• 【植物致病性真菌灰葡萄孢的新型线粒病毒的分子特征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00705-020-04886-y 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu H,Liu M,Zhu H,Zhong J,Liao X,Zhou Q
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Here, a novel mycovirus, Botryosphaeria dothidea mitovirus 1 (BdMV1), was isolated from a phytopathogenic fungus, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and its molecular characteristics were determined. BdMV1 has a genome of 2,667 nt that contains a single large open reading frame (ORF) using the fungal mitochondrial genetic code. The ORF encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 727 amino acids with a molecular mass of 81.64 kDa. BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp domain of BdMV1 has 39.59% and 39.18% sequence identity to Plasmopara viticola associated mitovirus 43 and Setosphaeria turcica mitovirus 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis further suggested that BdMV1 is a new member of the genus Mitovirus within the family Mitoviridae. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a mitovirus in B. dothidea.
    背景与目标: :在这里,从一种植物病原性真菌Botryosphaeria dothidea中分离出了一种新型的分枝杆菌Bothosphaeria dothidea线粒体病毒1(BdMV1),并确定了其分子特性。 BdMV1具有2,667 nt的基因组,其中包含使用真菌线粒体遗传密码的单个大开放阅读框(ORF)。 ORF编码一个727个氨基酸的RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp),分子量为81.64 kDa。 BLASTp分析显示,BdMV1的RdRp结构域分别与葡萄膜疟原虫相关的线粒体病毒43和粘粒线粒体线粒体病毒1具有39.59%和39.18%的序列同一性。系统发育分析进一步表明,BdMV1是线粒体病毒科中线粒体病毒属的新成员。据我们所知,这是首次在轮状芽胞杆菌中出现线粒体病毒的报道。
  • 【苹果圆环病的病原体Botryosphaeria dothidea和B. kuwatsukai的比较基因组学揭示了致病性相关基因的物种扩展和物种形成过程中毒力基因含量的变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.02 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang B,Liang X,Gleason ML,Zhang R,Sun G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Ring rot, one of the most destructive diseases of apple worldwide, is caused primarily by Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. kuwatsukai. Here, we sequenced the genomes of B. dothidea strain PG45 (44.3 Mb with 5.12 % repeat rate) and B. kuwatsukai epitype strain PG2 (48.0 Mb with 13.02 % repeat rate), and conducted a comparative analysis of these two genomes, as well as other sequenced fungal genomes, in order to understand speciation and distinctive patterns of evolution of pathogenicity-related genes. Pair-wise genome alignments revealed that the two species are highly syntenic (96.74 % average sequence identity). Both species encode a significant number of pathogenicity-related genes, e.g. carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZYs), plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), secondary metabolites (SMs) biosynthetic enzymes, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), and secreted peptidases, in comparison to all additional sequenced fungal species involved in various life-styles. The number of pathogenicity-related genes in B. dothidea and B. kuwatsukai is higher than other genomes of Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens (Macrophomina phaseolina and Neofusicoccum parvum), suggesting a secondary round of Botryosphaeria-lineage expansion in the family. There were, however, also significant differences in the genomes of the two Botryosphaeria species. Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai, which infects only apple and pear, apparently lost a set of SMs genes, CAZYs and PCWDEs, possibly as a result of host specialization. Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai contained significantly more transposable elements and higher value of repeat induced point (RIP) index than B. dothidea. Our results will be instrumental in understanding how both phytopathogens interact with their plant hosts and in designing efficient strategies for disease control and molecular breeding to help ensure global apple production and food security.
    背景与目标: :腐烂病是全球范围内最具破坏力的苹果病之一,主要是由Botryosphaeria dothidea和B. kuwatsukai引起的。在这里,我们对B. dothidea菌株PG45(44.3 Mb,重复率5.12%)和B. kuwatsukai表型菌株PG2(48.0 Mb,13.02%重复率)的基因组进行了测序,并对这两个基因组进行了比较分析。与其他测序真菌基因组一样,以便了解致病性相关基因的物种形成和独特的进化模式。成对基因组比对显示这两个物种具有高度同义性(平均序列同一性为96.74%)。两种物种都编码大量的致病性相关基因,例如。与涉及各种生活方式的所有其他测序真菌物种相比,碳水化合物活性酶(CAZYs),植物细胞壁降解酶(PCWDEs),次生代谢产物(SMs)生物合成酶,细胞色素P450酶(CYPs)和分泌的肽酶。 B. dothidea和B. kuwatsukai中与致病性相关的基因的数量高于其他Botryosphaeriaceae病原体的基因组(Macrophomina phaseolina和Neofusicoccum parvum),表明该家族中出现了第二轮Botryosphaeria世系的扩展。但是,两种葡萄球菌物种的基因组也存在显着差异。只感染苹果和梨的Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai显然丢失了一组SMs基因,CAZYs和PCWDEs,这可能是宿主特化的结果。黑僵菌(Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai)比双歧杆菌(B. dothidea)含有更多的转座因子和更高的重复诱导点(RIP)指数值。我们的结果将有助于理解两种植物病原体如何与其植物宿主相互作用,以及设计有效的疾病控制和分子育种策略,以帮助确保全球苹果生产和食品安全。
  • 【毛白杨中的水杨酸是由多孢灰霉菌感染诱导的远程信号分子。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-32204-9 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li YX,Zhang W,Dong HX,Liu ZY,Ma J,Zhang XY
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role during the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in uninfected plant tissues after localised exposure to a pathogen. Here, we studied SA in Populus tomentosa infected by the plant pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. The accumulation of SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA) occurred in chronological order in P. tomentosa. The SA and MeSA contents were greater at infected than uninfected sites. Additionally, a gene expression analysis indicated that SA might be accumulated by phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and converted to MeSA by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT), while MeSA might convert to SA by SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2). The expressions of SAMT at infected sites and SABP2 at uninfected sites, respectively, were significantly up-regulated. Thus, SA might be converted to MeSA at infected sites and transported as a signalling molecule to uninfected sites, where it is converted to SA for SAR. Moreover, the expressions of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 in P. tomentosa were up-regulated by the B. dothidea infection. Our study determined that variations in SA and MeSA contents occur at infected and uninfected sites in poplar after pathogen infection and contributed to the remote signals for poplar SAR.
