BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Conventional hemodialysis (HD) predominates over peritoneal dialysis (PD) around the world. Prospective and comparative studies comparing the costs of these modalities are scarce. In the present prospective assessment, we describe the resources used and total patient costs for both HD and PD. ♢ METHODOLOGY:We assessed 249 patients on HD and 228 on PD. All patients were 18 years of age or older and on stable dialysis. The information was collected at three points over 1 year, using standard questionnaires. The sources for costs were the Brazilian public and private health care systems. Societal perspective was considered. ♢ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:Core trends and dispersions were measured. Regression models assessed the impact of modality on the average total cost per patient per year. ♢ RESULTS:Of the 249 HD patients and 228 PD dialysis patients, 189 (74%) and 160 (70%) respectively completed follow-up. The mean age for women was 55.8 years; for men, it was 59.8 years (p = 0.001). The average total cost per patient-year was US$28 570 for HD and US$27 158 for PD. By category, the costs consisted of direct medical-hospital costs (82.3% for HD, 86.5% for PD), direct nonmedical costs (5.3% for HD, 3.7% for PD), and indirect costs (12.4% for HD, 9.8% for PD). Overall costs were less for PD patients than for their HD counterparts (p = 0.025). ♢ CONCLUSIONS:Maintenance dialysis represented the most important source of costs for both modalities; loss of productivity incurred significant costs. Future studies should contemplate the social consequences arising from each modality.

背景与目标： 目的：常规血液透析（HD）优于全世界的腹膜透析（PD）。缺乏比较这些方式成本的前瞻性和比较性研究。在当前的前瞻性评估中，我们描述了HD和PD的资源使用和患者总费用。 ♢
方法：我们评估了249例HD患者和228例PD患者。所有患者年龄均在18岁或以上，并且透析稳定。使用标准调查表在1年中的3个时间点收集了该信息。费用来源是巴西的公共和私人卫生保健系统。考虑了社会视角。 ♢
统计分析：测量核心趋势和离散度。回归模型评估了模态对每位患者每年平均总费用的影响。 ♢
结果：在249例HD患者和228例PD透析患者中​​，分别完成了189例（74％）和160例（70％）随访。女性的平均年龄为55.8岁；男性为59.8岁（p = 0.001）。 HD患者每位患者每年的平均总费用为28 570美元，PD患者为27 158美元。按类别，费用包括直接医疗-医院费用（HD的82.3％，PD的86.5％），直接非医疗费用（HD的5.3％，PD的3.7％）和间接费用（HD的12.4％，9.8％）对于PD）。 PD患者的总费用比HD患者低（p = 0.025）。 ♢
结论：维持性透析是这两种方式最重要的费用来源。生产力的损失导致了巨大的成本。未来的研究应考虑每种方式产生的社会后果。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Paleoparasitological studies of the Brazilian colonial period are scarce. A paleoparasitological analysis was performed on human remains from the archeological site Praça XV Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro, dating from the early 18th to 19th Centuries. The samples were obtained from the Institute of the Brazilian Archaeology collection, and showed evidence of washing and brushing. Sediments were extracted from sacral foramina by scraping. Sediments from skulls were used as negative paleoparasitological controls. Spontaneous sedimentation method was performed prior to microscopic analysis. The results revealed that 8 of 10 individuals were infected with intestinal helminths and/or protozoa. Eggs of the nematodes Trichuris sp. and Ascaris sp. as well as a single taeniid egg were found. Protozoa cysts suggestive of Entamoeba sp. were also observed. Trichuris sp. was the most frequent and abundant parasite, found in 70% of individuals (26 eggs). The study showed the importance of analysis of sediment from human remains preserved in museum or scientific collections, even those subjected to a curating procedure. The levels of infection revealed here should be considered underestimations. This is the first paleoparasitological study from Rio de Janeiro city for the Brazilian colonial period and the first report of human Taenia sp. in the New World.

