• 【全身静磁场暴露会增加蜗牛Helix Pomatia的热伤害感受性阈值。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.4.3 复制DOI
    作者列表:László JF,Hernádi L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.
    背景与目标: :我们在热板测试(43°C)中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场(SMF)暴露对蜗牛的热伤害感受性阈值的影响。均质(hSMF)和不均质(iSMF)SMF均可在暴露20、30或40分钟的hSMF时通过p <0.001,p <0.0001或p提高热伤害感受性阈值:40.2%,29.2%或41.7% iSMF暴露p≤0.05或p≤0.0001后,<0.001,以及32.7%或46.2%。这些结果表明,SMF对蜗牛具有镇痛作用。另一方面,发现纳洛酮作为一种非典型的阿片类药物拮抗剂,可显着降低热伤害感受性阈值(41.9%,p <0.002),可被hSMF暴露所拮抗,暗示hSMF发挥了其作用。部分通过阿片样物质受体产生抗伤害感受作用。
  • 【南非城市青少年队列中的居民流动性,社会经济背景和体重指数。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ginsburg C,Griffiths PL,Richter LM,Norris SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.
    背景与目标: :正在改变居住地的青少年以及他们的社会和经济状况,可能会经历生活方式的改变,这些改变会影响身体组成的结果,例如营养不良,超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年(n = 1613)的居住流动性与体重指数(BMI)之间的关系,并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位(SES)。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25%,在男性中为8%。在女性中,对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人,其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性(β= 0.42,SE = 0.13),而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值,这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。
  • 【按年龄和性别划分的霍奇金淋巴瘤的体重和风险:康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州的一项基于人群的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10552-012-0100-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li Q,Chang ET,Bassig BA,Dai M,Qin Q,Gao Y,Zhang Y,Zheng T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.
    背景与目标: 目的:描述性研究表明,霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)的发病率在年轻人中,尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明,与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数(BMI)增加相关的HL风险增加,但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小(身高,体重和BMI)与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
    方法:在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间,共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CIs)。
    结果:<35岁的年轻女性中,超重(25-29.9 kg / m(2))与正常体重(18.5-24.9 kg / m(2))与HL风险增加显着相关(OR = 2.1 ,95%CI = 1.1-4.0)。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加(p趋势<0.01)。相比之下,≥35岁的女性中,体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关(p趋势<0.01)。相反,年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
    结论:这些发现表明,体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异,需要在其他人群中进行确认。
  • 【肥胖男性中大剂量白藜芦醇的补充:一项由研究人员发起,随机,安慰剂对照的底物代谢,胰岛素敏感性和身体成分的临床试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0975 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poulsen MM,Vestergaard PF,Clasen BF,Radko Y,Christensen LP,Stødkilde-Jørgensen H,Møller N,Jessen N,Pedersen SB,Jørgensen JO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.
    背景与目标: 肥胖,糖尿病,高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究,白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1(SIRT1)来逆转这些危险因素,但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机,安慰剂对照,双盲和平行组设计中,将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查,包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性(高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹)。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗;脂质的氧化速率;异位或内脏脂肪含量;或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同,并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。
  • 【大型草食动物的纤维消化率与消化类型和体重有关-一种体外方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Steuer P,Südekum KH,Müller DW,Kaandorp J,Clauss M,Hummel J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.