    背景与目标: 水杨酸(SA)在局部暴露于病原体后在未感染的植物组织中建立系统性获得性耐药(SAR)的过程中起着至关重要的作用。在这里,我们研究了被植物病原体Botryosphaeria dothidea感染的毛白杨中的SA。 SA和水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)的积累按时间顺序发生在毛白杨中。被感染部位的SA和MeSA含量高于未感染部位。此外,基因表达分析表明,SA可能通过苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)积累,并通过SA羧甲基转移酶(SAMT)转化为MeSA,而MeSA可能通过SA结合蛋白2(SABP2)转化为SA。分别在感染位点的SAMT和未感染位点的SABP2表达明显上调。因此,SA可能会在感染部位转化为MeSA,并作为信号分子转运到未感染部位,然后在SA转化为SA。此外,致病性相关基因PR-1,PR-2和PR-5在毛白僵菌中的表达受B. dothidea感染的影响而上调。我们的研究确定,病原体感染后,SA和MeSA含量的变化发生在杨树的受感染和未感染部位,并有助于杨树SAR的远程信号。
  • 【突尼斯的葡萄藤的溃疡病和溃疡病与Botryosphaeria dothidea,Diplodia seriata和Neufusicoccum luteum有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS-05-13-0530-PDN 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chebil S,Fersi R,Yakoub A,Chenenaoui S,Chattaoui M,Melki I,Zemni H,Rhouma A,Durante G,Zacchi E,Mliki A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 2011, common symptoms of grapevine dieback were frequently observed in 2- to 5-year-old table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. in four vineyards located in northern Tunisia. The symptoms included dead spur and cordons, shoot dieback, and sunken necrotic bark lesions, which progressed into the trunk resulting in the death of large sections of the vine. Longitudinal and transversal sections of cordons and spurs from symptomatic vines revealed brown wedge-shaped cankers of hard consistency. Twelve symptomatic samples from spur and cordons were collected, surface disinfected by dipping into 5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, and small pieces from the edge of necrotic and healthy tissue were removed and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C in the dark. Based on colony and conidia morphological characteristics, isolates were divided in three species, named Diplodia seriata, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Neofusicoccum luteum. D. seriata colonies were gray-brown with dense aerial mycelium producing brown cylindric to ellipsoid conidia rounded at both ends and averaged 22.4 × 11.7 μm (n = 50). B. dothidea colonies were initially white with abundant aerial mycelium, gradually becoming dark green olivaceous. Conidia were fusiform to fusiform elliptical with a subobtuse apex and averaged 24.8 × 4.7 μm (n = 50). N. luteum colonies were initially pale to colorless, gradually darkening with age and becoming gray to dark gray producing a yellow pigment that diffuses into the agar. Conidia were hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, fusiform to fusiform elliptical, and averaged 19.8 × 5.5 μm (n = 50). Identity of the different taxa was confirmed by sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region of the rDNA and part of the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene. BLAST analysis of sequences indicated that six isolates were identified as D. seriata (GenBank: AY259094, AY343353), one isolate as B. dothidea (AY236949, AY786319) and one isolate as N. luteum (AY259091, AY573217). Sequences were deposited in GenBank under accessions from KC178817 to KC178824 and from KF546829 to KF546836 for ITS region and EF1-α gene, respectively. A pathogenicity test was conducted on detached green shoots cv. Italia for the eight Botryosphaeriaceae isolates. Shoots were inoculated by placing a colonized agar plug (5 mm diameter) from the margin of a 7-day-old colony on fresh wound sites made with a sterilized scalpel. Each wound was covered with moisturized cotton and sealed with Parafilm. Control shoots were inoculated using non-colonized PDA plugs. After 6 weeks, discoloration of xylem and phloem and necrosis with average length of 38.8, 17.6, and 11.2 mm were observed from inoculated shoots with D. seriata, N. luteum, and B. dothidea, respectively, and all three fungi were re-isolated from necrotic tissue, satisfying Koch's postulates. Control shoots showed no symptoms of the disease and no fungus was re-isolated. In Tunisia, Botryosphaeria-related dieback was reported only on citrus tree caused by B. ribis (2), on Pinus spp. caused by D. pinea (4), on Quercus spp. caused by D. corticola (3), and on olive tree (Olea europea) caused by D. seriata (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. seriata, B. dothidea, and N. luteum associated with grapevine dieback in Tunisia. References: (1) M. Chattaoui et al. Plant Dis. 96:905, 2012. (2) H. S. Fawcett. Calif. Citrogr. 16:208, 1931. (3) B. T. Linaldeddu et al. J. Plant Pathol. 91:234. 2009. (4) B. T. Linaldeddu et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 47:258, 2008.
