• 【鲨鱼脑中一种含有羟脯氨酸的蛋白质,与髓磷脂碱性蛋白质有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04958.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wood DD,McLaurin J,Moscarello MA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Myelin basic protein (MBP) from shark (Chondricthyes) consists of a simpler mixture of charge isomers than human MBP. About two-thirds of the total amount applied to a CM-52 cellulose cation-exchange column was recovered in the unbound fraction of the column; the remaining one-third bound to column and was eluted as a single OD280 peak. This bound material did not sow the usual pattern of charge microheterogeneity found with human or bovine MBP. The unbound fraction was composed of a high molecular weight protein (55-60 kDa), which constituted most of this protein fraction and a low molecular weight protein (approximately 18 kDa). The amino acid composition of our unbound fraction was similar to that reported earlier. The Glx (glutamic acid + glutamine) was increased about threefold whereas the Arg content was only about 25% of that of the 18.5 kDa variant of bovine or human origin. The presence of hydroxyproline (1.2 residues/100) in this protein was noteworthy, identification of which was achieved by amino acid analysis in two different systems and by mass spectrometry. In the precolumn derivatization method, hydroxyproline eluted at 2.7 min; in the postcolumn derivatization method it eluted at 12.2 min. Identification of hydroxyproline was completed by fast atom bombardment-mass spectral analysis. The effect of hydroxyproline on the secondary structure of this protein is being studied. Verification that this high molecular weight protein contained MBP sequences within its primary structure was confirmed by immunological methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    背景与目标: :鲨鱼(Chondricthyes)的髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)由电荷异构体组成的混合物比人MBP更简单。应用于CM-52纤维素阳离子交换柱的总量的约三分之二是在该柱的未结合馏分中回收的;剩余的三分之一与色谱柱结合,并以一个OD280峰洗脱。这种结合的材料并未播种人或牛MBP常见的电荷微异质性模式。未结合的部分由高分子量蛋白质(55-60 kDa)和低分子量蛋白质(约18 kDa)组成,其中高分子量蛋白质占该蛋白质部分的大部分。我们未结合部分的氨基酸组成与先前报道的相似。 Glx(谷氨酸谷氨酰胺)增加了约三倍,而Arg含量仅为牛或人来源的18.5 kDa变体的Arg含量的约25%。值得注意的是,该蛋白质中存在羟脯氨酸(1.2个残基/ 100个),通过在两个不同系统中进行氨基酸分析并通过质谱法进行鉴定。在柱前衍生化方法中,羟脯氨酸在2.7分钟洗脱;在柱后衍生化方法中,它在12.2分钟时洗脱。通过快速原子轰击质谱分析完成了羟脯氨酸的鉴定。羟脯氨酸对该蛋白二级结构的影响正在研究中。通过免疫学方法证实了这种高分子量蛋白质在其一级结构中包含MBP序列。(摘要截短为250字)
  • 【注意缺陷多动障碍可能与中枢性脑源性神经营养因子活性降低有关:临床和治疗意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.06.025 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tsai SJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder. Despite intensive research efforts, the aetiology of ADHD remains unknown. Current evidence suggests that the aetiology of ADHD is heterogeneous, comprising of multiple factors. Recently, it has been proposed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophic factor family, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD. This hypothesis is supported by recent genetic studies in ADHD. Drawing on findings from studies into the drugs for ADHD relating to central BDNF expression, hyperactivity in BDNF knockout mice, BDNF effects in midbrain dopaminergic function and the close association between BDNF and the dopamine transporter (an important molecule for ADHD pathogenesis), it is proposed here that decreased central BDNF, particularly in the midbrain region, may play an important role in the pathogenesis ADHD. This hypothesis may have some implications for clinical findings in ADHD (for example, the co-morbidity between ADHD and major depression), and provide a new direction for the development of medication for ADHD treatment.
    背景与目标: 注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童期常见的精神病。尽管进行了深入的研究,但多动症的病因仍然未知。当前证据表明,ADHD的病因是异质的,由多种因素组成。最近,已经提出,脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF),神经营养因子家族的成员,可能与ADHD的发病有关。这一假说得到了多动症最近的遗传学研究的支持。根据对ADHD药物的研究发现,该药物与中枢BDNF表达,BDNF基因敲除小鼠的过度活跃,BDNF对中脑多巴胺能功能的影响以及BDNF与多巴胺转运蛋白(ADHD发病机理的重要分子)之间的紧密联系有关,因此提出了这一建议。在这里,中央BDNF的降低,特别是在中脑区域,可能在ADHD的发病中起重要作用。该假设可能对ADHD的临床发现有一定的影响(例如,ADHD与严重抑郁症的合并症),并为ADHD治疗药物的开发提供了新的方向。
  • 【大鼠脑缺血后泛素和hsp70的基因表达】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00001756-199703240-00036 复制DOI
    作者列表:Noga M,Hayashi T,Tanaka J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Expression of genes coding for ubiquitin and heatshock protein (hsp) 70 were examined by in situ hybridization using a rat model with permanent occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery (MCA). Only polyubiquitin (UbC) mRNA increased markedly following ischaemia in the central zone of the MCA territory of the neocortex. UbC gene expression reached the maximum level 4 h post-occlusion and remained elevated at 24 h. UbC expression was retarded slightly compared with that of the hsp70 gene. UbB and Ub-S30 were expressed at almost similar levels in both the ischaemic and non-ischaemic hemispheres. These results indicated that UbC probably has the most stress-inducible characteristics among the three ubiquitin genes.