    背景与目标: 在一个给定的生态系统中,有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显,例如,它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行,有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重(BM)的影响的信息,需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中,粪便中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100%干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验(HGT)中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量(GP)产生影响,其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔,BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致:反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少,并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说,HGT(96 h)是一种有用且快速的方法,可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。
  • 【穿孔素增强蛋白是一种具有细胞毒性的淋巴细胞颗粒的低分子量蛋白,可增强穿孔素裂解。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6899 复制DOI
    作者列表:Winkler U,Fraser SA,Hudig D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Perforin is a 68 kD protein found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes and is used by lymphocytes to form lethal pores in the membranes of the cells they kill. We and others have found that when perforin is purified, its lytic activity is markedly reduced. ELISAs indicated that our final recovery of perforin protein was excellent. We decided to determine if depletion of other granule proteins contributed to the loss of lytic activity. We isolated perforin to the point where lytic activity was diminished and added back granule proteins that had no lytic activity or detectable (antigenic) perforin. Perforin was isolated by Cu2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by phenyl-Superose hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Its lytic activity was enhanced by a low molecular weight (<15 kD) protein, perforin enhancing protein (PEPr). We have isolated PEPr by two methods, HIC and MonoQ. Nonlytic PEPr restored perforin to close to its original lytic activity. A protein similar if not identical to PEPr was also detectable as an 125I-labeled protein associated with lytic perforin. We propose that PEPr acts in conjunction with perforin to form lethal pores and suggest that PEPr may be the rat equivalent of the human cytotoxic lymphocyte protein, granulysin.

    背景与目标: 穿孔素是一种68 kD蛋白,存在于细胞毒性淋巴细胞的颗粒中,被淋巴细胞用来在其杀死的细胞膜上形成致死孔。我们和其他人已经发现,当穿孔素被纯化时,其裂解活性显着降低。 ELISA法表明,我们穿孔蛋白的最终回收率极高。我们决定确定其他颗粒蛋白的消耗是否导致裂解活性降低。我们将穿孔素分离到溶解活性降低的位置,并添加没有溶解活性或可检测(抗原性)穿孔素的颗粒蛋白。通过铜固定化金属亲和色谱法(IMAC),然后进行苯基-Superose疏水相互作用色谱法(HIC)分离穿孔素。低分子量(<15 kD)蛋白,穿孔素增强蛋白(PEPr)增强了其裂解活性。我们通过两种方法HIC和MonoQ分离了PEPr。非溶解性PEPr使穿孔素恢复至接近其原始溶解活性。与PEPr相似但不相同的蛋白质也可以作为与裂解穿孔素相关的125 I标记蛋白质检测出来。我们建议PEPr与穿孔素一起形成致死性毛孔,并建议PEPr可能与人细胞毒性淋巴细胞蛋白颗粒溶素相当。

  • 【月经周期和食欲控制:对体重调节的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.6.1142 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dye L,Blundell JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle influence appetite control and eating behaviour. Energy intake varies during the reproductive cycle in humans and animals, with a periovulatory nadir and a luteal phase peak. Patterns of macronutrient selection show less consistency but a number of studies report carbohydrate cravings in the premenstrual phase, particularly in women with premenstrual syndrome. The cyclical nature of food cravings are frequently, but not invariably, associated with depression. Fluctuations in appetite, cravings and energy intake during the menstrual cycle may occur in parallel with cyclical rhythms in serotonin, which can be accompanied by affective symptoms. The premenstrual phase can be considered as a time when women are especially vulnerable to overconsumption, food craving and depression; this is often associated with low serotonin activity.

    背景与目标: 与月经周期有关的荷尔蒙波动会影响食欲控制和饮食行为。在人类和动物的生殖周期中,能量的摄入量会有所不同,排卵期的最低点和黄体期相峰值。大量营养素选择的模式显示出较低的一致性,但是许多研究报告说在经前期对碳水化合物的渴望,特别是在经前期综合症的女性中。渴望食物的周期性通常与抑郁症有关,但并非总是如此。月经周期中食欲,食欲和能量摄入的波动可能与5-羟色胺的周期性节律同时发生,并伴有情感症状。经期可以被认为是妇女特别容易遭受过度消费,食物渴望和沮丧的时期。这通常与5-羟色胺活性低有关。

  • 【由带状孢子间体连接的形成子囊孢子的两种新的哈萨克斯坦菌种:Kazachstania zonata和Kazachstania gamospora。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00163.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Imanishi Y,Ueda-Nishimura K,Mikata K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].