    背景与目标: :2011年,在2至5岁的食用葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)CVS中经常观察到葡萄枯死的常见症状。在突尼斯北部的四个葡萄园中。症状包括死刺和警戒线,枝条枯死和凹陷的坏死性树皮病变,这些病变发展到树干中,导致大片葡萄藤死亡。有症状藤蔓的警戒线和刺的纵向和横向截面显示出褐色的楔形溃疡,具有坚硬的一致性。收集十二个有刺和带状疱疹的有症状样品,通过浸入5%(v / v)次氯酸钠中2分钟进行表面消毒,并去除坏死和健康组织边缘的小块并将其铺在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)上在黑暗中25°C下。根据菌落和分生孢子的形态特征,将分离物分为三种,分别为Diplodia seriata,Botryosphaeria dothidea和Neofusicoccum luteum。 D. seriata菌落为灰褐色,具浓密的气生菌丝体,产生棕色圆柱形到椭圆形分生孢子,两端圆形,平均22.4×11.7μm(n = 50)。 B. dothidea菌落最初是白色的,具丰富的气生菌丝体,逐渐变为深绿色的橄榄色。分生孢子为梭形到梭形椭圆形,先端圆形,平均24.8×4.7μm(n = 50)。黄体猪笼草的菌落最初为浅色至无色,随着年龄的增长逐渐变暗,从灰色变为深灰色,产生黄色颜料,其扩散到琼脂中。分生孢子是透明的,卵形的,椭圆形的,梭形到梭形椭圆形的分生孢子,平均为19.8×5.5μm(n = 50)。通过对rDNA的内部转录间隔区(ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)区和部分延伸因子1-alpha(EF1-α)基因进行序列分析,确认了不同分类单元的身份。序列的BLAST分析表明,鉴定出六种分离株为D. seriata(GenBank:AY259094,AY343353),一种分离株鉴定为B. dothidea(AY236949,AY786319),一种分离株鉴定为黄褐猪笼草(AY259091,AY573217)。 ITS区和EF1-α基因的序列分别从KC178817至KC178824和从KF546829至KF546836保藏在GenBank中。对分离的绿芽cv进行了致病性测试。意大利用于八种葡萄球菌的分离株。通过在7天大的菌落边缘上放置一个定植的琼脂塞(直径5毫米),将其接种在用无菌手术刀制成的新鲜伤口部位上,从而对芽进行接种。每个伤口都覆盖有保湿棉,并用Parafilm密封。使用非定殖的PDA塞接种对照芽。 6周后,接种D. seriata,N。luteum和B. dothidea的枝条观察到木质部和韧皮部的变色和坏死的平均长度分别为38.8、17.6和11.2 mm,并且所有三种真菌均重新接种。从坏死组织中分离出来,符合科赫的假设。对照芽未显示出该疾病的症状,并且没有真菌被重新分离。在突尼斯,据报道仅在松树属物种的核糖双歧杆菌(2)引起的柑橘树上发生了与灰霉病有关的死亡。由D. pinea(4)引起,在Quercus spp上。是由D. corticola(3)引起的,以及在橄榄树(Olea europea)上由D. seriata(1)引起的。据我们所知,这是突尼斯的D. seriata,B。dothidea和N. luteum与葡萄死亡相关的首次报道。参考文献:(1)M. Chattaoui等。植物病。 96:905,2012.(2)H. S. Fawcett。加州Citrogr。 (1931)16:208。(3)B. T. Linaldeddu等。 J.植物病理学。 91:234。 2009.(4)B.T. Linaldeddu等。植物病理学。 Mediterr。 47:258,2008年。
  • 【苹果环核苷酸门控离子通道基因对灰霉病菌感染具有高度响应性,提高了本氏烟草对细菌和真菌病原体的敏感性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.009 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang W,Dong C,Zhang Y,Zhu J,Dai H,Bai S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Apple ring rot caused by the fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the devastating diseases. Up to date, the responsive mechanism of apple plant to this disease remains unclear. In the present study, an apple CNGC gene (designated as MdCNGC1) was found among highly expressed genes responding to B. dothidea infection. The expression of MdCNGC1 was different among apple cultivars with different resistance to B. dothidea. Intriguingly, MdCNGC1 expression was not induced by other two apple pathogens, Marssonina coronaria and Valsa ceratosperma. Ectopic overexpression of MdCNGC1 in Nicotiana benthamiana conferred elevated susceptibility to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Notably, overexpression of MdCNGC1 reduced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation induced by Alternaria alternata or Pseudomonas syringae. Decreased induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and ROS accumulation were also observed in MdCNGC1-overexpressing plants. Up-regulated scavenging systems as indicated by enhanced expressions of CAT, APX, SOD genes and activities of antioxidative enzymes may in part contribute to reduced ROS accumulation. MdCNGC1 expression in N. benthamiana also decreased flg22 and chitosan-induced callose deposition and lowered the expression of NbPMR4, an ortholog of Arabidopsis callose synthase gene PMR4. These combined results suggested that MdCNGC1 might be a negative factor to plant resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
    背景与目标: 真菌Botryosphaeria dothidea引起的苹果环腐病是毁灭性疾病之一。迄今为止,苹果植物对该病的反应机制仍不清楚。在本研究中,发现苹果CNGC基因(命名为MdCNGC1)是在高表达B. dothidea感染的基因中发现的。 MdCNGC1的表达在苹果品种中对B. dothidea的抗性不同。有趣的是,MdCNGC1的表达没有被其他两种苹果病原体,马氏冠状病毒和樱桃小精子所诱导。在本氏烟草中,MdCNGC1的异位过表达赋予了细菌和真菌病原体更高的易感性。值得注意的是,MdCNGC1的过表达减少了交替链霉菌或丁香假单胞菌引起的水杨酸(SA)积累。在过表达MdCNGC1的植物中也观察到致病相关(PR)基因的诱导减少和ROS积累。 CAT,APX,SOD基因表达增强和抗氧化酶活性表明清除系统上调可能部分有助于降低ROS的积累。在本氏烟草中,MdCNGC1的表达也降低了flg22和壳聚糖诱导的call的沉积,并降低了拟南芥call合成酶基因PMR4的直系同源物NbPMR4的表达。这些综合结果表明,MdCNGC1可能是植物对细菌和真菌病原体抗性的负面因素。
  • 【从家蝇(Malus domestica)鉴定出的PR-4基因参与了对灰霉病的防御反应。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bai S,Dong C,Li B,Dai H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Pathogenesis-related protein-4 (PR-4) family is a group of proteins with a Barwin domain in C-terminus and generally thought to be involved in plant defense responses. However, their detailed roles are poorly understood in defense of apple plant against pathogenic infection. In the present study, a new PR-4 gene (designated as MdPR-4) was identified from Malus domestica, and its roles in defense responses of apple were investigated. The open reading frame of MdPR-4 gene is of 447 bp encoding a protein of 148 amino acids with a Barwin domain in C-terminus and a signal peptide of 26 amino acids in N-terminus. Sequence and structural analysis indicated that MdPR-4 protein belongs to class II of PR-4 family. The high-level expression of MdPR-4 was observed in flowers and leaves as revealed by quantitative real time PCR. The temporal expression analysis demonstrated that MdPR-4 expression could be up-regulated by Botryosphaeria dothidea infection and salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, but suppressed by diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA). In vitro assays, recombinant MdPR-4 protein exhibited ribonuclease activity specific for single strand RNA and significant inhibition to hyphal growth of three apple pathogenic fungi B. dothidea, Valsa ceratosperma and Glomerella cingulata. Moreover, the inhibition was reduced by the presence of 5'-ADP. Taken all together, the results indicate that MdPR-4 protein is involved in the defense responses of apple against pathogenic attack by directly inhibiting hyphal growth, and the inhibition is correlated with its ribonuclease activity, where as MdPR-4 expression is regulated by both SA and JA signaling pathway.
