• 【医疗决策过程与家庭: 乳腺癌患者及其丈夫的案例。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00650.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gilbar R,Gilbar O
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:The objectives of the study were (1) to assess similarities and differences between breast cancer patients and their husbands in terms of doctor-patient/spouse relationships and shared decision making; and (2) to investigate the association between breast cancer patients and husbands in terms of preference of type of doctor, doctor-patient relationship, and shared decision making regarding medical treatment. METHOD:Fifty-seven women with breast cancer, and their husbands, completed questionnaires measuring doctor-patient/spouse relationships (paternalism, autonomy), and decision making regarding medical treatment. RESULTS:Patients believe they have a key role in the medical decision-making process (93%) and that the participation of their husbands, and their agreement with the decision, is important (84% and 89%, respectively). Both breast cancer patients and their husbands prefer a shared decision-making process to paternalistic or autonomy-based approaches. CONCLUSION:In contrast to legal and bioethical approaches, which focus on the patient as the primary decision maker, this study reflects a practical recognition of the role of the breast cancer patient's husband in the decision-making process. It also reflects a relational rather than an individualistic perception of patient autonomy.
    背景与目标:
  • 【酿酒过程中的诱变活性: 与芦丁和槲皮素水平的相关性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/mutage/5.4.393 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rueff J,Laires A,Gaspar J,Rodrigues A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutagenic activity was monitored during the time course of the vinification process of a Portuguese red wine using the Ames assay. Dependence upon faecalase treatment for detection of mutagenicity was evaluated concurrently with HPLC analysis of the flavonoids rutin and quercetin. Rutin (quercetin-o-3-rutinoside) is liberated from the grapes during the first 10 days of the process and is hydrolysed as the vinification process proceeds. This explains the levels of the free quercetin in the wine and mutagenicity in the absence of faecalase treatment. Mutagenicity in the presence of faecalase during the first 26 days of the process correlates with the levels of rutin, and in the absence of faecalase the highest mutagenic activity detected (160th day) coincides with the highest level of free quercetin. Our results do not rule out the possibility that other mutagens are present in wines, in particular oxidative-type mutagens.
    背景与目标: : 使用Ames测定法在葡萄牙红酒的酿造过程中监测诱变活性。与类黄酮芦丁和槲皮素的HPLC分析同时评估了对粪便醛酶处理检测致突变性的依赖性。芦丁 (quercetin-o-3-rutinoside) 在该过程的前10天从葡萄中释放出来,并随着酿酒过程的进行而水解。这解释了葡萄酒中游离槲皮素的水平以及在没有粪醛酶处理的情况下的致突变性。在该过程的前26天中,在存在粪便醛酶的情况下的致突变性与芦丁的水平相关,并且在不存在粪便醛酶的情况下,检测到的最高诱变活性 (第160天) 与游离槲皮素的最高水平一致。我们的结果并不排除葡萄酒中存在其他诱变剂的可能性,特别是氧化型诱变剂。
  • 【临床推理的综合模型: 认知和元认知的双过程理论。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2012.01900.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Marcum JA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: RATIONALE AND AIM:Clinical reasoning is an important component for providing quality medical care. The aim of the present paper is to develop a model of clinical reasoning that integrates both the non-analytic and analytic processes of cognition, along with metacognition. METHOD:The dual-process theory of cognition (system 1 non-analytic and system 2 analytic processes) and the metacognition theory are used to develop an integrated model of clinical reasoning. RESULTS:In the proposed model, clinical reasoning begins with system 1 processes in which the clinician assesses a patient's presenting symptoms, as well as other clinical evidence, to arrive at a differential diagnosis. Additional clinical evidence, if necessary, is acquired and analysed utilizing system 2 processes to assess the differential diagnosis, until a clinical decision is made diagnosing the patient's illness and then how best to proceed therapeutically. Importantly, the outcome of these processes feeds back, in terms of metacognition's monitoring function, either to reinforce or to alter cognitive processes, which, in turn, enhances synergistically the clinician's ability to reason quickly and accurately in future consultations. CONCLUSIONS:The proposed integrated model has distinct advantages over other models proposed in the literature for explicating clinical reasoning. Moreover, it has important implications for addressing the paradoxical relationship between experience and expertise, as well as for designing a curriculum to teach clinical reasoning skills.