    背景与目标: 编码泛素和热休克蛋白(hsp)70的基因的表达通过使用大鼠模型进行了原位杂交,该模型永久性阻塞了大脑中部远端动脉(MCA)。在新皮层MCA区域的中央区域缺血后,只有多聚泛素(UbC)mRNA显着增加。 UbC基因表达在阻塞后4 h达到最高水平,并在24 h保持升高。与hsp70基因相比,UbC表达略有延迟。在缺血半球和非缺血半球中,UbB和Ub-S30的表达水平几乎相似。这些结果表明,UbC可能在三个泛素基因​​中具有最强的应激诱导特性。

  • 【神经放射学专业专家对脑CT成像研究进行重新解释的质量结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jordan MJ,Lightfoote JB,Jordan JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To determine the clinical importance and relative value of reinterpreting brain CT imaging studies by subspecialty experts regarding changes in clinical management. METHODS:Computerized records were queried at two institutions during the years 2002-2003 for both primary interpretation by board-certified nonneuroradiologists and secondary interpretation by three neuroradiologists. A total of 1,081 cases were reviewed. Each case was initially interpreted as an emergent or urgent study. The reinterpreted studies were scored as concordant or discordant by the subspecialty experts. The discordant studies were then categorized as a "major discordance" if there was a change in clinical management, or as a "minor discordance" if there was no impact or change in clinical management. RESULTS:Of the 1,081 studies reviewed, 14 studies were identified as discordant (1.3%). Of those discordant studies, four were categorized as major discrepancies necessitating a change in clinical management (0.4 %). Ten were categorized as minor discrepancies (0.9%). There were no permanent adverse outcomes with respect to morbidity and mortality as a result of any discrepancy. CONCLUSION:The vast majority of interpreted head CT cases read by board-certified general radiologists do not result in discordant interpretations as verified by subspecialty experts. Discordant interpretations did not result in changes in clinical management in most cases. Double reading of head CTs by subspecialty experts appears to be an inefficient method of substantially improving imaging health quality outcomes.
    背景与目标: 目的:确定亚专业专家对临床管理变化进行重新解释脑CT成像研究的临床重要性和相对价值。
    方法:在2002年至2003年期间,在两家机构中查询了计算机记录,以获取由董事会认证的非神经放射科医生进行的主要解释,以及由三位神经放射科医生进行的次要解释。总共审查了1,081例。最初,每个案例都被解释为紧急研究。重新解释的研究被专业专家评定为一致或不一致。如果临床管理发生变化,则将不一致的研究分类为“重大不一致”,如果临床管理没有影响或发生变化,则将其分类为“轻微不一致”。
    结果:在所审查的1,081项研究中,有14项研究被确定为不一致(1.3%)。在这些不一致的研究中,有四项被归类为需要改变临床管理的主要差异(0.4%)。十个分类为轻微差异(0.9%)。任何差异都不会在发病率和死亡率方面带来永久性的不良后果。
    结论:经董事会认证的一般放射科医生阅读的绝大多数解释性头部CT病例,经专科专家验证,并不会导致不一致的解释。在大多数情况下,不一致的解释并不会导致临床管理的改变。专科专家对头颅CT进行双重读取似乎是一种实质上改善影像健康质量结果的无效方法。
  • 【新的胆囊收缩素类似物(JMV 236)对大鼠食物摄入和脑单胺的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0143-4179(90)90158-u 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gourch A,Orosco M,Rodriguez M,Martinez J,Cohen Y,Jacquot C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :JMV 236, a new cholecystokinin-octapeptide-sulfate (CCK 8 S) derivative (Boc-Tyr (SO3)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2) has been synthesized in the Centre de Pharmacologie-Endocrinologie (Montpellier). This peptide has been shown to present the same activity as CCK 8 S on pancreatic amylase secretion and has the advantage of a better chemical stability. With a view to further characterization, the effect of JMV 236 on food intake and brain monoamine and metabolite variations was assayed in the rat after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administrations. JMV 236 decreased food intake 2 and 3 hours after i.p. administration of 12.5 and 50 micrograms/kg but was inactive after i.c.v. injection. Its global action was similar to that of CCK 8 S, but was less marked with delayed onset of response. As in our previous work with CCK 8 S, JMV 236 was more potent in inducing monoaminergic variations after i.p. than after i.c.v. administration. The main effects were decreases in striatal dopamine metabolite levels and increases in hypothalamic and striatal serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) levels. These effects are classically observed with CCK 8 S and are described in our previous reports. The interesting peptide will require further characterization and may serve as a possible reference compound for studies on CCK derivatives.
    背景与目标: :JMV 236是一种新的胆囊收缩素-八肽硫酸盐(CCK 8 S)衍生物(Boc-Tyr(SO3)-Nle-Gly-Trp-Nle-Asp-Phe-NH2),已在药理学-内分泌中心(蒙彼利埃)。已显示该肽在胰腺淀粉酶分泌方面具有与CCK 8 S相同的活性,并且具有更好的化学稳定性的优点。为了进一步表征,在大鼠腹膜内(i.p.)和脑室内(i.c.v.)给药后,在大鼠中测定了JMV 236对食物摄入以及脑单胺和代谢产物变化的影响。腹腔注射后2和3小时,JMV 236的食物摄入量减少。静脉注射12.5和50微克/公斤,但在静脉内注射后无效。注射。它的整体作用与CCK 8 S相似,但反应迟缓的症状较少。就像我们以前使用CCK 8 S所做的一样,JMV 236腹腔内注射后在诱导单胺能变化方面更有效。比在i.c.v.之后行政。主要影响是纹状体多巴胺代谢物水平降低,下丘脑和纹状体5-羟色胺代谢物(5-HIAA)水平升高。这些效应在CCK 8 S上得到了经典观察,并在我们以前的报告中进行了描述。令人感兴趣的肽将需要进一步表征,并可能用作研究CCK衍生物的可能参考化合物。
  • 【细胞质基因表达系统提高了阳离子脂质体介导的体内基因向小鼠脑内转移的效率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6568 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mizuguchi H,Nakagawa T,Morioka Y,Imazu S,Nakanishi M,Kondo T,Hayakawa T,Mayumi T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Development of methodologies for gene transfer into the central nervous system (CNS) is important for fundamental research as well as clinical studies for gene therapy. Cationic liposomes (CL) are attractive vectors because of their safety and ease of use. However, to date only low rates of success have been reported. We succeeded in obtaining high transfection efficiencies into the newborn mouse brain in vivo by CL and a cytoplasmic gene expression system based on T7 RNA polymerase and T7 RNA polymerase- and the luciferase-gene with the T7 promoter sequence. This system showed an efficiency rate 2 orders of magnitude higher than the standard system, which used CL and luciferase genes with a Rous sarcoma virus promoter, pRSVL. In addition, in vitro experiments using LLCMK2 cells showed that cytoplasmic gene expression occurred rapidly (within 6 h) after transfection. In contrast, pRSVL required 24-48 h for induction of luciferase expression. Our results suggest that the cytoplasmic gene expression system is useful for gene delivery into the CNS.