    背景与目标: :发病相关蛋白4(PR-4)家族是一组在C末端带有Barwin域的蛋白,通常被认为与植物防御反应有关。但是,对于苹果植物抵抗病原体感染的作用,人们对其作用的详细了解甚少。在本研究中,从家蝇中鉴定出一个新的PR-4基因(称为MdPR-4),并研究了其在苹果防御反应中的作用。 MdPR-4基因的开放阅读框为447bp,编码148个氨基酸的蛋白质,在C端带有Barwin域,在N端具有26个氨基酸的信号肽。序列和结构分析表明,MdPR-4蛋白属于PR-4家族的II类。如实时定量PCR所揭示,在花和叶中观察到了MdPR-4的高水平表达。时间表达分析表明,MdPR-4表达可被多孢葡萄球菌感染和水杨酸(SA)或茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理上调,但可被二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸(DIECA)抑制。在体外测定中,重组MdPR-4蛋白表现出对单链RNA特异的核糖核酸酶活性,并显着抑制了三种苹果病原真菌B.dothidea,Valsa ceratosperma和Glomerella cingulata的菌丝生长。此外,通过5'-ADP的存在降低了抑制作用。综上所述,结果表明MdPR-4蛋白通过直接抑制菌丝生长而参与苹果对病原体侵袭的防御反应,并且该抑制作用与其核糖核酸酶活性有关,因为MdPR-4的表达受两个SA的调节。和JA信号通路。
  • 【马里兰州苹果果实上出现白色腐烂的Botryosphaeria dothidea的首次报道。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS-01-13-0053-PDN 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jurick WM 2nd,Vico I,Gaskins VL,Janisiewicz WJ,Peter KA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. De Not. causes perennial cankers on apple trees and causes white rot on apple fruit in the field and during storage (1). Prolonged periods of warm wet weather favor rapid disease outbreaks that result in severe losses, which range from 25 to 50% for the southeastern United States (3). A B. dothidea isolate was obtained from decayed 'Fuji' apple fruit exhibiting white rot symptoms from a local farm market in Beltsville, MD, in May 2010. The fruit had characteristic large dark brown lesions with irregular margins and decay expanded unevenly toward the core and the tissue was soft. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic tissue by spraying the lesion surface with 70% ethanol. The skin with aseptically removed with a scalpel and small pieces of tissue were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 20°C. Once fungal growth was evident, the cultures were hyphal-tip transferred to individual PDA plates and incubated at 20°C. The B. dothidea isolate produced black aerial mycelium with a white margin on PDA and had a black reverse. Conidiomata were evident after 10 to 14 days at 20°C only on oatmeal agar. Conidia were hyaline, smooth and straight, fusiform with an subobtuse apex and a truncate base 20 to 26 (24.33) × 4 to 7 (5) μm (n = 50). Genomic DNA was isolated from the fungus and amplified with gene specific primers (ITS 4 and 5) for the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region ITSI-5.8S-ITS2 as described by White et al. (4). Both forward and reverse strands of the 542-bp amplicon were sequenced and assembled into a contig. The nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC473852) indicated 99% identity to B. dothidea isolate CMM3938 (JX513645.1) and to voucher specimens CMW 25686, 25696, and 25222 (FM955381.1, FM955379.1, and FM955377,1). Koch's postulates were conducted using three 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit that were wound-inoculated with 50 μl of a mycelial suspension of the fungus, obtained from aseptically scraping a 7-day-old PDA culture, and was also repeated using 'Fuji' apple fruit. Large, brown, slightly sunken, soft lesions with undefined edges developed 5 days after inoculation at 20°C and water-only inoculated fruit were symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from infected tissue and was morphologically identical to the original isolate from decayed apple fruit. To determine if the B. dothidea isolate was resistant to postharvest fungicides, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was conducted using the 96 well plate method with a mycelial suspension of the fungus as described by Pianzzola et al. (2). The MIC for the isolate was >1 ppm for Mertect and Scholar and 50 ppm for Penbotec, which are well below the labeled rates for these postharvest fungicides and the experiment was repeated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea causing white rot on apple fruit in Maryland. References: (1) A. R. Biggs and S. S. Miller. HortScience 38:400, 2003. (2) M. J. Pianzzola et al. Plant Dis. 88:23, 2004. (3) T. B. Sutton. White rot and black rot. Pages 16-20 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1991. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Application. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
    背景与目标: :Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr。)Ces。德不。在田间和贮藏期间会在苹果树上引起多年生溃疡,并在苹果果实上引起白腐(1)。长时间的温暖潮湿天气有利于疾病的快速爆发,从而导致严重的损失,在美国东南部占25%至50%(3)。 2010年5月,从马里兰州贝尔茨维尔的一家当地农产品市场的腐烂的“富士”苹果果实中获得了表现出白色腐烂症状的芽孢杆菌分离株。该果实具有特征性的深黑褐色病灶,边缘不规则,腐烂向核心扩展不均匀并且组织柔软。通过用70%乙醇喷洒病灶表面,从有症状的组织中分离出病原体。用手术刀无菌去除的皮肤和小块组织被放在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)上并在20°C下孵育。一旦明显的真菌生长,将培养物菌丝尖端转移到单独的PDA板中,并在20°C下孵育。 B. dothidea分离株在PDA上产生黑色气生菌丝,白色边缘,黑色反向。在20°C下10-14天后,仅在燕麦琼脂上可见形瘤。分生孢子是透明的,光滑的和笔直的,梭形的,具有近钝的先端和截形的基部20至26(24.33)×4至7(5)μm(n = 50)。从真菌中分离出基因组DNA,并如White等人所述用核糖体DNA内部转录的间隔区ITSI-5.8S-ITS2的基因特异性引物(ITS 4和5)扩增。 (4)。对542bp扩增子的正向和反向链都进行测序并组装成重叠群。核苷酸序列(GenBank登录号KC473852)表明与双歧双歧杆菌分离物CMM3938(JX513645.1)和凭证样本CMW 25686、25696和25222(FM955381.1,FM955379.1和FM955377,1)有99%的同一性。 Koch的假设是使用三种“黄金美味”苹果果实进行的,这些果实用50μl真菌菌丝体悬浮液伤口接种,这种真菌悬浮液是通过无菌刮擦7天大的PDA培养物获得的,并且也使用“富士”苹果进行了重复水果。在20°C接种5天后,出现了大的,褐色的,略微下陷的,柔软的病灶,边缘模糊不清,接种纯水的果实无症状。该真菌是从受感染的组织中重新分离出来的,其形态与从腐烂的苹果果实中分离出来的原始菌株完全相同。为了确定双歧双歧杆菌分离株是否对收获后的杀真菌剂具有抗性,如Pianzzola等人所述,使用96孔板法对真菌的菌丝体悬浮液进行最小抑制浓度(MIC)。 (2)。对于Mertect和Scholar,分离株的MIC大于1 ppm,对于Penbotec,MIC大于50 ppm,远低于这些收获后杀菌剂的标记率,并重复了实验。据我们所知,这是马里兰州B. dothidea在苹果果实上引起白腐的首次报道。参考文献:(1)A. R. Biggs和S. S. Miller。 HortScience 38:400,2003。(2)M.J.Pianzzola等。植物病。 88:23,2004.(3)萨顿(T. B. Sutton)。白腐和黑腐。第16-20页,在《苹果与梨病简编》中,A。L. Jones和H. S. Aldwinckle编辑。美国植物病理学会,明尼苏达州圣保罗,1991年。(4)T. J. White等。第315页中的“ PCR协议:方法和应用指南”。 M.A.Innis等,编辑。学术出版社,加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥,1990年。
  • 【评估葡萄藤中灰霉病的杀菌剂管理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS-11-11-0998-RE 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pitt WM,Sosnowski MR,Huang R,Qiu Y,Steel CC,Savocchia S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The family Botryosphaeriaceae comprises a number of species that are associated with the dieback disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera), referred to as Botryosphaeria canker. To date, there are few effective agents available for the management of this disease. In this study, fungicides were evaluated for controlling the disease using a combination of in vitro tests and field trials. Twenty fungicides registered for use on other diseases in Australian viticulture were tested in vitro for their effect on mycelial growth of four species within the Botryosphaeriaceae. The concentrations of fungicide at which 50% of mycelial growth is inhibited (EC50 values) were significantly affected both by fungicide and isolate (P < 0.001). Differences in sensitivities of the four species to the fungicides were negligible (0.41 to 0.59 mg/liter). The most effective fungicides were fludioxonil, carbendazim, fluazinam, tebuconazole, flusilazole, penconazole, procymidone, iprodione, myclobutanil, and pyraclostrobin, for which EC50 values were <1.0 mg/liter. These fungicides were evaluated under field conditions, in addition to the pruning wound protectants Bacseal Super, Garrison, and ATCS tree wound dressing, as well as the biological control agent Vinevax. In field trials, carbendazim (Bavistin), fluazinam (Shirlan), tebuconazole (Folicur), Garrison, and ATCS tree wound dressing applied to freshly cut pruning wounds were the most effective and reduced infection by Diplodia seriata and D. mutila by 41 to 65%. These results suggest that the occurrence of Botryosphaeria canker on grapevines may be reduced via treatment of pruning wounds with selected fungicides as soon as possible after pruning.