背景与目标： 巴西殖民时期的古细菌学研究很少。从里约热内卢的考古现场PraçaXV公墓对人类遗体进行了古骨灰质分析，其历史可追溯至18世纪至19世纪初。样品取自巴西考古研究所收藏，并显示出洗净和刷洗的迹象。通过刮from从for孔中提取沉积物。头骨上的沉淀物被用作阴性古细菌学对照。在显微镜分析之前先进行自发沉淀法。结果显示，每10个人中就有8个人感染了肠道蠕虫和/或原生动物。线虫Trichuris sp。的卵。和Ascaris sp。以及一个单一的牛卵。提示Entamoeba sp。的原生动物囊肿。还观察到了。旋毛藻是最常见和最丰富的寄生虫，在70％的个体中发现（26个卵）。这项研究表明，分析保存在博物馆或科学馆藏中的人类遗骸的沉淀物的重要性，即使是经过整理的残骸也是如此。这里揭示的感染水平应被低估。这是里约热内卢市在巴西殖民时期进行的首次古生物学研究，也是人类Taenia sp。的首次报道。在新世界。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined the extent of variation of the 3' region of the circumsporozoite gene among Plasmodium falciparum isolates through amplification of a selected DNA fragment followed by DNA sequencing. A total of 32 isolates were analyzed, of which 24 were from Amazon endemic areas in Brazil and 8 from widely separated geographical regions in the world. Among Brazilian isolates only 2 variants were detected: 19 displayed the same sequence of strain 7G8 whereas the 4 remaining isolates differed from the 7G8 strain at five nucleotide positions which also led to amino acid changes. Variation was restricted to one of the T-helper epitopes while the sequence identified as a cytotoxic T cell epitope was conserved in all Brazilian isolates. P. falciparum samples from other geographical regions in the world showed sequences distinct from those of Brazilian isolates. However, some constancy could be observed within that variation. For instance, the most frequent nucleotide substitutions, from A and C at nucleotide positions 1015 and 1024, were the same in all isolates.

背景与目标： ：我们通过扩增选定的DNA片段，然后进行DNA测序，检查了恶性疟原虫分离株中环子孢子基因3'区域的变异程度。总共分析了32种分离株，其中24种来自巴西的亚马逊流行地区，而8种来自世界上广泛分布的地理区域。在巴西分离株中，仅检测到2个变体：19个显示出菌株7G8的相同序列，而其余4个分离株在5个核苷酸位置不同于7G8菌株，这也导致氨基酸变化。变异仅限于T辅助抗原决定簇之一，而被鉴定为细胞毒性T细胞抗原决定簇的序列在所有巴西分离株中均保守。来自世界其他地理区域的恶性疟原虫样品显示出与巴西分离株不同的序列。但是，在该变化范围内可以观察到一些恒定性。例如，在所有分离物中，A和C核苷酸位置1015和1024的最频繁核苷酸取代是相同的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral health impact on daily performance in Brazilian adults. 276 civil servants 35 to 44 years of age from the Public Works and Waste Disposal Department of Porto Alegre, in southern Brazil, were interviewed and clinically examined. Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) was used to evaluate the impact of oral health status on daily performance. 73.6% of all subjects had at least one daily performance affected by an oral impact in the previous six months. The most commonly affected performance was eating (48.6%), while the most common symptoms were discomfort (40.6%) and dissatisfaction with one's appearance (31.5%). Missing teeth (21.7%) and toothache (20.7%) were recognized as the main causes of oral impacts on daily performance. OIDP was useful for measuring (physically, psychologically, and socially) the oral impacts on daily performance.