    背景与目标: 基因转移到中枢神经系统(CNS)的方法学的发展对于基础研究以及基因治疗的临床研究都很重要。由于阳离子脂质体(CL)的安全性和易用性,它们是有吸引力的载体。然而,迄今为止,仅报道了低成功率。我们成功地通过CL和基于T7 RNA聚合酶和T7 RNA聚合酶以及荧光素酶基因(具有T7启动子序列)的细胞质基因表达系统,成功地在体内获得了新生小鼠大脑的高转染效率。该系统的效率比标准系统高2个数量级,后者使用带有Rous肉瘤病毒启动子pRSVL的CL和荧光素酶基因。此外,使用LLCMK2细胞的体外实验显示,转染后(6小时内)细胞质基因表达迅速发生。相比之下,pRSVL需要24-48小时才能诱导萤光素酶表达。我们的结果表明,胞质基因表达系统可用于将基因传递到中枢神经系统。

  • 【早期大剂量左甲状腺素治疗对先天性甲状腺功能减退症儿童入学时听性脑事件相关电位的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000095069 复制DOI
    作者列表:Marti S,Alvarez M,Simoneau-Roy J,Leroux S,Van Vliet G,Robaey P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIMS:We tested whether brain event-related potentials (ERPs) are normal in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) after early high-dose levothyroxine treatment. METHODS:Auditory ERPs were recorded in 33 normal controls and in 15 children with CH at 5 years 9/12. Based on bone maturation at diagnosis, the CH group was divided into severe (n = 8) and moderate (n = 7) subgroups. CH patients were treated at a median age of 14 days with a mean initial dose of levothyroxine of 11.6 microg/kgxday. Two ERP components (N100 and N200) were measured and clinical follow-up variables collected. RESULTS:The functional anatomical and cognitive organisation of the auditory system, as revealed by the analyses of ERP measures, did not differ between CH and controls, or between severe and moderate CH subjects. However, N200 latency was globally longer in the CH than in the control group (p = 0.01) and was positively correlated with the over-treatment index (r = 0.61; p < 0.05) and verbal IQ. N200 amplitude was negatively correlated with initial dose (r = -0.74; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION:These data suggest that sensitive tools such as ERPs can reveal differences between CH and controls and relate these differences to the adequacy of treatment of CH.
    背景与目标: 目的:我们测试了大剂量左甲状腺素早期治疗后先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)儿童的脑事件相关电位(ERP)是否正常。
    方法:在33名正常对照者和15名5岁9/12的CH儿童中记录了听诊ERP。根据诊断时的骨成熟度,将CH组分为严重(n = 8)和中度(n = 7)亚组。 CH患者的中位年龄为14天,左甲状腺素的平均初始剂量为11.6 microg / kgxday。测量了两个ERP组件(N100和N200),并收集了临床随访变量。
    结果:ERP措施的分析显示,听觉系统的功能解剖和认知组织在CH和对照之间,或在重度和中度CH患者之间没有差异。但是,CH中的N200潜伏期总体上比对照组长(p = 0.01),并且与过度治疗指数(r = 0.61; p <0.05)和言语智商呈正相关。 N200振幅与初始剂量呈负相关(r = -0.74; p <0.005)。
    结论:这些数据表明,诸如ERPs之类的敏感工具可以揭示CH与对照之间的差异,并将这些差异与CH的治疗充分性联系起来。
  • 【立体定向脑活检的冰冻切片评估:188例立体定向靶位的诊断率。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Brainard JA,Prayson RA,Barnett GH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Use of the image-guided stereotactic brain biopsy has facilitated the diagnosis of previously inaccessible lesions with both safety and reliability. However, few studies have assessed the diagnostic yield of frozen section evaluation of the initial stereotactic target (FS-0). We describe our experience with 188 stereotactic brain biopsies in order to evaluate the diagnostic yield of FS-0.

    DESIGN:Retrospective study of 188 stereotactic brain biopsies from 185 patients.

    SETTING:Tertiary referral center with a high volume of neurosurgical cases including image-guided stereotactic brain biopsies.

    PATIENTS:One hundred eighty-five patients who underwent imaged-guided stereotactic brain biopsy over a 58-month period.

    RESULTS:The patients studied included 107 males and 78 females (mean age 48 years). Eleven (6%) biopsies were nondiagnostic. Diagnoses from FS-0 included a neoplastic condition in 96 (73%) of 131 cases and a nonneoplastic condition in 23 (50%) of 46 cases. In 119 (67%) of 177 cases, a diagnosis was reached at FS-0. A correct diagnosis was made on subsequent frozen section in 28 (16%) of cases, including 21 (16%) of 131 neoplasms and 7 (15%) of nonneoplastic conditions. In 15 (54%) of 28 cases, the correct diagnosis was made on the second frozen section; in 25 (89%) of 28, the correct diagnosis was made by the fourth frozen section. In 14 (11%) of 131 neoplastic cases, a sampling error relative to the lesion resulted in an inaccurate diagnosis at FS-0. A significant error in diagnosis occurred in three cases (1.7%).

    CONCLUSIONS:We conclude that (1) because 58 (33%) of 177 diagnosed cases in our series would have been potentially misdiagnosed if only one biopsy had been taken at the stereotactic target, frozen section evaluation or cytologic examination of material at the time of surgery should be performed routinely to ensure that adequate tissue has been obtained for purposes of diagnosis; (2) taking up to four biopsies increases the diagnostic yield (from 67% to 89% in this series); and (3) neoplastic lesions are more likely to be definitively diagnosed at FS-0 than non-neoplastic lesions.