    背景与目标: :从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子,它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县,而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联(其值为63.3-78.1%)以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据,来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326,交配类型NBRC 101821(),NBRC 101822(-)]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328,配合类型NBRC 101825(),NBRC 101826(-)]。
  • 【体育活动在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/ncpendmet0554 复制DOI
    作者列表:Catenacci VA,Wyatt HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The majority of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) show only modest weight loss with exercise intervention alone, and slight increases in weight loss when exercise intervention is added to dietary restriction. In most RCTs, the energy deficit produced by the prescribed exercise is far smaller than that usually produced by dietary restriction. In prospective studies that prescribed high levels of exercise, enrolled individuals achieved substantially greater weight loss-comparable to that obtained after similar energy deficits were produced by caloric restriction. High levels of exercise might, however, be difficult for overweight or obese adults to achieve and sustain. RCTs examining exercise and its effect on weight-loss maintenance demonstrated mixed results; however, weight maintenance interventions were usually of limited duration and long-term adherence to exercise was problematic. Epidemiologic, cross-sectional, and prospective correlation studies suggest an essential role for physical activity in weight-loss maintenance, and post hoc analysis of prospective trials shows a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity and weight maintenance. This article reviews the role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss. We focus on prospective, RCTs lasting at least 4 months; however, other prospective trials, meta-analyses and large systematic reviews are included. Limitations in the current body of literature are discussed.
    背景与目标: :大多数随机,对照试验(RCT)仅通过运动干预仅显示适度的体重减轻,而将运动干预与饮食限制相结合时,体重减轻则略有增加。在大多数随机对照试验中,通过处方运动产生的能量缺乏症远小于通常通过饮食限制产生的能量缺乏症。在规定进行高水平运动的前瞻性研究中,与通过热量限制产生类似能量不足所导致的体重减轻相比,已入组个体的体重减轻显着更大。但是,对于超重或肥胖的成年人来说,高强度的运动可能难以实现和维持。研究运动及其对减肥维持的影响的随机对照试验结果不一。然而,维持体重的干预措施通常持续时间有限,长期坚持锻炼存在问题。流行病学,横断面和前瞻性相关研究表明,体育锻炼对维持体重减轻至关重要,而对前瞻性试验的事后分析表明,体育锻炼与维持体重之间存在明显的剂量反应关系。本文回顾了体育锻炼在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。我们专注于持续至少4个月的预期RCT;但是,还包括其他前瞻性试验,荟萃分析和大型系统评价。讨论了当前文献的局限性。
  • 【体重指数对青春期延迟男孩生长的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.8.971 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nathan BM,Sedlmeyer IL,Palmert MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is unclear whether overweight but otherwise healthy boys with delayed puberty have a variation of constitutional delay of growth and maturation (CDGM) or a different etiology for their pubertal delay. To characterize better this group of boys and investigate whether their growth pattern distinguishes them from boys with typical CDGM, growth data were analyzed in eight overweight (BMI SDS > or = 85th percentile) and 37 non-overweight (BMI SDS <85th percentile) boys with delayed puberty. Primary outcome measures included predicted height (PH) and adult height (AH). At diagnosis of delayed puberty, the overweight boys had less delayed bone ages (chronological age [CA] - bone age [BA] = 1.2 +/- 1.0 vs 2.5 +/- 1.1 years, p <0.01), greater height SDS for CA (-0.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.4 +/- 0.8, p <0.001), and greater height SDS for BA (0.6 +/- 0.9 vs -0.4 +/- 1.1, p <0.05). PH for the overweight boys exceeded their mid-parental height (MPH) by 5.0 +/- 7.2 cm while non-overweight boys were predicted to fall below their MPH by 2.8 +/- 6.3 cm (p <0.01). Available AH data corroborated the differences in PH, with a trend for overweight boys to have greater height relative to their MPH than the non-overweight boys. These observations suggest that in the context of delayed puberty, being overweight may modulate adult height and/or that the etiology of delayed puberty in overweight boys may differ from typical CDGM.