    背景与目标:
  • 【具有神经元应用的二维Ornstein Uhlenbeck过程的逆首次通过时间方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3934/mbe.2019412 复制DOI
    作者列表:Civallero A,Zucca C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Inverse First Passage time problem seeks to determine the boundary corresponding to a given stochastic process and a fixed first passage time distribution. Here, we determine the numerical solution of this problem in the case of a two dimensional Gauss-Markov diffusion process. We investigate the boundary shape corresponding to Inverse Gaussian or Gamma first passage time distributions for different choices of the parameters, including heavy and light tails instances. Applications in neuroscience framework are illustrated.
    背景与目标: : 逆第一次通过时间问题寻求确定与给定随机过程和固定的第一次通过时间分布相对应的边界。在这里,我们在二维高斯-马尔可夫扩散过程的情况下确定该问题的数值解。对于不同的参数选择,包括重尾和轻尾实例,我们研究了与逆高斯或伽马首次通过时间分布相对应的边界形状。说明了在神经科学框架中的应用。
  • 【直接输注骨髓源性祖细胞和间接动员造血祖细胞对动脉粥样硬化斑块和炎症过程的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.229 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tousoulis D,Briasoulis A,Vogiatzi G,Valatsou A,Kourkouti P,Pantopoulou A,Papageorgiou N,Perrea D,Stefanadis C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:We sought to investigate the effects of lin-/sca+ cells, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration on atherosclerotic plaque progression. METHODS:Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice were splenectomized and treated with high-cholesterol diet for 6 weeks in order to induce atherosclerotic plaque development. Bone marrow-derived Lin-/sca-1+ cells were isolated and further cultured to early growth endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Mice were divided in four groups (n=10/group) and received two intravenous injections of 5×10(5) cells (lin-/sca-1+ or EPCs), or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF 100 μg/kg/day) for 7 days or normal saline. The same interventions were administered to animals, which had undergone unilateral hind-limb ischemia. Effects on inflammatory parameters, lesion severity, and atherosclerotic plaque area size were assessed. RESULTS:The administration of both G-CSF and progenitor cells significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, 6 weeks after the initiation of treatment. Atherosclerotic lesion area was reduced by G-CSF (atherosclerotic plaque area percentage 22.94%±3.68, p=0.001), by lin-/sca-1+ (23.27%±5.98, p=0.002) and cultured EPCs (23.16±4.86%, p=0.002) compared to control (32.75%±7.05). In the atherosclerotic mice that underwent limb ischemia, the atherosclerotic plaque area, was not significantly different between the treatment groups cultured EPCs-treated mice and the control group (p=NS, for all). CONCLUSIONS:Direct infusion of progenitor cells and indirect mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells decreased plaque progression and levels of inflammatory molecules in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Treatment with G-CSF, lin-/sca-1+, or EPCs may exert beneficial effects on vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque progression. However, the effects are diminished in an ischemic setting.