    背景与目标: 目标:使用图像引导的立体定向脑活检技术,既安全又可靠,有助于诊断先前难以接近的病变。但是,很少有研究评估初始立体定位目标(FS-0)的冷冻切片评估的诊断率。我们描述了188例立体定向脑活检的经验,以评估FS-0的诊断率。

    DESIGN :对185例患者的188例立体定向脑活检的回顾性研究。
    设置:拥有大量神经外科病例的三级转诊中心,包括图像引导的立体定向脑活检。

    患者:一百八十五

    结果:接受影像引导的立体定向脑活检的患者。研究的患者包括107例男性和78例女性(平均年龄48岁)。 11例(6%)活检未确诊。 FS-0的诊断包括131例中的96例(73%)为肿瘤性疾病和46例中23例(50%)为非肿瘤性疾病。在177例病例中,有119例(67%)达到了FS-0的诊断。在随后的冰冻切片中,有28例(16%)做出了正确的诊断,包括131例肿瘤中的21例(16%)和7例(15%)的非肿瘤性疾病。在28例病例中,有15例(54%)对第二个冷冻切片做出了正确的诊断。 28例中有25例(89%)通过第四次冰冻切片做出了正确的诊断。在131例肿瘤病例中,有14例(11%)相对于病变的采样错误导致FS-0诊断不准确。结论3例诊断错误(1.7%)。

    结论:我们得出结论:(1)因为本系列177例诊断病例中有58例(33%)如果仅在立体定向目标上进行了一次活检,可能会被误诊,在手术时应常规进行冰冻切片评估或材料的细胞学检查,以确保获得足够的组织用于诊断; (2)最多进行四次活检可以提高诊断率(在本系列中从67%增至89%); (3)FS-0比非肿瘤性病变更有可能明确诊断出肿瘤性病变。