    背景与目标: :Botryosphaeriaceae科包括许多与葡萄(Vitis vinifera)的枯死病有关的物种,被称为Botryosphaeria溃疡病。迄今为止,几乎没有有效的药物可用于治疗这种疾病。在这项研究中,结合体外试验和田间试验评估了杀菌剂对控制疾病的作用。体外测试了20种已注册用于澳大利亚葡萄栽培中其他疾病的杀真菌剂对葡萄孢菌内4种菌丝体生长的影响。抑制菌丝体生长50%的杀菌剂浓度(EC50值)都受到杀菌剂和分离物的显着影响(P <0.001)。四种菌种对杀真菌剂的敏感性差异可忽略不计(0.41至0.59 mg / L)。最有效的杀真菌剂是氟地西尼,多菌灵,氟西那南,戊唑醇,氟西拉唑,戊康唑,普西米酮,异丙隆,Myclobutanil和吡咯菌酯,其EC50值小于1.0毫克/升。除了修剪伤口保护剂Bacseal Super,Garrison和ATCS树伤口敷料以及生物防治剂Vinevax外,还在野外条件下评估了这些杀菌剂。在田间试验中,将多菌灵(Bavistin),氟喹南(Shirlan),戊唑醇(Folicur),加里森和ATCS树形伤口敷料用于新鲜修剪的修枝伤口,是最有效的方法,将Diplodia seriata和mut。D.感染减少了41至65。 %。这些结果表明,通过在修剪后尽快用精选的杀菌剂处理修剪伤口,可以减少葡萄藤上灰霉病的发生。
  • 【碳水化合物碳源对灰霉菌产生组成型和诱导型漆酶的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/jobm.200310250 复制DOI
    作者列表:Alves da Cunha MA,Barbosa AM,Giese EC,Dekker RF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The influence of carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, lactose, sucrose, pectin and inulin, were evaluated as sole carbon source for the production of laccases by the ascomycete, Botryosphaeria sp. Veratryl alcohol, a laccase inducer, was added to culture media to study inducible laccase production on the same carbon sources. Inulinase and pectinase were also produced when Botryosphaeria sp. was grown on inulin, and galacturonic acid and pectin, respectively, and their levels were less in the presence of veratryl alcohol. Botryosphaeria sp. produced constitutive laccases on all carbon sources examined, and veratryl alcohol increased the laccase production on most of carbon sources studied except for inulin and galacturonic acid. Evidence is presented that Botryosphaeria sp. is also pectinolytic.
    背景与目标: 碳水化合物的影响:葡萄糖,果糖,半乳糖,半乳糖醛酸,木糖,乳糖,蔗糖,果胶和菊粉被评估为唯一的碳源,被子囊菌(Botryosphaeria sp。)生产漆酶。将Veratryl醇(一种漆酶诱导剂)添加到培养基中,以研究在相同碳源上可诱导的漆酶生产。葡萄球菌(Botryosphaeria sp。)也产生菊粉酶和果胶酶。分别在菊粉,半乳糖醛酸和果胶上生长,并且在存在藜芦醇的情况下它们的含量较低。灰霉菌在研究的所有碳源上均产生本构漆酶,而藜芦醇增加了所研究的大多数碳源(菊粉和半乳糖醛酸除外)的漆酶产量。证据表明,Botryosphaeria sp。也是果胶分解的。
  • 【苹果果实环腐病的潜在病原体Botryosphaeria dothidea sdau11-99的基因组装配和注释。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1182-A 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yu C,Diao Y,Lu Q,Zhao J,Cui S,Peng C,He B,Liu HX
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Botryosphaeria dothidea is a latent and important fungal pathogen on a wide range of woody plants. Fruit ring rot caused by B. dothidea is a major disease in China on apple. This study establishes a high quality, nearly complete and well annotated genome sequence of B. dothidea strain sdau11-99. The findings of this research provide a reference genome resource for further research on the apple fruit ring rot pathogen on apple and other hosts.

    背景与目标: Botryosphaeria dothidea是许多木本植物上潜在的重要真菌病原体。多角芽孢杆菌引起的果环腐烂是中国苹果的主要病害。这项研究建立了高质量的,几乎完整的和注释良好的双歧杆菌菌株sdau11-99的基因组序列。该研究结果为进一步研究苹果及其他宿主上的苹果果实腐烂病原体提供了参考基因组资源。

  • 【Meyerozyma guilliermondii Y-1的生物防治效率对由Botryosphaeria dothidea引起的苹果采后腐烂的作用及其可能的作用机理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108957 复制DOI
    作者列表:Huang Y,Sun C,Guan X,Lian S,Li B,Wang C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Apple ring rot, caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, is one of the important diseases in China. This pathogen infects branches and fruit and also results in fruit decay during storage. Biocontrol agents have been proposed to reduce apple decays during storage and are considered as a promising alternative strategy to traditional chemical treatment. In this study, Meyerozyma guilliermondii Y-1, isolated from healthy grape fruit, was firstly evaluated for its biocontrol efficiency against B. dothidea in postharvest apple fruit, and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results revealed that M. guilliermondii Y-1 treatment effectively reduced apple ring rot caused by B. dothidea in vivo. The disease incidence and lesion diameter were reduced by 32.22% and 57.51% compared with those of control fruit. Furthermore, the use of filtrate and autoclaved culture of M. guilliermondii Y-1 also showed a certain degree of control efficiency against fruit ring rot. M. guilliermondii Y-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore generation of B. dothidea in vitro and exhibited an obvious ability to colonize in apple fruit wounds and surface at 25 °C or 4 °C. In addition, M. guilliermondii Y-1 treatment significantly enhanced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), promoted the total phenolics content, and alleviated lipid peroxidation in apple fruit. As expected, we found that the expression of four pathogenesis-related proteins genes (MdPR1, MdPR5, MdGLU, and MdCHI) was remarkably increased by M. guilliermondii Y-1 treatment. Our data together suggest that M. guilliermondii Y-1 is a potential biocontrol agent against B. dothidea postharvest infection in apple fruit, partially through inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination of B. dothidea, competing for space and nutrient with pathogen, and inducing resistance in apple fruit by stimulating a series of defense responses.