    背景与目标:
  • 【通过包括暗发酵,光发酵和产甲烷的三阶段过程提高小球藻生物质的能量转化效率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.077 复制DOI
    作者列表:Xia A,Cheng J,Ding L,Lin R,Huang R,Zhou J,Cen K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of pre-treatment methods on saccharification and hydrogen fermentation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa biomass were investigated. When raw biomass and biomass pre-treated by steam heating, by microwave heating, and by ultrasonication were used as feedstock, the hydrogen yields were only 8.8-12.7 ml/g total volatile solids (TVS) during dark fermentation. When biomass was pre-treated by steam heating with diluted acid and by microwave heating with diluted acid, the dark hydrogen yields significantly increased to 75.6 ml/g TVS and 83.3 ml/g TVS, respectively. Steam heating with diluted acid is the preferred pre-treatment method of C. pyrenoidosa biomass to improve hydrogen yield during dark fermentation and photofermentation, which is followed by methanogenesis to increase energy conversion efficiency (ECE). A total hydrogen yield of 198.3 ml/g TVS and a methane yield of 186.2 ml/g TVS corresponding to an overall ECE of 34.0% were obtained through the three-stage process (dark fermentation, photofermentation, and methanogenesis).
    背景与目标: : 研究了预处理方法对小球藻生物质糖化和氢发酵的影响。当使用通过蒸汽加热,通过微波加热和通过超声处理的原始生物质和生物质作为原料时,在黑暗发酵期间,氢产率仅为8.8-12.7毫升/g总挥发性固体 (TVS)。当通过用稀酸进行蒸汽加热和用稀酸进行微波加热对生物质进行预处理时,暗氢产量分别显著增加至75.6毫升/g TVS和83.3毫升/g TVS。用稀酸蒸汽加热是C. pyrenoidosa生物质的首选预处理方法,以提高黑暗发酵和光发酵过程中的氢产量,随后是甲烷生成以提高能量转化效率 (ECE)。通过三阶段过程 (暗发酵、光发酵和产甲烷) 获得了198.3毫升/g TVS的总氢产率和186.2毫升/g TVS的甲烷产率,对应于34.0% 的总ECE。
  • 【大鼠胸内不溶性透明质酸的保留及其吸收过程。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0391398819885126 复制DOI
    作者列表:Uemura A,Ogawa S,Tanaka R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Post-thoracotomy adhesions are frequent postoperative complications. It has been reported that insoluble hyaluronic acid may prevent adhesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study had two objectives: first, to determine the in vivo degradation and absorption process, as well as the intrathoracic retention, of solid insoluble hyaluronic acid membrane; and second, to elucidate the association between postoperative intrathoracic retention and the morphological changes of insoluble hyaluronic acid in 12 Wistar rats. Insoluble hyaluronic acid membranes were cut into 2.0 cm × 1.0 cm rectangles in a dry state. After weighing, the test membranes were soaked and washed with saline to be implanted after pericardiotomy via thoracotomy. At Days 4, 7, 10, 14, and 28 after implantation, the rats were euthanized, the chest was opened, and the condition and implantation site of the inserted test membrane were examined. RESULTS:Although approximately 10 days were required for the test membrane to decrease to half in the thoracic cavity, the intrathoracic remnant decreased to a mean of ~2% just 4 days later. CONCLUSION:This study clarified the time-dependent degradation process and remnants of insoluble hyaluronic acid in the thoracic cavity. A close relationship between the intrathoracic remnant of insoluble hyaluronic acid and its morphological change associated with degradation was demonstrated.