  • 【音乐训练是大脑可塑性的框架:行为,功能和结构。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.011 复制DOI
    作者列表:Herholz SC,Zatorre RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Musical training has emerged as a useful framework for the investigation of training-related plasticity in the human brain. Learning to play an instrument is a highly complex task that involves the interaction of several modalities and higher-order cognitive functions and that results in behavioral, structural, and functional changes on time scales ranging from days to years. While early work focused on comparison of musical experts and novices, more recently an increasing number of controlled training studies provide clear experimental evidence for training effects. Here, we review research investigating brain plasticity induced by musical training, highlight common patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of such plasticity, and integrate these studies with findings and models for mechanisms of plasticity in other domains.
    背景与目标: :音乐训练已成为研究人脑与训练有关的可塑性的有用框架。学习弹奏乐器是一项高度复杂的任务,涉及多种模式和高阶认知功能的相互作用,并导致行为,结构和功能发生变化,时间范围从数天到数年不等。早期的工作着重于音乐专家和新手之间的比较,而最近,越来越多的受控训练研究为训练效果提供了明确的实验证据。在这里,我们回顾了研究由音乐训练引起的大脑可塑性的研究,突出了这种可塑性的常见模式和可能的潜在机制,并将这些研究与其他领域的可塑性机制的发现和模型相结合。
  • 【孔雀鲈(Cichla ocellaris)脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶的动力学和理化性质以及农药和金属离子的体外作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.11.001 复制DOI
    作者列表:Silva KC,Assis CR,Oliveira VM,Carvalho LB Jr,Bezerra RS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) from peacock bass (Cichla ocellaris) was characterized and the effect of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides as well as ions and heavy metals was evaluated. The kinetic parameters K(m) and V(max) were determined as 0.769 mM and 0.189 U/mg of protein respectively. Optimal pH and temperature were found to be 8.0 and 45°C. The enzyme retained approximately half of the activity after incubation at 50°C for 30 min. Total cholinesterase activity on brain of this species can be ascribed to AChE according to selective inhibitors analysis (neostigmine, eserine and BW284c5 reduced its activity whereas no effect was noticed for Iso-OMPA). Seven pesticides (five organophosphates: dichlorvos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, temephos, tetraethyl pyrophosphate - TEPP and two carbamates: carbaryl and carbofuran) showed inhibitory effects on C. ocellaris AChE. However, the strongest effect was observed with carbofuran (IC(50)=0.21 μM and K(i)=2.57 × 10(-3) μM). The following ions (1 mM) showed to inhibit its activity (decrescent order): Hg(2+)>As(3+)>Cu(2+)>Zn(2+). EDTA(2-) did not affect enzyme activity. The present study provides assay conditions and data to suggest this enzyme as in vitro biomarker of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in routine environmental screening programs.
    背景与目标: :表征了孔雀鲈(Cichla ocellaris)的脑乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE; EC 3.1.1.7),并评估了有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药以及离子和重金属的影响。动力学参数K(m)和V(max)分别确定为0.769 mM和0.189 U / mg蛋白质。发现最佳pH和温度为8.0和45℃。在50°C孵育30分钟后,该酶保留了大约一半的活性。根据选择性抑制剂分析,该物种在大脑上的总胆碱酯酶活性可以归因于AChE(新斯的明,鸟氨酸和BW284c5降低了其活性,而Iso-OMPA则未见效果)。七种农药(五种有机磷酸酯:敌敌畏,二嗪农,毒死rif,坦弗索斯,焦磷酸四乙酯-TEPP和两种氨基甲酸酯:西维因和呋喃呋喃)显示出对C. ocellaris AChE的抑制作用。然而,用呋喃丹观察到效果最强(IC(50)= 0.21μM,K(i)= 2.57×10(-3)μM)。以下离子(1 mM)显示出抑制其活性的作用(降序):Hg(2)> As(3)> Cu(2)> Zn(2)。 EDTA(2-)不会影响酶的活性。本研究提供了测定条件和数据,表明该酶是常规环境筛选程序中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药的体外生物标志物。
  • 【脑震荡后的抱怨,焦虑和抑郁与轻度至重度脑外伤的职业结局有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.039 复制DOI