    背景与目标: :目前尚不清楚超重但健康的青春期延迟男孩是否具有体质发育和成熟延迟(CDGM)的变化或青春期延迟的病因有所不同。为了更好地表征这组男孩并研究他们的生长方式是否与典型CDGM的男孩区分开来,分析了8个超重(BMI SDS>或= 85%百分位数)和37个非超重(BMI SDS <85th百分位数)的男孩的生长数据青春期延迟。主要结局指标包括预测身高(PH)和成人身高(AH)。在诊断为青春期延迟时,超重男孩的延迟骨龄较少(先后年​​龄[CA]-骨龄[BA] = 1.2 /-1.0与2.5 /-1.1岁,p <0.01),CA的身高SDS较高(- 0.5 /-0.7 vs -2.4 /-0.8,p <0.001)和更高的BA SDS高度(0.6 /-0.9 vs -0.4 /-1.1,p <0.05)。超重男孩的PH值超出其父母中间高度(MPH)5.0 /-7.2 cm,而非超重男孩的PH值则低于其MPH 2.8 /-6.3 cm(p <0.01)。现有的AH数据证实了PH值的差异,超重男孩相对于其MPH的身高趋势要高于非超重男孩。这些观察结果表明,在青春期延迟的背景下,超重可能会调节成年人的身高,和/或在超重男孩中青春期延迟的病因可能与典型的CDGM不同。
  • 【神经性厌食症和情感障碍的大脑葡萄糖代谢:体重减轻或抑郁症状的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0925-4927(97)02971-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delvenne V,Goldman S,De Maertelaer V,Wikler D,Damhaut P,Lotstra F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships between eating and affective disorders remain complex and unclear. Brain glucose metabolism of anorectic patients has been demonstrated to be reduced both globally and regionally, with a particular relative hypometabolism in the parietal cortex. To explore the possible influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology on brain metabolism, we studied age- and sex-matched low-weight anorectic and depressed patients, normal-weight depressed patients, and healthy volunteers. Absolute global and regional glucose activity levels were reduced in low-weight patients, with the lowest values being found for anorectic patients. In relative values, anorectic patients showed a significant parietal hypometabolism in comparison to control subjects while they had higher metabolism in the caudate nuclei when compared with the other groups. Absolute hypometabolism of glucose seems to be a consequence of low weight as it was found in both low-weight anorectic and low-weight depressive patients. In addition, absolute glucose values were significantly correlated with body mass index in all subjects. Future positron emission tomographic studies in psychiatric patients should control for alimentary parameters.
    背景与目标: 饮食和情感障碍之间的关系仍然复杂且不清楚。厌食症患者的脑葡萄糖代谢已被证实在全球和区域范围内均会降低,顶叶皮层中存在特定的相对代谢不足。为了探索减肥或抑郁症状对脑代谢的可能影响,我们研究了年龄和性别相匹配的低体重厌食症和抑郁症患者,正常体重的抑郁症患者以及健康志愿者。低体重患者的全球和区域绝对葡萄糖活性水平降低,而厌食患者的葡萄糖水平最低。在相对价值方面,与对照组相比,厌食患者的顶叶代谢明显降低,而尾核中的新陈代谢较其他组更高。葡萄糖的绝对低代谢似乎是低体重的结果,因为它在低体重厌食症患者和低体重抑郁症患者中均被发现。另外,在所有受试者中,绝对葡萄糖值与体重指数显着相关。未来精神病患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究应控制饮食参数。
  • 【极低体重婴儿的PBSC采集:单中心体验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/14653240701320270 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sevilla J,Plaza SF,González-Vicent M,Lassaletta A,Ramírez M,Madero L,Díaz MA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collection has become the main source of hematopoietic cells for high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and, in some protocols, for allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. This procedure is complicated in the smallest children because of difficulties related to their weight, and there is little published experience. We have conducted a prospective study to analyze the incidence of adverse events during PBPC collection in the smallest children (< or = 10 kg). METHODS:From January 2000 to November 2005, 257 leukapheresis were performed in our unit, and 13 of them (5%) in 12 children weighing up to 10 kg (median 9 kg, range 5.8-10.9 kg). RESULTS:Most cases had hypovolemic signs during the procedure (usually tachycardia); six cases had hypotension, five of them with pallor and diaphoresis, and, of those, two also had nausea. In all these cases infusion of saline or plasma volume expanders resolved the clinical findings. In two cases the nausea related to hypocalcemia was resolved after calcium gluconate infusion. Changes in platelet counts were also remarkable, with a median platelet loss of 52%. DISCUSSION:Leukapheresis with continuous-flow cell separators has frequent complications related to volume shift in the smallest children. These adverse events are mild and easily resolved with standard measures for hypovolemia, as plasma expander or normal saline infusions. However, we recommend that the procedure should only be performed by teams with extensive experience in the field.