    背景与目标: 苹果多环孢杆菌引起的苹果腐烂病是中国的重要疾病之一。该病原体感染树枝和果实,并在储存过程中导致果实腐烂。已经提出了生物防治剂来减少苹果在贮藏过程中的腐烂,并且被认为是传统化学处理的有希望的替代策略。在这项研究中,首先评估了从健康葡萄果实中分离的Meyerozyma guilliermondii Y-1对苹果果实采后对B. dothidea的生防效果,并研究了可能的机制。结果表明,Guilliermondii Y-1处理可有效减少体内由B. dothidea引起的苹果环腐烂。与对照组相比,病害发生率和病斑直径分别降低了32.22%和57.51%。此外,使用滤液和高压灭菌培养的圭尔蒙德酵母Y-1也显示出对果环腐烂的一定程度的控制效率。 guilliermondii Y-1显着抑制体外双歧杆菌的菌丝体生长和孢子生成,并在25°C或4°C下具有明显的定殖在苹果果实伤口和表面的能力。此外,Guilliermondii Y-1处理显着增强了过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,提高了总酚含量,并且减轻了苹果果实中的脂质过氧化作用。正如预期的那样,我们发现四种致病相关蛋白基因(MdPR1,MdPR5,MdGLU和MdCHI)的表达通过古吉尔蒙德酵母Y-1处理显着增加。我们的数据共同表明,Guilliermondii Y-1是对抗苹果果实中B. dothidea采后感染的潜在生物防治剂,部分是通过抑制B. dothidea的菌丝生长和孢子萌发,与病原体竞争空间和营养物以及诱导抗性通过刺激一系列防御反应来抑制苹果果实中的苦瓜。

  • 【玻利维亚苹果上的Botryosphaeria dothidea和B. obtusa的首次报道。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.328A 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kaiser WJ,Rivero V GM,B EV,Yerkes L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gala and Winter Banana apples are important commercial crops in Azurduy and Lima Bamba, which are located in the Department (state) of Chuquisaca, Bolivia. White or bot rot (causal agent Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. De. Not. [anamorph Fusicoccum aesculi Corda]) and black rot (causal agent B. obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker [anamorph Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.]) have not been reported previously from Bolivia. Both fungi were isolated from apple fruit and branch cankers in Azurduy, but only B. dothidea was isolated from rotted fruit and limb cankers in Lima Bamba. Both fungi also were isolated from rotted Gala and Winter Banana fruit purchased in the markets in Sucre, Bolivia. Symptoms on fruit consisted of light-to-dark brown lesions that ranged from 3- to 8-cm in diameter. Cankers on limbs were sunken and reddish brown and ranged from 2 to 25+ cm in length and 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter. Neither pathogen produced pycnidia in lesions on rotted fruit, but they often developed in branch cankers. Pseudothecia of B. dothidea and B. obtusa were not observed. Identification of both pathogens was based on descriptions of their anamorphic stages (1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, four healthy Gala apple fruit were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogen by wounding the opposite faces of surface-disinfected fruit with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer and inserting mycelial plugs of the pathogens. Plugs were obtained from the margins of cultures growing on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Wounds were made on the opposite sides of each fruit, a mycelial plug of one of the pathogens was inserted in one wound, and on the opposite side, a plug of sterile PDA was inserted as a control. Each plug containing fungal mycelium or sterile PDA was covered with a plug of trimmed apple tissue, and the apple fruit were incubated in a moist chamber at 17 to 20°C for 10 days. Six branches on two young apple trees growing outdoors in a nursery were inoculated in a similar manner with one isolate of each pathogen: bark was wounded with a 5-mm-diameter cork borer, and the wounded area was inoculated with a plug of PDA containing the pathogen or a plug of sterile PDA for the control. The inoculated sites were wrapped with masking tape to prevent dehydration. Within 10 days, all fruit wounds inoculated with isolates of each pathogen developed brown lesions up to 5 cm in diameter. Each pathogen was reisolated from tissues in which it had been inoculated, but not from any of the noninoculated control sites. Within 6 to 8 weeks, all but one wound on branches inoculated with each pathogen developed depressed canker lesions up to 2 cm in length. Each pathogen was reisolated from the canker produced by inoculation with that pathogen, but not from any of the control sites. Reference: (1) T. B. Sutton. White rot and black rot. Pages 16-20 in: Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, A. L. Jones and H. S. Aldwinckle, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991.
