可以研究没有细胞分裂的生长,直到细胞体积接近2100微米 (3),这是分裂能力的最小体积。在某些条件下,细胞可能会生长成自发性缺氧,从而导致生长停滞。这些细胞将变得超大。指数生长细胞在28 °C下的游动速度根据培养基0.33至0.59毫米秒 (-1)。在较低的温度下,游泳速度降低。在PY介质中,值为: 28 °C (0.57) 、16 °C (0.50) 、9 °C (0.37)。在饥饿期间,游泳速度从大约0.6秒 (-1) 降低到大约0.1毫米秒 (6天后)。耗氧量为状态1细胞: 3.9 μ l〇 (2)/10(6) 细胞min(-1) (最大值)。对于保持在高浓度0.4的细胞和对于饥饿的细胞 (24小时) 0.2,低氧培养物的价值是2.1的。
  • 【基于非接触式scheimpflug的眼压计在青光眼眼睛中检测到的角膜生物力学反应的特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/aos.13466 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jung Y,Park HL,Yang HJ,Park CK
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To determine the corneal biomechanical properties in eyes with glaucoma using a non-contact Scheimpflug-based tonometer. METHODS:Corneal biomechanical responses were examined using a non-contact Scheimpflug-based tonometer. The tonometer parameters of the normal control group (n = 75) were compared with those of the glaucoma group (n = 136), including an analysis of glaucoma subgroups categorized by visual field loss. RESULTS:After adjusting for potential confounding factors, including the intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), age and axial length, the deformation amplitude was smaller in the glaucoma group (1.09 ± 0.02 mm) than in the normal control group (1.12 ± 0.02 mm; p value = 0.031). The deformation amplitude and the deflection amplitude of the severe glaucoma group (1.12 ± 0.02 mm and 0.92 ± 0.01 mm) were significantly greater than that of the early glaucoma group (1.07 ± 0.01  mm and 0.88 ± 0.11 mm, p = 0.006 and p = 0.031), whereas that of the moderate glaucoma group (1.09 ± 0.02 mm and 0.90 ± 0.02 mm) was greater than that of the early glaucoma group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The deformation amplitude showed a negative correlation with the CCT in the normal control group (r = -0.235), with a weaker negative relationship observed in the early glaucoma group (r = -0.099). However, in the moderate and severe glaucoma groups, the deformation amplitude showed a positive relationship with the CCT, showing an inverse relationship. The duration and number of antiglaucomatous eyedrops used had negative correlations with the CCT in eyes with moderate and severe glaucoma. CONCLUSION:Overall, the glaucoma group showed significantly less deformable corneas than did the normal controls, even after adjusting for the IOP, CCT, age and axial length. However, there were also differences according to the severity of glaucoma, where the corneal deformation amplitude was greater in the severe glaucoma group compared to the early glaucoma group. The combined effects of stiffening due to glaucoma and increased viscoelastic properties caused by the chronic use of antiglaucomatous eyedrops may have resulted in the present findings.
    背景与目标:
  • 【慢性HBV感染自然过程中不同免疫阶段的免疫特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5754/hge12907 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ren YY,Liu YZ,Ding YP,Song G,Li SH,Wang GQ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/AIMS:The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection course is divided into 4 immune phases which were mainly characterized by clinical markers. We investigated the immune markers, especially inhibitory receptors, cytokine and chemokine expressions among the immune phases especially between immune tolerance (IT) phase and immune control (IC) phase. METHODOLOGY:Blood and serum samples of 64 patients and serum samples of 22 healthy controls were obtained. We used flow cytometric methods for measurements of PD-1, PD-L1 and flow fluorescence immunoassay for the serum cytokines and chemokines concentrations. IL-27 was measured by ELISA and the receptor IL-27R was detected too. RESULTS:The proportions of PD1 positive cells in CD4+, CD4+CD45RO+, and CD8+ T-cell subsets in IC phase were greater than in IC phase. The frequencies of PD1 expressions in CD8+pentamer+ and CD8+CD45RA-pentamer+ T cells were higher in IC phase than in IT and ICC phases. The serum concentration of IL-27 in IT group was higher than in IC, ICC and HC groups. Concentrations of cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 and chemokines RANTES, IL-8 and IP-10 were higher in HBV infected patients. CONCLUSIONS:The reduction of percentages of PD-1 positive cells may contribute to estimate entering the IC phase and decide the opportune moment to start antivirus therapy.
    背景与目标:
  • 【在产后 “每月做” 仪式中食用酒精汤后,产妇的哺乳期特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1368980008002152 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chien YC,Huang YJ,Hsu CS,Chao JC,Liu JF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The present study examined whether ethanol exposure influences lactation parameters. Specifically, selected constituents in maternal blood and milk and the lactation performance of Chinese lactating mothers were evaluated after they had consumed chicken soup flavoured with sesame oil and rice wine (CSSR), a diet traditionally prescribed during the postpartum 'doing-the-month' ritual. DESIGN:Twenty-three lactating mothers were examined. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. Each subject was tested on two occasions separated by a week. The target alcohol dosage was 0.3 g/kg body weight. Milk and blood samples were collected prior to consumption of soup and at 120 and 150 min, respectively, after consumption. Levels of various constituents were measured. The time for ejection of the first milk droplet and total milk volume yielded were also measured. RESULTS:Consumption of CSSR influenced TAG, insulin and lactate levels in maternal blood. Likewise, consumption of the soup affected milk composition and its nutritional status, particularly total protein, TAG, fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate levels. CSSR intake significantly affected TAG and lactate levels in milk. The time for the first milk droplet to be ejected was significantly longer in the CSSR group, indicating that the milk-ejecting reflex is inhibited. However, blood prolactin level increased slightly after ethanol intake. Milk yields were reduced after ingestion of CSSR although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:Consumption of CSSR affects not only the composition of maternal blood and milk, but also lactation performance. These findings suggest that an alcoholic diet should be avoided during lactation.
    背景与目标:
  • 【46、XX人SRY基因易位: 细胞遗传学特征、临床特征及处理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31811ec1b4 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rizvi AA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This report describes a well-masculinized 33-year-old man with infertility and primary hypogonadism in whom chromosomal evaluation revealed a 46, XX karyotype. This syndrome is a rare but important cause of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in which the diagnosis can be delayed or missed. A review of the cytogenetic basis and clinical features is presented to raise awareness of this entity among clinicians and to emphasize the importance of appropriate laboratory testing when indicated.
    背景与目标: : 该报告描述了一个男性化的33岁男性不育和原发性性腺功能减退的男性,其染色体评估显示为46,XX核型。该综合征是高促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的罕见但重要的原因,其诊断可能会延迟或漏诊。提出了对细胞遗传学基础和临床特征的回顾,以提高临床医生对该实体的认识,并强调在需要时进行适当的实验室测试的重要性。

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