    背景与目标: 背景:外周血祖细胞(PBPC)收集已成为大剂量化疗,干细胞抢救以及同种异体造血移植中造血细胞的主要来源。对于最小的儿童,由于与体重有关的困难,此过程很复杂,并且几乎没有公开的经验。我们进行了一项前瞻性研究,以分析最小的儿童(<或= 10 kg)在PBPC采集过程中不良事件的发生率。
    方法:从2000年1月至2005年11月,我们单位进行了257例白细胞分离术,其中12例体重不超过10千克(中位数9千克,范围5.8-10.9千克)的儿童中有13例(5%)。
    结果:大多数病例在手术过程中出现低血容量征(通常是心动过速);有6例患有低血压,其中5例患有苍白和发汗,其中2例也有恶心。在所有这些情况下,输注生理盐水或血浆扩容器均可解决临床发现。在两种情况下,葡萄糖酸钙输注后可解决与低钙血症有关的恶心。血小板计数的变化也很显着,中位血小板损失为52%。
    讨论:采用连续流动细胞分离器进行白细胞分离术经常导致最小的儿童发生与体积变化有关的并发症。这些不良事件是轻度的,并且可以通过标准的血容量减少措施轻松解决,例如血浆扩容剂或生理盐水输注。但是,我们建议该程序仅应由在该领域具有丰富经验的团队执行。
  • 【体重指数对中年男性和绝经后女性载脂蛋白A-I动力学的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.01.022 复制DOI
    作者列表:Welty FK,Lichtenstein AH,Lamon-Fava S,Schaefer EJ,Marsh JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of body mass index (BMI) and obesity on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels and kinetics was examined by gender. Apo A-I kinetics were determined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine in the fed state in 19 men and 13 postmenopausal women. Compared with nonobese men, nonobese women had a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I due to a 48% higher apo A-I production rate (PR) (P = .05). Obesity had no significant effects on apo A-I kinetics in women. In contrast, compared with nonobese men, obese men had a 9% lower apo A-I level due to a 64% higher fractional catabolic rate (FCR) partially offset by a 47% higher PR. Obese women had a 52% higher HDL-C than obese men (50 vs 33 mg/dL, respectively; P = .012), a finding related to the faster apo A-I FCR in obese men. BMI was directly correlated with apo A-I FCR (r = 0.84, P < .001) and PR (r = 0.79, P < .001) in men but not in women. Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women.