    背景与目标:
  • 【不同类型聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 假体在腹壁缺损修复性瘢痕形成过程中的行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Buján J,Contreras LA,Carrera-San Martín A,Bellón JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Currently one of the most widely used prosthetic materials in the repair of abdominal wall defects, is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). It has been suggested that its behavior with respect to the reparative process may depend on its structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the structure of 3 ePTFE prostheses on the scarring process in an abdominal-wall-defect experimental model. The prostheses employed were the Soft Tissue Patch (STP) which is laminar in structure, Mycro Mesh (MM) which is multilaminar with perforations, and the Dual Mesh (DM) prosthesis which has one non-porous surface. Abdominal wall defects (7 x 5 cm) were created in 36 New Zealand rabbits and repaired using fragments of STP, MM and DM. Follow-up periods were 14, 30, 60 and 90 days post-implant. At these times prostheses were macroscopically examined for the presence of infection and/or rejection and the formation of adhesions to abdominal viscera. Specimens were also taken for microscopic analysis (optical and scanning electron) and for immunohistochemical analysis using the rabbit macrophage-specific monoclonal antibody RAM-11. Labelled macrophage counts were performed at each follow-up session. No cases of infection or rejection were found. Loose adhesions between prosthesis and underlying viscera were observed in 2 of the STP, 4 of the MM and 2 of the DM implants. STP and DM implants were progressively encapsulated by organized connective tissue on both peritoneal and subcutaneous surfaces. Cellular colonization was observed on both STP surfaces and on the porous surface of the DM although no more than a third of the biomaterial was penetrated by cells in either case. Colonization was very slight at prosthesis anchorage points. MM implants differed only in the formation of connective tissue bridges in perforated areas, and cellular infiltration in interlaminar spaces. Macrophage response was similar in the 3 prostheses with a reduction in RAM-11 labelled cells (p < 0.05) between 14 and 90 days post-implant. We concludea) the 3 types of PTFE prosthesis induced low incidence of adhesion formation between biomaterial and viscera; b) integration mechanism of the 3 prostheses were similar and culminated with the encapsulation of the PTFE by the neoformed tissue; c) the macrophage response induced by the 3 prostheses was similar to that of any reparative process in the absence of biomaterial.

    背景与目标: 目前在腹壁缺损修复中应用最广泛的假体材料之一是膨体聚四氟乙烯 (ePTFE)。有人建议,其在修复过程中的行为可能取决于其结构。本研究的目的是在腹壁缺损实验模型中评估3种ePTFE假体的结构对瘢痕形成过程的影响。使用的假体是层状结构的软组织贴片 (STP),多层带穿孔的Mycro网 (MM) 和具有一个无孔表面的双网 (DM) 假体。在36只新西兰兔中产生腹壁缺损 (7 × 5厘米),并使用STP、MM和DM片段修复。随访时间分别为植入后14、30、60和90天。在这些时候,对假体进行了宏观检查,以检查是否存在感染和/或排斥以及与腹部内脏粘连的形成。还将标本用于显微镜分析 (光学和扫描电子) 以及使用兔巨噬细胞特异性单克隆抗体RAM-11进行免疫组织化学分析。在每个随访阶段进行标记的巨噬细胞计数。没有发现感染或排斥的病例。在2个STP,4个MM和2个DM植入物中观察到假体与下方内脏之间的松动粘连。STP和DM植入物逐渐被腹膜和皮下表面有组织的结缔组织包裹。尽管在任何一种情况下,细胞都不超过三分之一的生物材料被细胞穿透,但在STP表面和DM的多孔表面上均观察到细胞定植。假体锚固点的定植非常轻微。MM植入物的不同之处仅在于穿孔区域结缔组织桥的形成以及层间空间中的细胞浸润。3个假体中的巨噬细胞反应相似,植入后14至90天之间RAM-11标记的细胞减少 (p <0.05)。我们得出结论) 3种类型的聚四氟乙烯假体导致生物材料与内脏之间形成粘附的发生率较低; b) 3种假体的整合机制相似,并最终以新生组织对聚四氟乙烯的包封而告终; c) 在没有生物材料的情况下,由3个假体诱导的巨噬细胞反应与任何修复过程相似。
  • 【[自杀动机的接受-了解全国自杀率差异的关键?]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ritter K,Stompe T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :National suicide rates differ to a high extent. Tentative explanations for this finding reach from macro-social to population-genetic models. Still unexplored is the influence of cultural values, i.e. the association between the acceptance of suicide motives in a population and the national suicide rates. The goal of this study was the development and evaluation of a questionnaire on the acceptance of suicide motives (ASM), an instrument which will be used for transcultural psychiatric research in a multi-centre study. Additionally the first results of a trial with 153 healthy Austrians are presented. Test-Retest reliability of the five scales ranged from r=0.74 after to r=0.89 for 3 months interval. The internal consistency of scales was very good (Cronbachs Alpha 0.71 after to 0.88). The Austrians especially accept motives associated with physical frailty or guilt feelings and less those associated with shame. The acceptance of suicide motives relatively stable in terms of age and gender. Thus, the ASM seems to be suited as an instrument for cultural comparative studies on the detection of reasons of national suicide rates.