    作者列表:van der Horn HJ,Spikman JM,Jacobs B,van der Naalt J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To investigate the relation of postconcussive complaints, anxiety, and depression with vocational outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of various severities and to assess sex differences. DESIGN:A prospective cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING:Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS:Adults (N=242) with TBI of various severity. INTERVENTIONS:Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, return to work (RTW), Head Injury Symptom Checklist, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS:In 67% of the patients, complaints were present; 22% were anxious, and 18% were depressed. The frequency of complaints increased significantly with injury severity, in contrast to anxiety and depression. Frequencies of patients with anxiety and depression (9% and 5%) were lower with complete RTW than with incomplete RTW (42% and 37%; P<.001). Patients with minor TBI with complaints were more anxious (50% vs 27%; P<.05) and depressed (46% vs 23%; P<.05) compared with patients with other severity categories and patients with incomplete RTW (67% vs 36% and 60% vs 30%, respectively). A higher percentage of women with minor TBI were depressed (45% vs 13%; P=.01) and had incomplete RTW (50% vs 18%; P<.05) compared with men. Multiple regression analysis showed that injury severity, complaints, anxiety, and depression were all predictive of RTW (explained variance 45%). In all severity categories, anxiety and depression were predictive of RTW, complaints, and sex only for minor TBI. CONCLUSIONS:Anxiety and depression are related to vocational outcome after TBI, with a different profile in the minor TBI category, partly due to sex differences.
    背景与目标: 目的:探讨各种严重程度的脑外伤(TBI)患者脑震荡后主诉,焦虑和抑郁与职业结局的关系,并评估性别差异。
    设计:一项前瞻性横断面队列研究。
    地点:一级创伤中心。
    参与者:成人(N = 242),患有各种严重程度的TBI。
    干预措施:不适用。
    主要观察指标:扩大格拉斯哥结果量表,重返工作时间(RTW),头部受伤症状清单以及医院焦虑症和抑郁量表。
    结果:在67%的患者中,有主诉。 22%的人感到焦虑,而18%的人感到沮丧。与焦虑和抑郁相比,随着严重程度的增加,投诉的频率显着增加。完全RTW的焦虑和抑郁患者的频率(9%和5%)低于不完全RTW的频率(42%和37%; P <.001)。与其他严重程度类别和RTW不完全的患者(67%)相比,患有轻微TBI症状的患者更焦虑(50%vs 27%; P <.05)和抑郁(46%vs 23%; P <.05)。分别为36%和60%与30%)。与男性相比,患有轻度TBI的女性患抑郁症的比例更高(45%比13%; P = .01),RTW不完全(50%比18%; P <.05)。多元回归分析表明,损伤的严重程度,主诉,焦虑和抑郁都是RTW的预测因素(解释方差为45%)。在所有严重程度类别中,焦虑和抑郁仅可预测较小的TBI患者的RTW,主诉和性别。
    结论:焦虑和抑郁与TBI后的职业结局有关,在次要TBI类别中的情况有所不同,部分原因是性别差异。
  • 【严重脑外伤中白质损伤和结局的评估:一项预期的多中心队列研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182755558 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Existing methods to predict recovery after severe traumatic brain injury lack accuracy. The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic value of quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS:In a multicenter study, the authors prospectively enrolled 105 patients who remained comatose at least 7 days after traumatic brain injury. Patients underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, including DTI in 20 preselected white matter tracts. Patients were evaluated at 1 yr with a modified Glasgow Outcome Scale. A composite DTI score was constructed for outcome prognostication on this training database and then validated on an independent database (n=38). DTI score was compared with the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials Score. RESULTS:Using the DTI score for prediction of unfavorable outcome on the training database, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75-0.91). The DTI score had a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 95% for the prediction of unfavorable outcome. On the validation-independent database, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.54-0.94). On the training database, reclassification methods showed significant improvement of classification accuracy (P < 0.05) compared with the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials score. Similar results were observed on the validation database. CONCLUSIONS:White matter assessment with quantitative DTI increases the accuracy of long-term outcome prediction compared with the available clinical/radiographic prognostic score.