    背景与目标: :通过性别检查了体重指数(BMI)和肥胖对载脂蛋白(apo)A-I水平和动力学的影响。在19名男性和13名绝经后女性中,在喂食状态下,经初次,恒定输注氘代亮氨酸测定了Apo A-I动力学。与非肥胖男性相比,非肥胖女性具有较高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和载脂蛋白A-I,这是由于载脂蛋白A-I的产生率(PR)升高了48%(P = 0.05)。肥胖对女性的载脂蛋白A-I动力学没有显着影响。相比之下,与非肥胖男性相比,肥胖男性的分解代谢率(FCR)提高了64%,而部分PR升高了47%,因此脂蛋白A-I水平降低了9%。肥胖女性的HDL-C比肥胖男性高52%(分别为50和33 mg / dL; P = 0.012),这一发现与肥胖男性更快的apo A-I FCR有关。男性的BMI与apo A-I FCR(r = 0.84,P <.001)和PR(r = 0.79,P <.001)直接相关,而与女性无关。 PR变异性的62%和FCR变异性的71%是由于男性的BMI而引起的,而女性分别仅为3%和23%。总之,BMI对男性的apo A-I PR和FCR有显着影响,而对女性则没有。
  • 【前交叉韧带重建后全身振动板训练对运动员力量的功效:一项随机对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000466 复制DOI
    作者列表:Costantino C,Bertuletti S,Romiti D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带(ACL)重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
    设计:随机对照试验。
    地点:单个门诊康复中心。
    参与者:38名女子排球/篮球运动员(年龄在20至30岁之间),随机分为2个治疗组。
    干预措施:在标准化的六个月康复计划中,从手术后第13周到第20周,全身振动组(n = 19)和对照组(n = 19)进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组,将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练,无振动。
    主要观察指标:在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时,均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
    结果:未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善,但与对照组相比,全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速力量值增加具有统计学意义(延伸差异:峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W;屈曲:峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m,最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W; P <0.001)。
    结论:与标准的康复计划结合使用时,全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量,并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。
  • 【执法机构防弹衣政策简介-LEMAS 2013数据的潜在类别分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/15459624.2017.1339163 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu W,Taylor B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The life-saving benefits of body armor have been well-documented, and law enforcement agency (LEA) body armor wear requirements have been cited by police officers as one of the most important reasons for them to wear body armor. However, research on LEAs' policies and practices regarding body armor is scarce. This study examined whether there are different agency-level profiles of various body armor-related policies, and related these body armor policy profiles to agency characteristics, size, location, etc. U.S. LEAs fell into four distinct profiles based on their body armor policies. Close to half of the LEAs had comprehensive coverage of body armor policies in all aspects. However, nearly one in five LEAs had very weak body armor policies in all aspects. The rest of the LEAs split into two groups, each with different strengths and weaknesses on selection, training, fitting, wearing, and inspection policies. Sheriff's offices and smaller LEAs were found to have weaker policies. In contrast, LEAs with a community policing emphasis and those with body armor grants were found to have stronger body armor polices, especially when it comes to mandatory wearing polices. Findings from the study provide a portrait of the current state of LEA body armor policies, and provide guidance for improving LEAs' body armor policies and practices.
    背景与目标: :防弹衣的挽救生命的好处已得到充分证明,并且执法机构(LEA)的防弹衣磨损要求已被警察引用为他们佩戴防弹衣的最重要原因之一。但是,关于LEA关于防弹衣的政策和实践的研究很少。这项研究检查了各种防弹衣相关政策是否具有不同的机构级档案,并将这些防弹衣档案与代理机构的特征,规模,位置等相关联。美国LEA根据其防弹衣政策分为四个不同的档案。近一半的LEA全面涵盖了防弹衣政策的各个方面。但是,几乎五分之一的LEA在各个方面的防弹衣政策都很薄弱。其他LEA分为两组,每组在选择,培训,装修,穿着和检查政策方面各有优缺点。警长办公室和较小的LEA被发现政策较弱。相比之下,人们发现,以社区治安为重点的LEA以及获得防弹衣津贴的LEA具有更强的防弹衣政策,尤其是在涉及强制性穿法政策时。该研究的结果提供了LEA防弹衣政策的当前状态的画像,并为改进LEA的防弹衣政策和实践提供了指导。

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