    背景与目标: : 全国自杀率差异很大。对这一发现的初步解释从宏观社会模型到人口遗传模型。尚未探索的是文化价值观的影响,即人口中自杀动机的接受与全国自杀率之间的关联。这项研究的目的是开发和评估有关接受自杀动机 (ASM) 的问卷,该问卷将在多中心研究中用于跨文化精神病学研究。此外,还介绍了153名健康奥地利人的试验的初步结果。五个量表的重测信度范围从r = 0.74到r = 0.89,间隔3个月。量表的内部一致性非常好 (Cronbachs α 在0.88后0.71)。奥地利人特别接受与身体虚弱或内感有关的动机,而较少接受与羞耻有关的动机。在年龄和性别方面,对自杀动机的接受相对稳定。因此,ASM似乎适合作为检测国家自杀率原因的文化比较研究的工具。
  • 【顺其自然: 有意识的接受下调了痛苦和负面情绪。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/scan/nsz104 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kober H,Buhle J,Weber J,Ochsner KN,Wager TD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy-in individuals who do not meditate-remains understudied. As such, whether it (i) down-regulates early affective brain processes or (ii) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naïve participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.
    背景与目标: : 正念训练改善了抑郁症和慢性疼痛的临床和自我报告指标,但在不冥想的人中,将其用作情绪调节策略的研究仍然不足。因此,它 (i) 下调早期情感大脑过程还是 (ii) 取决于认知控制系统尚不清楚。我们将天真的冥想参与者暴露在两种刺激下: 负面图像与中性图像以及痛苦的温度与温暖的温度。在交替的块上,我们要求参与者自然做出反应或进行有意识的接受。使用有意识的接受进行情绪调节与减少报告的疼痛和负面影响,减少杏仁核对负面图像的反应以及减少内侧和外侧疼痛系统的热诱发反应有关。至关重要的是,有意识的接受会显着降低对实验诱发的疼痛敏感且特异的分布式先验神经特征的活动。此外,这些变化是在前额叶控制系统中没有可检测到的增加的情况下发生的。研究结果支持这样的观点,即瞬间的意识接受通过改变对刺激的情感意义的初步评估来调节情绪强度,这对疼痛和情绪的临床治疗具有影响。
  • 【人碳酸酐酶 ⅱ 糖基化过程的研究以及3-β-羟基丁酸对其抑制作用的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.192 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gharib R,Khatibi A,Khodarahmi R,Haidari M,Husseinzadeh S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glycation is a non-enzymatic reaction between carbonyl groups in sugar and free amino groups in proteins. This reaction leads to changes in structure and functions of proteins in which the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the final outcome and cause many complications in diabetic patients. We herein examined the effect of fasting on the glycation process of human Carbonic anhydrase II under physiological conditions (37 °C and pH 7.4) employing various techniques, including Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and CD Spectroscopy. We found an increased 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate upon fasting. We studied various samples of control carbonic anhydrase (without glucose and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate), carbonic anhydrase with glucose, carbonic anhydrase treated with 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and carbonic anhydrase along with glucose and 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The samples were incubated for 35 days under physiological conditions. Our results indicated that 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibited the glycation process, decreased glucose binding to the protein, prevented the formation of AGEs, and modified the enzyme activity. Our findings would open new windows toward the enzymatic procedure which would have profound implication in understanding the diabetes mechanisms.