    背景与目标: 背景:现有的预测严重颅脑外伤后恢复的方法缺乏准确性。这项研究的目的是确定定量扩散张量成像(DTI)的预后价值。
    方法:在一项多中心研究中,作者前瞻性地招募了105名在颅脑外伤后至少7天仍保持昏迷状态的患者。患者接受了脑磁共振成像,包括在20个预选的白质区中的DTI。使用改良的格拉斯哥成果量表对患者进行1年评估。在该训练数据库上构建了综合的DTI评分以进行预后,然后在独立的数据库上进行了验证(n = 38)。将DTI得分与国际预后和临床试验分析得分进行比较。
    结果:使用DTI评分预测训练数据库上的不良结果,接收器工作特征曲线下方的面积为0.84(95%CI:0.75-0.91)。 DTI评分对不良结局的预测具有64%的敏感性和95%的特异性。在独立于验证的数据库上,接收器工作特性曲线下的面积为0.80(95%CI:0.54-0.94)。在培训数据库上,与国际临床试验预后和评估得分相比,重新分类方法显示出分类准确度的显着提高(P <0.05)。在验证数据库上观察到了相似的结果。
    结论:与可用的临床/影像学预后评分相比,定量DTI的白质评估可提高长期结果预测的准确性。
  • 【DPP-4抑制剂linagliptin可以抵消正常和糖尿病小鼠大脑的中风:与格列美脲比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0988 复制DOI
    作者列表:Darsalia V,Ortsäter H,Olverling A,Darlöf E,Wolbert P,Nyström T,Klein T,Sjöholm Å,Patrone C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Type 2 diabetes is a strong risk factor for stroke. Linagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor in clinical use against type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the potential antistroke efficacy of linagliptin in type 2 diabetic mice. To understand whether efficacy was mediated by glycemia regulation, a comparison with the sulfonylurea glimepiride was done. To determine whether linagliptin-mediated efficacy was dependent on a diabetic background, experiments in nondiabetic mice were performed. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding the mice a high-fat diet for 32 weeks. Mice were treated with linagliptin/glimepiride for 7 weeks. Stroke was induced at 4 weeks into the treatment by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Blood DPP-4 activity, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, glucose, body weight, and food intake were assessed throughout the experiments. Ischemic brain damage was measured by determining stroke volume and by stereologic quantifications of surviving neurons in the striatum/cortex. We show pronounced antistroke efficacy of linagliptin in type 2 diabetic and normal mice, whereas glimepiride proved efficacious against stroke in normal mice only. These results indicate a linagliptin-mediated neuroprotection that is glucose-independent and likely involves GLP-1. The findings may provide an impetus for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of stroke in diabetic patients.
    背景与目标: :2型糖尿病是中风的重要危险因素。 Linagliptin是临床上用于治疗2型糖尿病的二肽基肽酶4(DPP-4)抑制剂。这项研究的目的是确定利格列汀在2型糖尿病小鼠中的潜在抗中风功效。为了了解功效是否由血糖调节介导,与磺酰脲格列美脲进行了比较。为了确定利格列汀介导的功效是否取决于糖尿病背景,在非糖尿病小鼠中进行了实验。通过给小鼠喂高脂饮食32周来诱发2型糖尿病。用利格列汀/格列美脲治疗小鼠7周。在治疗的第4周,通过短暂性中脑动脉闭塞诱发中风。在整个实验过程中,评估了血液DPP-4活性,胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)水平,葡萄糖,体重和食物摄入量。通过确定中风量和纹状体/皮层中存活的神经元的立体定量来测量缺血性脑损伤。我们在2型糖尿病和正常小鼠中显示了利格列汀的显着抗中风功效,而格列美脲仅在正常小鼠中被证明对中风有效。这些结果表明,由利格列汀介导的神经保护作用与葡萄糖无关,并且可能涉及GLP-1。这些发现可能为DPP-4抑制剂的开发提供动力,以预防和治疗糖尿病患者的中风。
  • 14 Organizing hematoma mimicking brain tumor. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【组织模仿脑瘤的血肿。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.04.006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ilica AT,Rodrigues F,Maluf F,Aygun N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A 64-year-old man was referred to our hospital with progressive loss of function in his right upper and lower extremities. Unenhanced computed tomographic showed a high-density nodular lesion in the left basal ganglion with surrounding hypoattenuation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a predominantly cystic mass with multiple internal septa and an eccentric solid component showing enhancement. Histological examination revealed organizing blood clot and piloid gliosis. This unusual appearance of a mass-like organizing blood clot should be considered in the differential diagnosis when an encapsulated cystic mass with nodular component following the signal characteristics of old blood on MRI is encountered.