背景与目标： ：这项研究旨在调查巴西成年人口腔健康对日常工作表现的影响。来自巴西南部阿雷格里港公共工程和废物处理部门的276名35至44岁的公务员接受了采访并进行了临床检查。口腔对日常工作的影响（OIDP）用于评估口腔健康状况对日常工作的影响。在过去的六个月中，有73.6％的受试者每天至少有一次受口头影响的表现。影响最普遍的表现是进食（48.6％），而最常见的症状是不适（40.6％）和对外表的不满意（31.5％）。牙齿缺失（21.7％）和牙痛（20.7％）被认为是口腔影响日常工作的主要原因。 OIDP可用于（从身体，心理和社交方面）评估口腔对日常工作的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Culturomics is a new postgenomics field that explores the microbial diversity of the human gut coupled with taxono-genomic strategy. Culturomics, and the microbiome science more generally, are anticipated to transform global health diagnostics and inform the ways in which gut microbial diversity contributes to human health and disease, and by extension, to personalized medicine. Using culturomics, we report in this study the description of strain CB1T ( = CSUR P1334 = DSM 29075), a new species isolated from a stool specimen from a 37-year-old Brazilian woman. This description includes phenotypic characteristics and complete genome sequence and annotation. Strain CB1T is a gram-negative aerobic and motile bacillus, exhibits neither catalase nor oxidase activities, and presents a 98.3% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Pseudomonas putida. The 4,723,534 bp long genome contains 4239 protein-coding genes and 74 RNA genes, including 15 rRNA genes (5 16S rRNA, 4 23S rRNA, and 6 5S rRNA) and 59 tRNA genes. Strain CB1T was named Pseudomonas massiliensis sp. nov. and classified into the family Pseudomonadaceae. This study demonstrates the usefulness of microbial culturomics in exploration of human microbiota in diverse geographies and offers new promise for incorporating new omics technologies for innovation in diagnostic medicine and global health.

背景与目标： ：Culturomics是一个新的后基因组学领域，它探索人类肠道微生物的多样性以及分类学基因组策略。预计文化学和更广泛的微生物学科学将改变全球健康诊断方法，并为肠道微生物多样性促进人类健康和疾病以及扩展至个性化医学的方式提供信息。使用文化组学，我们在这项研究中报告了菌株CB1T（= CSUR P1334 = DSM 29075）的描述，该菌株是从一名37岁的巴西妇女的粪便标本中分离得到的新物种。该描述包括表型特征以及完整的基因组序列和注释。菌株CB1T是革兰氏阴性好氧和运动型芽孢杆菌，既不具有过氧化氢酶活性，也不具有氧化酶活性，并且与恶臭假单胞菌具有98.3％的16S rRNA序列相似性。全长4,723,534，bp的基因组包含4239个蛋白质编码基因和74个RNA基因，其中包括15个rRNA基因（5个16S rRNA，4个23S rRNA和6个5S rRNA）和59个tRNA基因。菌株CB1T被命名为马氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas massiliensis sp。）。十一月并归类为假单胞菌科。这项研究证明了微生物菌群学在探索不同地区的人类微生物群中的有用性，并为结合新的组学技术在诊断医学和全球卫生领域的创新提供了新的希望。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper describes part of a multicenter study sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization to assess health care reforms and their implications for nursing in several countries. The objective of this research was to learn the views of nurses working in philanthropic hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the changes in nursing practice coming from Brazil's health care reform and implementation of the Unified Health System (UHS). Data were obtained through structured interviews with seven nurses who met the selection criteria, from the three philanthropic hospitals in Ribeirão Preto. The nurses reported a decline in the quality of care and in the number of beds for UHS patients. The nurses reported that UHS implementation initially led to infrastructure improvements in the philanthropic hospitals. However, the reforms eventually shifted toward improving the care of private and privately insured patients. In addition, the nurses emphasized their heavy work loads and low pay. The nurses' reports indicated that Brazil's UHS is going through a crisis. In general, the nurses linked this crisis to problems in funding and allocation of resources.