    背景与目标: : 糖基化是糖中的羰基与蛋白质中的游离氨基之间的非酶促反应。这种反应导致蛋白质的结构和功能发生变化,其中晚期糖基化终产物 (AGEs) 是最终结果,并在糖尿病患者中引起许多并发症。本文使用各种技术 (包括紫外可见光谱,荧光光谱和CD光谱) 检查了禁食对人碳酸酐酶II在生理条件 (37 °C和pH 7.4) 下糖基化过程的影响。我们发现空腹时3-β-羟基丁酸增加。我们研究了各种对照碳酸酐酶 (不含葡萄糖和3-β-羟基丁酸酯),含葡萄糖的碳酸酐酶,用3-β-羟基丁酸酯 (BHB) 和碳酸酐酶以及葡萄糖和3-β-羟基丁酸酯处理的碳酸酐酶的样品。将样品在生理条件下孵育35天。我们的结果表明,3-β-羟基丁酸酯抑制了糖基化过程,降低了葡萄糖与蛋白质的结合,阻止了AGEs的形成,并改变了酶活性。我们的发现将为酶促程序打开新的窗口,这将对理解糖尿病机制具有深远的意义。
  • 【冠状内侧下突区域是正颌手术和生殖器成形术中植骨的新来源。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/SCS.0000000000006163 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yao CF,Denadai R,Pascasio DCG,Chen YC,Chen YR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Since 2012, the authors have adopted the medial subcoronoid process bone interpositional grafting in OGS and genioplasty procedures. The purpose of this study was to present the technical details and clinical outcomes of this alternative bone interpositional grafting for LeFort I and chin osteotomies. METHODS:Consecutive patients (n = 50) who underwent single-splint bimaxillary OGS with or without genioplasty and received medial subcoronoid bone interpositional grafting were included. Standardized facial and intraoral photographs at early and late postoperative periods (12.2 ± 3.3 and 44.8 ± 8.4 months postsurgery, respectively) were blindly rated to assess facial symmetry, chin, and occlusion status based on qualitative rating scales. Complication and reoperation rates were also reviewed. RESULTS:The medial subcoronoid bone interpositional grafts were adopted to stabilize different LeFort I maxillary movement types or lengthening/advancing genioplasty (36 and 14 patients, respectively). Overall, the early facial symmetry, chin, and occlusion status were maintained at late evolutions. None of the patients had donor-site or bone graft-related complications (i.e., bad split, undesired mandible fracture, infection, fibrous union, nonunion, and/or permanent neurosensory deficit) or revisionary surgery during follow-up. CONCLUSION:The medial subcoronoid process bone grafting was a feasible alternative for bone interpositional defects of LeFort I and chin osteotomies with no significant morbidity and avoiding secondary donor sites.
    背景与目标:
  • 【自己的身体作为护士在帮助他人死亡过程中的生活经验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1590/s0104-11692007000300016 复制DOI
    作者列表:de Santana MT,Jorge MS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It refers to the study of the researcher's perception when analyzing her own existence, aiming to learn the sense and meaning of her own body as a living experience while assisting the other in the process of dying. The Merleau-Ponty phenomenology and the new hermeneutic approaches were chosen. A point of contact was established between the living experience of the approximation of the object, unveiled by the own body inserted in the world, the object and the subject of the study. The themes that emerged were about the magical-religious knowledge influences of the perceived world, the real knowledge and the teaching-learning process. The phenomenon elaborated, result of the study, allowed the learning of the thesis of the existence of a sense and meaning for the own body of health professionals when assisting others in the dying process.