    背景与目标: :一名64岁男子因右上肢和下肢渐进性功能丧失而被转诊到我们医院。未增强的计算机体层摄影术显示左基底神经节有高密度的结节性病变,周围低衰减。脑磁共振成像显示主要是囊性肿块,具有多个内部隔垫和偏心的固体成分,表现出增强作用。组织学检查显示有组织的血块和小胶质细胞胶质增生。当在MRI上遇到遵循旧血信号特征的具有结节性成分的囊状囊性肿块时,在鉴别诊断中应考虑肿块状组织血块的这种异常出现。
  • 【远程缺血性调节可在外伤性脑损伤的小鼠模型中保留认知能力和运动协调性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/TA.0000000000001626 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sandweiss AJ,Azim A,Ibraheem K,Largent-Milnes TM,Rhee P,Vanderah TW,Joseph B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is focused on minimizing or preventing secondary brain injury. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is an established treatment modality that has been shown to improve patient outcomes in different clinical settings by influencing inflammatory insults. In a clinical trial, RIC showed amelioration of SB100 and neuron-specific enolase. The aim of our study was to further elucidate the mechanisms and outcome when applying RIC in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. METHODS:We subjected 100 male C57BL mice to a closed-skull cortical-controlled impact injury. Two hours after the TBI, the animals were allocated to either the RIC group (n = 50) or the sham group (n = 50). By clamping the exposed femoral artery, we induced RIC by six 4-minute cycles of ischemia and reperfusion. Circulating levels of S100-B, neuron-specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were measured at multiple time points. Animals were additionally observed daily for cognition and motor coordination via novel object recognition and rotarod. Brain sections were stained and evaluated for neuronal injury at post-TBI Day 5. RESULTS:The RIC animals had a significantly higher recognition index than did sham at 24, 48, and 72 hours after intervention. Rotarod latency was higher in the RIC animals compared to the sham animals at all-time points, and statistically significant at 120 hours after intervention. The RIC group demonstrated preserved cognitive function and motor coordination compared to the sham. On hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining of brain sections, there was less area of neuronal degeneration and astrocytosis, respectively, in the RIC group compared to the sham group. There was no significant difference in systemic neuronal markers between the RIC and sham animals. CONCLUSION:Remote ischemic conditioning 2 hours after injury preserved cognitive functions and motor coordination in a mouse model of TBI. Remote ischemic conditioning can preserve viability of neurons and astrocytes after TBI and has potential as a clinically noninvasive and relatively easy method to improve outcome after TBI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic studies, randomized controlled trial, level I.
    背景与目标: 简介:创伤性脑损伤(TBI)的管理重点在于最大程度地减少或预防继发性脑损伤。远程缺血性调节(RIC)是一种既定的治疗方式,已显示可通过影响炎症损伤改善不同临床环境下的患者预后。在一项临床试验中,RIC显示SB100和神经元特异性烯醇化酶得到改善。我们研究的目的是进一步阐明将RIC应用于创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型的机制和结果。
    方法:我们对100只雄性C57BL小鼠进行了闭合颅骨皮质控制的撞击伤害。 TBI后两小时,将动物分为RIC组(n = 50)或假组(n = 50)。通过夹紧暴露的股动脉,我们通过六个4分钟的缺血和再灌注周期诱导RIC。在多个时间点测量了S100-B,神经元特异性烯醇化酶和神经胶质原纤维酸性蛋白的循环水平。每天还通过新颖的物体识别和旋转仪观察动物的认知和运动协调。在TBI后第5天对脑切片进行染色并评估其神经元损伤。
    结果:在干预后24、48和72小时,RIC动物的识别指数明显高于假手术。与假手术动物相比,RIC动物的Rotarod潜伏期在所有时间点都更高,并且在干预后120小时具有统计学意义。与假手术相比,RIC组显示出保留的认知功能和运动协调能力。关于苏木精和曙红以及脑切片的免疫组织化学染色,与假手术组相比,RIC组的神经元变性和星形胶质细胞减少的区域分别较少。 RIC动物和假动物之间的系统神经元标记没有显着差异。
    结论:TBI小鼠模型在损伤后2小时可进行远程缺血调节,以保持认知功能和运动协调性。远端缺血性调理可以保留TBI后神经元和星形胶质细胞的活力,并具有作为临床无创且相对容易的方法来改善TBI后预后的潜力。
    证据级别:治疗研究,随机对照试验,I级。

+1
+2
100研值 100研值 ¥99课程
检索文献一次
下载文献一次

去下载>

成功解锁2个技能,为你点赞

《SCI写作十大必备语法》
解决你的SCI语法难题!

技能熟练度+1

视频课《玩转文献检索》
让你成为检索达人!

恭喜完成新手挑战

手机微信扫一扫,添加好友领取

免费领《Endnote文献管理工具+教程》

微信扫码, 免费领取

手机登录

获取验证码
登录