背景与目标： ：本文介绍了由泛美卫生组织赞助的一项多中心研究的一部分，该研究旨在评估医疗保健改革及其在几个国家中对护理的影响。这项研究的目的是了解在巴西圣保罗州里贝朗·普雷图（RibeirãoPreto）慈善医院工作的护士对巴西医疗改革和统一医疗体系（UHS）实施带来的护理实践的看法）。数据是通过对RibeirãoPreto的三家慈善医院中符合the选标准的七名护士进行结构化访谈而获得的。护士们报告说，UHS患者的护理质量和床位数下降。护士们报告说，实施UHS最初可以改善慈善医院的基础设施。但是，这些改革最终转向改善私人和私人参保患者的护理。此外，护士们强调他们的繁重工作和低薪水。护士们的报告表明，巴西的UHS正在经历一场危机。通常，护士将这场危机与资金和资源分配问题联系在一起。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition and associated variables in low socioeconomic preschool children enrolled in public nursery schools in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Four public institutions were selected by geographic criteria (two in the central region and two in the peripheral region). The study population comprised 338 children (181 boys; 157 girls) aged 2-6 years old. Dental caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmf-t) index. Among the examined children, 50.6% were caries-free. The mean dmf-t index was 2.03. It was higher in the peripheral nursery schools (p<0.01). A trend towards a difference between sexes (p = 0.06) was observed. Logistic regression analysis selected a previous child's visit to dentist (p<0.001), geographic location of the public nursery school (p<0.01), and age (p<0.01) as predictive variables for the dmf-t index. The study showed the need for an oral health program for this population, including both curative and preventive measures in order to achieve the WHO/FDI goals for the year 2000, namely 50% of children free of caries at age 5-6 years.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是评估在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州Juiz de Fora的公立托儿所就读的低社会经济学龄前儿童的龋齿患病率及其相关变量。根据地理标准选择了四个公共机构（中部地区两个，外围地区两个）。研究人群包括2至6岁的338名儿童（181名男孩； 157名女孩）。使用龋齿，缺失牙和饱牙（dmf-t）指数记录龋齿。在接受检查的儿童中，有50.6％没有龋齿。平均dmf-t指数为2.03。在外围托儿所中该比例更高（p <0.01）。观察到性别差异的趋势（p = 0.06）。 Logistic回归分析选择了以前的孩子去过牙医（p <0.001），公立幼儿园的地理位置（p <0.01）和年龄（p <0.01）作为dmf-t指数的预测变量。研究表明，需要针对这一人群制定一项口腔保健计划，包括治疗和预防措施，以实现2000年的WHO / FDI目标，即50％5-6岁无龋齿的儿童。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:Social exchange theory is used as the framework to examine the interaction between supervisor-subordinate relationships, training and affective commitment for Northeast Brazilian public sector nursing professionals. BACKGROUND:There are continuing challenges to nursing management worldwide in terms of the supply of nursing professionals, their work relationships, nurse training and commitment to their employing organisations. The interplay between these factors for nurses in the Northeast of Brazil has not been well understood. METHOD:Quantitative data were collected from 550 nursing professionals using a cross-sectional, survey-base design. Qualitative data were collected from 25 participants using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. RESULT:Using path analysis, and the ordinary least squares approach, the findings demonstrated a significant, but weak, linkage between supervisor-subordinate relationships, training and organisational commitment. The qualitative data suggest that contracting out may be a causative factor. CONCLUSION:Healthcare managers in Brazil need to create more positive environments to strengthen supervisor-nurse relationships, improve the provision of training and to strengthen organisational commitment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT:Healthcare policy-makers in hospital can make significant contributions to improving organisational commitment by reducing multiple job holding, improving the ratio of registered nurses to nursing technicians/assistants and beginning nurse supervision training in effective people management.

背景与目标： 目的：以社会交流理论为框架，研究巴西东北部公共部门护理专业人员的上级-下级关系，培训和情感承诺之间的相互作用。
背景：就护理专业人员的供应，他们的工作关系，护士培训以及对雇用组织的承诺而言，全球护理管理面临着持续的挑战。对于巴西东北部的护士而言，这些因素之间的相互作用还没有被很好地理解。
方法：采用横断面调查为基础的设计，从550名护理专业人员中收集了定量数据。使用深度访谈和焦点小组讨论从25名参与者中收集了定性数据。
结果：使用路径分析和普通最小二乘法，研究结果表明主管与下属之间的关系，培训和组织承诺之间存在显着但微弱的联系。定性数据表明，外包可能是一个致病因素。
结论：巴西的医疗保健管理人员需要创造更多积极的环境，以加强主管与护士的关系，改善培训的提供并加强组织的承诺。
护理管理的意义：医院的医疗保健政策制定者可以通过减少多种工作岗位，提高注册护士与护理技术人员/助理的比例以及开始有效的人员管理方面的护士监督培训，为提高组织承诺做出重大贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article aims to investigate risk factors associated with mortality in young (< 80 years) and long-lived (≥ 80 years) older adults in Florianópolis. A longitudinal population-based study of 1702 older adults participants of the EpiFloripa Ageing Study. Deaths were identified through searches in the Mortality Information System. The probability of survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier and Log-Rank methods. The effect of risk factors for mortality was evaluated using Cox Regression models, adjusted for gender, family income, leisure physical activity, depressive symptoms, functional disability, falls, smoking, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. The overall survival probability was 89.9% and 52.6% for the young and long-lived older adults, respectively. For younger older adults, the risk of death was higher for males, ex-smokers and those with moderate/severe disability. For the long-lived older adults, only those with depressive symptoms had a higher risk of death. These results reveal different risk profiles of death among younger and older adults and the need for a differentiated look in the health care of this population.