    背景与目标: :Gala和Winter Banana苹果是Azurduy和Lima Bamba的重要商业作物,它们位于玻利维亚Chuquisaca的省(州)。白腐病或腐烂病(病原体Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moug.:Fr。)Ces。De。Not [anamorph Fusicoccum aesculi Corda])和黑腐病(病原体B. obtusa(Schwein。))鞋匠[Anamorph Sphaeropsis malorum Berk。] )以前尚未从玻利维亚报道。两种真菌均从苹果果实和Azurduy的树枝状溃疡中分离出来,但仅B. dothidea从腐烂的水果和肢体鳞茎中在利马班巴中分离出来。两种真菌也均从玻利维亚苏克雷市场上购买的腐烂的联欢晚会和冬季香蕉果实中分离出来。水果的症状包括直径从3到8厘米不等的浅棕色至深褐色的病变。肢体上的溃疡呈凹陷和红褐色,长度在2至25厘米之间,直径在0.5至3厘米之间。两种病原体均未在腐烂果实的病斑中产生粘虫病,但它们通常在分支溃疡中生长。没有观察到假双歧杆菌和钝双歧杆菌的假性皮病。两种病原体的鉴定均基于其变形阶段的描述(1)。为了满足科赫的假设,通过用5毫米直径的软木塞打伤表面消毒过的水果的相对表面,并插入病原体的菌丝体塞,在四种健康的嘎拉苹果果实中接种两种分离的每种病原体。从在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)上生长的培养物的边缘获得塞子。在每个水果的相对侧制作伤口,将一种病原体的菌丝体塞插入一个伤口中,并在相对侧插入无菌PDA塞作为对照。每个装有真菌菌丝体或无菌PDA的塞子都用修剪过的苹果组织塞子覆盖,并将苹果果实在潮湿的室内于17至20°C孵育10天。用每种病原体的一种分离物,以相似的方式接种在苗圃中生长在室外的两棵年轻苹果树上的六个树枝上:用直径5毫米的软木塞打伤树皮,并用装有PDA的插头接种伤处用于控制的病原体或无菌PDA的塞子。接种部位用胶带包裹,以防脱水。在10天之内,接种了每种病原体的所有水果伤口都出现了直径达5厘米的棕色损伤。每种病原体都是从已经接种过的组织中分离出来的,而不是从任何未接种的对照位点中分离出来的。在6至8周内,除接种了每种病原体的树枝上的一个伤口外,所有伤口均出现了长达2 cm的凹陷性溃疡病。从通过接种该病原体产生的溃疡病中分离出每种病原体,但没有从任何对照位点中分离出病原体。参考:(1)T. B. Sutton。白腐和黑腐。第16-20页,在《苹果与梨病简编》中,A。L. Jones和H. S. Aldwinckle编辑。美国植物病理学会,明尼苏达州圣保罗,1991年。
  • 【阿月浑子的葡萄球菌穗和枯萎病与半翅目昆虫和鸟类造成的水果伤害的关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1077-RE 复制DOI
    作者列表:Michailides TJ,Morgan DP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Panicle and shoot blight of pistachio caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi remains one of the major diseases of pistachio in California, with the highest potential for crop destruction because buds and fruit clusters (panicles) are killed. Pistachio fruit can also be damaged by various insect pests. For instance, hemipteran insects are considered major pests of pistachio and can attack maturing fruit, causing necrotic areas on the fruit epicarp (epicarp lesion). Surveys in pistachio orchards showed a putative association of punctures of pistachio fruit with infection by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, resulting in panicle and shoot blight. This study was undertaken to determine any association of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi with fruit bearing epicarp lesions and whether hemipteran insects can actively carry propagules of the pathogens to healthy fruit and cause disease. Three large insects of the order Hemiptera (Thyanta pallidovirens, Acrosternum hilare, and Leptoglossus clypealis) were used in pathogen-spread and infection experiments. The most frequently isolated species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae in pistachio, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, was used in these transmission experiments. Significantly higher incidence of fruit infected by N. mediterraneum was recorded when pistachio clusters were sprayed with a spore suspension of N. mediterraneum and caged with the above insects than the level of infected fruit sprayed similarly with the pathogen but caged without any insects. Furthermore, increasing the number of insects caged with pistachio clusters resulted in an increase of insect feeding punctures and, subsequently, disease incidence. Similarly, increasing the number of wounds per fruit made with a needle, simulating injuries caused by the insect's stylet, resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than for wounded fruit with fewer injured sites. In addition, bird-injured fruit were also associated with higher incidence of panicle blight than fruit not injured by birds, especially in orchards with high disease incidence. In laboratory experiments, wounding or applying fruit sap to nonwounded fruit resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than in nonwounded fruit without sap. In field experiments, wounding of fruit before or after inoculation with N. mediterraneum resulted in higher disease incidence than nonwounded and inoculated fruit. Additionally, fruit sap enhanced initial mycelial growth of N. mediterraneum. Protecting fruit clusters from injuries by hemipteran insects or birds using mesh cages significantly reduced the incidence of panicle and shoot blight. The association of wounding by hemipteran insects and birds with high incidence of infected pistachio fruit may explain partially the broad distribution of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight among pistachio orchards of the central San Joaquin Valley, even in areas where inoculum sources are not nearby.
    背景与目标: :由葡萄球菌属真菌引起的开心果的穗状茎和茎叶枯萎病仍是加利福尼亚州开心果的主要疾病之一,由于杀死芽和果实簇(穗),其对农作物的破坏潜力最高。阿月浑子果实也可能被各种害虫破坏。例如,半翅目昆虫被认为是开心果的主要害虫,可侵袭成熟的果实,在果实果皮(表皮病)上造成坏死区域。阿月浑子果园的调查显示,开心果刺穿与Botryosphaeriaceae真菌感染有关,导致穗和枯萎病。这项研究的目的是确定葡萄球菌真菌与带有果皮果皮损伤的果实之间是否存在关联,以及半翅目昆虫是否可以将病原体的繁殖体主动携带到健康的果实上并引起疾病。在病原体传播和感染实验中使用了半翅目的三种大型昆虫(Thyanta pallidovirens,Acrosternum hilare和Leptoglossus clypealis)。在这些传播实验中,使用了开心果中最频繁分离的葡萄球菌科物种,Neofusicoccum mediterraneum。当用开心果簇用中生猪笼草的孢子悬浮液喷洒并用上述昆虫进行笼养时,记录到被中生猪笼草感染的水果的发生率要比类似地喷洒病原体但笼中没有任何昆虫的被感染果实的水平高。此外,被开心果簇包裹的昆虫数量的增加导致昆虫摄食穿刺的增加,进而导致疾病的发生。同样,模拟用昆虫的探针引起的伤害,增加每个针头刺伤每个水果所产生的伤口数量,会导致感染水果的发生率明显高于受伤部位较少的受伤水果。此外,与没有受到鸟类伤害的果实相比,鸟类受伤的果实与穗枯萎病的发病率也更高,尤其是在发病率高的果园中。在实验室实验中,对未受伤的水果进行创伤或应用水果树汁会导致感染水果的发生率显着高于没有树液的未受伤水果。在田间试验中,接种中性猪笼草前后对水果的伤害要比未受伤和接种的水果高。此外,水果树液增强了中性猪笼草的初始菌丝生长。使用网状笼子保护果实免受半球虫或鸟类伤害,显着降低了穗和枯萎病的发生率。半昆虫昆虫和鸟类造成的伤害与开心果受感染的发生率高有关,这可能部分解释了葡萄孢的穗状花序广泛分布和圣华金山谷中部开心果果园的枯萎病,即使在附近没有接种源的地区也是如此。
  • 【多个基因序列界定了澳大利亚灰葡萄孢菌。十一月来自B. lutea。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Slippers B,Fourie G,Crous PW,Coutinho TA,Wingfield BD,Wingfield MJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Botryosphaeria lutea (anamorph Fusicoccum luteum) most easily is distinguished from other Botryosphaeria spp. by a yellow pigment that is formed in young cultures. This fungus has been reported from a number of cultivated hosts in New Zealand and Portugal. During a survey of Botryosphaeria fungi that occur on native Acacia species in Australia, a yellow pigment was observed in some cultures. These isolates were morphologically similar to B. lutea, but the pigment differed slightly from the one formed by authentic B. lutea isolates. Preliminary data also revealed small differences in ITS rDNA sequence data. The aim of this study was to determine whether these small differences were indicative of separate species or merely variations within B. lutea. Anamorph, teleomorph and culture morphology were compared between B. lutea and Acacia isolates from Australia. Sequence data of two other genome regions, namely the β-tubulin and EF1-α gene and intron regions, were combined with ITS rDNA sequence data to determine the phylogenetic relationship between these isolates. Isolates of B. lutea and those from Australian Acacia species were not significantly different in spore morphology. The yellow pigment, however, was much more distinct in cultures of B. lutea than in cultures from Acacia. There were only a few base pair variations in each of the analyzed gene regions, but these variations were fixed in the two groups in all regions. By combining these data it was clear that B. lutea and the isolates from Acacia were distinct species, albeit very closely related. We, therefore, propose the new epithet B. australis for the fungus from Australia. Botryosphaeria australis also was isolated in this study from exotic Sequoiadendron trees in Australia. Re-analyses of GenBank data in this study showed that B. australis also occurs on other native Australian hosts, namely a Banksia sp. and a Eucalyptus sp., as well as a native Protea sp. in South Africa and on Pistachio in Italy. These records from GenBank have been identified previously as B. lutea. The common occurrence of B. australis on a variety of native hosts across Australia suggests that this fungus is native to this area.