    背景与目标: : 它是指研究人员在分析自己的存在时对自己的感知的研究,旨在学习自己的身体作为一种生活体验的感觉和意义,同时在死亡过程中协助对方。选择了梅洛-庞蒂现象学和新的解释学方法。在物体的近似生活体验之间建立了一个接触点,该物体由插入世界的自己的身体,物体和研究的主题所揭示。出现的主题是关于感知世界,真实知识和教学过程的神奇宗教知识影响。所阐述的现象,研究的结果,允许在帮助他人在死亡过程中为自己的健康专业人员身体学习存在一种意义和意义的论文。
  • 【将废水处理整合到木质纤维素生物精炼厂的工艺设计中,以提高经济可行性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s13068-020-1657-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tobin T,Gustafson R,Bura R,Gough HL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Production and use of bio-based products offer advantages over conventional petrochemicals, yet the relatively high cost of production has restricted their mainstream adoption. Optimization of wastewater treatment processes could reduce capital expenditures, lowering the barrier to market entry for lignocellulosic biorefineries. This paper characterizes wastewater associated with lignocellulosic ethanol production and evaluates potential wastewater treatment operations. Results:It is found that organic material is intrinsic to bioconversion wastewater, representing up to 260 kg of biological oxygen demand per tonne of feedstock processed. Inorganics in the wastewater largely originate from additions during pretreatment and pH adjustments, which increase the inorganic loading by 44 kg per tonne of feedstock processed. Adjusting the ethanol production process to decrease addition of inorganic material could reduce the demands and therefore cost of waste treatment. Various waste treatment technologies-including those that take advantage of ecosystem services provided by feedstock production-were compared in terms of capital and operating costs, as well as technical feasibility. Conclusions:It is concluded that wastewater treatment technologies should be better integrated with conversion process design and feedstock production. Efforts to recycle resources throughout the biofuel supply chain through application of ecosystem services provided by adjacent feedstock plantations and recovery of resources from the waste stream to reduce overall capital and operating costs of bioconversion facilities.
    背景与目标:
  • 【在生物精制过程中最大化液体燃料的产量。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/bit.21960 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang B,von Keitz M,Valentas K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biorefining strives to recover the maximum value from each fraction, at minimum energy cost. In order to seek an unbiased and thorough assessment of the alleged opportunity offered by biomass fuels, the direct conversion of various lignocellulosic biomass was studied: aspen pulp wood (Populus tremuloides), aspen wood pretreated with dilute acid, aspen lignin, aspen logging residues, corn stalk, corn spathe, corn cob, corn stover, corn stover pellet, corn stover pretreated with dilute acid, and lignin extracted from corn stover. Besides the heating rate, the yield of liquid products was found to be dependent on the final liquefaction temperature and the length of liquefaction time. The major compounds of the liquid products from various origins were identified by GC-MS. The lignin was found to be a good candidate for the liquefaction process, and biomass fractionation was necessary to maximize the yield of the liquid bio-fuel. The results suggest a biorefinery process accompanying pretreatment, fermentation to ethanol, liquefaction to bio-crude oil, and other thermo-conversion technologies, such as gasification. Other biorefinery options, including supercritical water gasification and the effectual utilization of the bio-crude oil, are also addressed.
    背景与目标: : 生物精炼努力以最小的能源成本从每个馏分中回收最大值。为了寻求对生物质燃料提供的所谓机会的公正和彻底的评估,研究了各种木质纤维素生物质的直接转化: 白杨纸浆木材 (Populus tremuloides),用稀酸预处理的白杨木材,白杨木质素,白杨伐木残渣,玉米秸秆,玉米浆,玉米芯,玉米秸秆,玉米秸秆颗粒,用稀酸预处理的玉米秸秆和从玉米秸秆中提取的木质素。除了加热速率外,发现液体产物的产率还取决于最终液化温度和液化时间的长度。Gc-ms鉴定了来自不同来源的液体产品的主要化合物。发现木质素是液化过程的良好候选者,并且必须进行生物质分馏才能最大程度地提高液体生物燃料的收率。结果表明,生物精炼工艺伴随着预处理,发酵为乙醇,液化为生物原油以及其他热转化技术 (例如气化)。还讨论了其他生物精炼选择,包括超临界水气化和生物原油的有效利用。

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