背景与目标： ：本文旨在调查与弗洛里亚诺波利斯的年轻（<80岁）和长寿（≥80岁）老年人死亡率相关的危险因素。 EpiFloripa衰老研究的1702位年龄较大的成年人参加了一项基于人口的纵向研究。通过在死亡率信息系统中进行搜索来识别死亡。使用Kaplan-Meier和Log-Rank方法估算生存率。使用Cox回归模型评估了死亡风险因素的影响，并针对性别，家庭收入，休闲体育活动，抑郁症状，功能障碍，跌倒，吸烟，心血管疾病，中风和糖尿病进行了调整。年轻人和长寿老年人的总生存率分别为89.9％和52.6％。对于较年轻的成年人，男性，前吸烟者和中度/重度残疾者的死亡风险较高。对于长寿的老年人，只有那些具有抑郁症状的人才有更高的死亡风险。这些结果揭示了年轻人和老年人中不同的死亡风险特征，并且需要对该人群的医疗保健加以区别对待。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to describe the adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among adolescents followed-up in Rio de Janeiro. This cross-sectional study included all adolescents (aged 10-19 years) followed at Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho. Adherence was determined by self-report (number of missed ART doses in three days prior to the interview). Adherence was categorized as taking > or = 95% of the ARTs (adherent), or < 95% (non-adherent). Variables related to demographics and treatment were evaluated and if P value < or = 0.15, they were selected for a logistic regression analysis. One hundred and one adolescents were interviewed. The mean time on ART was 91 months and the mean adherence was 94% of this, 21 were non-adherent, and 80 adherent. The risk factors associated with non-adherence were: if the patient was not concerned about ART, odds ratio (OR) = 3.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13-10.68); if they do not carry an extra dose of ART, OR = 6.63 (95% CI = 1.73-25.47); if a health-care worker taught them how to take ART, OR = 0.27 (95% CI = 0.08-0.93). Adherence among adolescents was higher than expected. Factors associated with lack of adherence were: interviewees being unaware of ARTs and lack of commitment to the treatment. Interventions involving these factors must be evaluated.

背景与目标： ：这项研究的目的是描述在里约热内卢随访的青少年对抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）的依从性。这项横断面研究包括所有年龄在10-19岁之间的青少年，分别在MartagãoGesteira的儿科儿科研究所和Clementino Fraga Filho大学医院进行。依从性由自我报告（访谈前三天内错过的ART剂量数）确定。依从性分类为服用>或= 95％的抗逆转录病毒药物（依从性）或<95％（不依从性）。评估与人口统计学和治疗有关的变量，如果P值<或= 0.15，则选择它们进行逻辑回归分析。采访了一百一十个青少年。接受ART的平均时间为91个月，平均坚持率为94％，其中21例不坚持，80例坚持。与不依从相关的危险因素为：如果患者不关心抗逆转录病毒治疗，优势比（OR）= 3.47（95％置信区间[CI] = 1.13-10.68）；如果他们不携带额外剂量的ART，则OR = 6.63（95％CI = 1.73-25.47）；如果医护人员教他们如何接受抗逆转录病毒疗法，则OR = 0.27（95％CI = 0.08-0.93）。青少年的依从性高于预期。与缺乏依从性相关的因素有：受访者不了解抗逆转录病毒疗法和缺乏治疗承诺。必须评估涉及这些因素的干预措施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding the changes in the trends of fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents is important in order to implement public health actions. The scope of this article is to investigate the changes over a ten-year period in the daily fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents from Santa Catarina, according to sex, age and housing area. It is a secondary analysis of a panel survey entitled "Lifestyle and Risk Behavior of Adolescents in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (ComPAC)." Adolescents (15-19 years of age) of state schools in 2001 (n=5.028) and 2011 (n=6.529) answered a questionnaire about fruit and vegetable consumption as well as about sociodemographic aspects. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied, according to sex, age and housing area. There was a decrease in daily fruit (39.1% and 16.6%) and vegetable (40.1% and 20.6%) consumption. Different prevalence levels were observed when analyzing subgroups, mainly among girls. From 2001 to 2011, daily vegetable consumption among boys and adolescents in rural areas remained the same. The decrease in daily consumption of fruit and vegetables among adolescents aged 15 to 19 in Santa Catarina highlights the need for the development of strategies to reverse this scenario. :Compreender mudanças no consumo de frutas e verduras por adolescentes é importante para criação de ações de saúde pública. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar mudanças, em dez anos, no consumo diário de frutas e verduras por adolescentes, de acordo com sexo, idade e área de moradia. Estudo de painel (análise secundária) da pesquisa "Estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco de jovens catarinenses". Adolescentes (15-19 anos) de escolas estaduais, em 2001 (n = 5.028) e 2011 (n = 6.529), responderam questionário sobre consumo de frutas e verduras e aspectos sociodemográficos. Estatística descritiva e regressão logística (2001 vs 2011), estratificada para sexo, idade e área de moradia. Houve diminuição no consumo diário de frutas (39,1% e 16,6%) e de verduras (40,1% e 20,6%). Diferentes prevalências são observadas de acordo com subgrupos, principalmente entre moças. A chance para consumo diário de verduras entre rapazes e adolescentes de área rural continuou a mesma. A diminuição na prevalência do consumo diário de frutas e verduras por adolescentes catarinenses de 15 a 19 anos aponta necessidade de criação de estratégias para reversão deste cenário.

背景与目标： ：了解青少年水果和蔬菜消费趋势的变化对于实施公共卫生行动很重要。本文的目的是根据性别，年龄和居住面积，调查圣卡塔琳娜州青少年在十年中每日水果和蔬菜消费量的变化。这是对一项小组调查的次级分析，该小组调查的标题是“巴西圣卡塔琳娜州（ComPAC）青少年的生活方式和风险行为”。 2001年（n = 5.028）和2011（n = 6.529）州立学校的青少年（15-19岁）回答了有关水果和蔬菜消费以及社会人口统计学方面的问卷。根据性别，年龄和居住面积，采用描述性统计和逻辑回归。每日水果（39.1％和16.6％）和蔬菜（40.1％和20.6％）的消费量减少了。在分析亚组时，主要是在女孩中，观察到了不同的患病率。从2001年到2011年，农村地区男孩和青少年的日常蔬菜消费量保持不变。圣卡塔琳娜州15至19岁青少年的日常水果和蔬菜消费量减少，突显了制定应对这种情况的策略的必要性。
：对未成年人的重要消费品进行补充。最好不要在青少年身上购买任何可食用的青少年产品，也不要在青少年中购买任何可食用的东西，也不必在青少年身上消费过任何东西即可享受购物的乐趣。daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org Estudo de painel（análisesecundária）da pesquisa“ Estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco de jovens catarinenses”。青少年（15-19岁）的escolas estaduais，时间2001年（n = 5.028）和2011年（n = 6.529），回答者问题的解决方法，包括水果和蔬菜。 《逻辑分析》（2001年与2011年），《性别关系》，《远古时代》。减少生活消费的可能性（39,1％e 16,6％）和verduras（40,1％e 20.6％）。哥斯达黎加原住民先驱者协会（Diferentesprevalênciassãoobservadas de acordo com subgrupos）农村连续性消费者陷入困境的机会不断升级。对青少年青少年的预防和预防措施，由15岁至19岁的儿童在全国范围内进行预防性康复的必要条件。daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A cross-sectional analysis was carried out to describe adverse reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reported by HIV-infected patients initiating treatment at two public health AIDS referral centers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2001-2003 and to verify their association with selected variables. Adverse reactions were obtained through interview at the first follow-up visit (first month) after the antiretroviral prescription. Socio-demographic and behavioral variables related to ART were obtained from baseline and follow-up interviews and clinical variables from medical charts. Patients with four or more reactions were compared to those with less than four. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were estimated using logistic regression model for both univariate and multivariate analyses. At least one adverse reaction was reported by 92.2% of the participants while 56.2% reported four or more different reactions. Antiretroviral regimens including indinavir/ritonavir, irregular use of antiretrovirals and switch in regimens were independently associated with four or more adverse reactions (OR=7.92, 5.73 and 2.03, respectively). The initial period of ARV treatment is crucial and patients' perception of adverse reactions should be carefully taken into account. Strategies for monitoring and management of adverse reactions including the choice of regimens and the prevention of irregular ART should be developed in AIDS/HIV referral centers in Brazil to promote better adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

背景与目标： ：进行了一项横断面分析，以描述2001-2003年在巴西贝洛哈里桑塔的两个公共卫生AIDS推荐中心接受HIV感染的患者开始治疗的抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）的不良反应，并验证其与选定患者的相关性变量。在接受抗逆转录病毒治疗后的首次随访（第一个月）中，通过访谈获得了不良反应。与抗逆转录病毒疗法相关的社会人口统计学和行为变量是从基线和后续访谈中获得的，以及从医学图表中获得的临床变量。将反应超过四个的患者与反应少于四个的患者进行比较。对于单变量和多变量分析，使用逻辑回归模型估计了置信区间为95％的几率。 92.2％的参与者报告了至少一种不良反应，而56.2％的参与者报告了四种或更多种不同的反应。包括茚地那韦/利托那韦在内的抗逆转录病毒方案，不定期使用抗逆转录病毒剂和改用方案分别与四个或更多不良反应相关（分别为OR = 7.92、5.73和2.03）。抗逆转录病毒治疗的初期至关重要，应仔细考虑患者对不良反应的看法。巴西的艾滋病/艾滋病毒转诊中心应制定监测和管理不良反应的策略，包括选择治疗方案和预防不规则抗病毒治疗，以促进对抗逆转录病毒疗法的更好依从性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To investigate whether the presence of persistent self-reported oral lesions (PSOLs) is associated with sexual behaviors and with the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in individuals aged 16-25 years in the state capitals of Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data from the POP-Brazil study were analyzed. An association analysis was performed by Poisson regression with the presence of PSOLs as the outcome. The exposure variables were the age at first sexual intercourse, the number of partners, oral sex practice, and aspects of condom use for model 1, and the presence of a self-reported STI or a positive rapid test for HIV/syphilis and the presence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) for model 2. The results were adjusted for socioeconomic variables. RESULTS:The prevalence of PSOLs was 76% higher among individuals who had two or more sexual partners in the past year (p = 0.046) and 68% higher in those who reported not using condoms for contraception (p = 0.032). The group with HIV/syphilis or self-reported STI had a 140% higher PSOL prevalence (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS:The self-report of oral lesions in adolescents and young adults may suggest risky sexual behavior and the presence of STI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:It is necessary to contextualize the reality of the young person to optimize oral health care.