    背景与目标: :Botryosphaeria lutea(变形金缕梅)最容易区别于其他Botryosphaeria spp。由年轻文化中形成的黄色颜料形成。已经从新西兰和葡萄牙的许多栽培寄主中报告了这种真菌。在对澳大利亚本地相思树种上发生的灰霉病真菌进行的一项调查中,在某些文化中观察到黄色素。这些分离物在形态上与黄褐芽孢杆菌相似,但是色素与真正的黄褐芽孢杆菌分离株形成的色素略有不同。初步数据还显示了ITS rDNA序列数据的微小差异。这项研究的目的是确定这些小的差异是指示单独的物种还是仅代表黄褐变内的变异。比较了来自澳大利亚的黄杆菌和金合欢分离株的无性型,远形型和培养物形态。将其他两个基因组区域(即β-微管蛋白和EF1-α基因和内含子区域)的序列数据与ITS rDNA序列数据相结合,以确定这些分离株之间的系统发育关系。黄褐芽孢杆菌和澳大利亚金合欢种的分离物在孢子形态上没有显着差异。然而,黄色的色素在黄褐芽孢杆菌培养物中比在阿拉伯树胶培养物中明显不同。在每个分析的基因区域中仅有几个碱基对变异,但是这些变异在所有区域的两组中固定。通过综合这些数据,可以清楚地看出,黄褐芽孢杆菌和金合欢的分离物是不同的物种,尽管密切相关。因此,我们为来自澳大利亚的真菌提出了新的上皮B. australis。这项研究还从澳大利亚的异国红杉树中分离出了澳大利亚灰霉病菌。对GenBank数据进行的重新分析显示,澳大利亚双歧杆菌也存在于其他澳大利亚本土寄主,即Banksia sp.。和一个桉树种,以及一个本地的普罗梯亚树种。在南非和意大利的开心果上。这些来自GenBank的记录以前被鉴定为B. lutea。在澳大利亚的各种本地寄主中普遍存在澳大利亚芽孢杆菌,这表明该真菌是该地区的原生真菌。
  • 【Botryosphaeria dothidea的候选效应子抑制了植物的免疫力并促进了毒力。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3390/ijms22020552 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang CJ,Wang SX,Liang YN,Wen SH,Dong BZ,Ding Z,Guo LY,Zhu XQ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fungal effectors play important roles in host-pathogen interactions. Botryosphaeria dothidea is an ascomycetous fungus that is responsible for the diseases of hundreds of woody plant species, including apple ring rot, which seriously affects apples worldwide. However, little is known about the effectors of B. dothidea. In this study, we analyzed the B. dothidea genome and predicted 320 candidate effector genes, 124 of which were successfully amplified and cloned. We investigated the effects of these genes on plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana while using a transient expression system. Twenty-four hours after initial inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying candidate effectors, the infiltrated leaves were challenged with A. tumefaciens cells carrying the BAX gene. In total, 116 candidate effectors completely inhibited, while one partially inhibited, the programmed cell death (PCD) of N. benthamiana induced by BAX, whereas seven candidate effectors had no effect. We then further tested seven candidate effectors able to suppress BAX-triggered PCD (BT-PCD) and found that they all completely inhibited PCD triggered by the elicitors INF1, MKK1, and NPK1. This result suggests that these effectors were activated in order to suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. The signal peptides of these candidate effectors exhibited secretory activity in yeast (pSUC2 vector). Moreover, the respective deletion of Bdo_11198 and Bdo_12090 significantly reduced the virulence of B. dothidea. These results suggest that these effectors play important roles in the interaction of B. dothidea with its hosts.
    背景与目标: :真菌效应子在宿主-病原体相互作用中起重要作用。 Botryosphaeria dothidea是一种子囊菌,负责数百种木本植物的病害,包括严重影响全球苹果的苹果环腐病。然而,关于双歧杆菌的效应子知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们分析了B. dothidea基因组并预测了320个候选效应基因,其中124个被成功扩增和克隆。我们使用瞬时表达系统调查了这些基因对本生烟草中植物细胞死亡的影响。在初始接种携带候选效应子的根癌农杆菌细胞后二十四小时,用携带BAX基因的根癌农杆菌细胞攻击浸润的叶片。总共有116种候选效应物完全抑制了BAX诱导的本氏烟草的程序性细胞死亡(PCD),而部分抑制了BAX诱导的本氏烟草的程序性细胞死亡(PCD),而有7种候选效应物没有任何作用。然后,我们进一步测试了7种能够抑制BAX触发的PCD(BT-PCD)的候选效应子,发现它们都完全抑制了由激发子INF1,MKK1和NPK1触发的PCD。该结果表明,激活这些效应子是为了抑制病原体相关的分子模式触发的免疫力。这些候选效应子的信号肽在酵母(pSUC2载体)中表现出分泌活性。此外,Bdo_11198和Bdo_12090的各自缺失显着降低了十二指肠杆菌的毒力。这些结果表明,这些效应子在B. dothidea与其宿主的相互作用中起重要作用。

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