背景与目标： 目的：调查在巴西州首府16-25岁的人群中，是否存在持续自我报告的口腔损伤（PSOL）与性行为以及性传播感染（STI）是否相关。
材料与方法：对来自POP-巴西研究的数据进行了分析。通过Poisson回归进行关联分析，并以PSOLs作为结果。暴露变量包括第一次性交的年龄，伴侣的数量，口交行为以及模型1使用安全套的方面，是否存在自我报告的性传播感染或对HIV /梅毒的快速快速检测以及是否存在模型2的生殖器人类乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的检测结果。根据社会经济变量对结果进行了调整。
结果：在过去的一年中，有两个或更多性伴侣的人中PSOLs的患病率高76％（p = 0.046），而那些不使用避孕套进行避孕的人（p = 0.032）则高68％。 HIV /梅毒或自我报告的STI组的PSOL患病率高140％（p = 0.003）。
结论：青少年和青年人口腔损伤的自我报告可能提示危险的性行为和性传播感染的存在。
临床相关性：有必要根据年轻人的实际情况，以优化口腔保健。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A biobank is an organized collection of biological human material and its associated information stored for research according to regulations under institutional responsibility, without commercial purposes, being a mandatory and strategical activity for research, regenerative medicine, and innovation. Stem cells have largely been employed in research and frequently stored in biobanks, which have been used as an essential source of biological materials. Stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are stem cells which have a high multipotency and can be easily obtained. Besides, this extremely accessible tissue has advantages with respect to storage, as the SHED obtained in childhood can be used in later life, which implies the necessity for the creation and regulation of biobanks. The proper planning for the creation of a biobank includes knowledge of the material types to be stored, requirements regarding handling and storage conditions, storage time, and room for the number of samples. Thus, this study aimed to establish an overview of the development of a SHED biobank. Ethical and legal standardization, current applications, specific orientations, and challenges for the implementation of a SHED biobank were discussed. Through this overview, we hope to encourage further studies to use SHED biobanks.

背景与目标： ：生物库是有组织的生物人类材料及其相关信息的集合，根据机构职责下的法规存储，用于研究，而没有商业目的，是研究，再生医学和创新的强制性和战略性活动。干细胞已广泛用于研究中，并经常存储在生物库中，生物库已被用作生物材料的重要来源。人脱落乳牙（SHED）的干细胞是具有高专能的干细胞，很容易获得。此外，这种极易接近的组织在储存方面具有优势，因为在童年时期获得的SHED可以在以后的生活中使用，这意味着必须建立和调节生物库。建立生物库的适当计划包括要存储的材料类型的知识，有关处理和存储条件的要求，存储时间以及样品数量的空间。因此，本研究旨在建立SHED生物库发展概况。讨论了道德和法律标准化，当前应用，特定方向以及实施SHED生物库的挑战。通过此概述，我们希望鼓励进一步研究以使用SHED生物库。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Renal transplant patients have a higher incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Previous studies hypothesized that human leukocyte antigen (HLA), especially types DR1, DR4, and DR7, may influence the incidence of these tumors. This study investigates the association between NMSC and the presence of HLA DR1, DR4, and DR7 in renal transplant patients in southern Brazil. METHODS:In a historical cohort study, 1032 patients who underwent renal transplantation during the period from January 1993 to December 2006 were examined to identify occurrences of NMSC and HLA status prior to transplant. RESULTS:Of the 1032 patients examined, 59 (5.71%) developed NMSC (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]: 2.42%; basal cell carcinoma [BCC]: 1.74%; both: 1.55%). The presence of HLA DR1 was associated with a higher probability of developing any NMSC and particularly with developing BCC (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between the presence of HLA DR4 or DR7 and the occurrence of NMSC in this sample. CONCLUSIONS:HLA DR1 appears to be associated with the development of BCC, as well as with the higher number of NMSC lesions in renal transplant patients. This study supports the trend to associate the DR1 allele with BCC and not with SCC.

背景与目标： 背景：肾移植患者非黑素瘤皮肤癌（NMSC）的发生率较高。先前的研究假设，人白细胞抗原（HLA），尤其是DR1，DR4和DR7型，可能会影响这些肿瘤的发病率。这项研究调查了巴西南部肾脏移植患者中NMSC与HLA DR1，DR4和DR7的相关性。
方法：在一项历史性队列研究中，对1993年1月至2006年12月期间接受肾移植的1032例患者进行了检查，以鉴定其在移植前是否发生了NMSC和HLA状态。
结果：在接受检查的1032例患者中，有59例（5.71％）发展为NMSC（鳞状细胞癌[SCC]：2.42％；基底细胞癌[BCC]：1.74％；两者：1.55％）。 HLA DR1的存在与发展任何NMSC的可能性更高，特别是与发展BCC的可能性更高（P <0.05）。在此样品中，HLA DR4或DR7的存在与NMSC的发生之间没有统计学上的显着关联。
结论：HLA DR1似乎与肾移植患者BCC的发展以及NMSC病变的增多有关。这项研究支持将DR1等位基因与BCC而不与SCC相关的趋势。