• 【穿孔素增强蛋白是一种具有细胞毒性的淋巴细胞颗粒的低分子量蛋白,可增强穿孔素裂解。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6899 复制DOI
    作者列表:Winkler U,Fraser SA,Hudig D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Perforin is a 68 kD protein found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes and is used by lymphocytes to form lethal pores in the membranes of the cells they kill. We and others have found that when perforin is purified, its lytic activity is markedly reduced. ELISAs indicated that our final recovery of perforin protein was excellent. We decided to determine if depletion of other granule proteins contributed to the loss of lytic activity. We isolated perforin to the point where lytic activity was diminished and added back granule proteins that had no lytic activity or detectable (antigenic) perforin. Perforin was isolated by Cu2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by phenyl-Superose hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Its lytic activity was enhanced by a low molecular weight (<15 kD) protein, perforin enhancing protein (PEPr). We have isolated PEPr by two methods, HIC and MonoQ. Nonlytic PEPr restored perforin to close to its original lytic activity. A protein similar if not identical to PEPr was also detectable as an 125I-labeled protein associated with lytic perforin. We propose that PEPr acts in conjunction with perforin to form lethal pores and suggest that PEPr may be the rat equivalent of the human cytotoxic lymphocyte protein, granulysin.

    背景与目标: 穿孔素是一种68 kD蛋白,存在于细胞毒性淋巴细胞的颗粒中,被淋巴细胞用来在其杀死的细胞膜上形成致死孔。我们和其他人已经发现,当穿孔素被纯化时,其裂解活性显着降低。 ELISA法表明,我们穿孔蛋白的最终回收率极高。我们决定确定其他颗粒蛋白的消耗是否导致裂解活性降低。我们将穿孔素分离到溶解活性降低的位置,并添加没有溶解活性或可检测(抗原性)穿孔素的颗粒蛋白。通过铜固定化金属亲和色谱法(IMAC),然后进行苯基-Superose疏水相互作用色谱法(HIC)分离穿孔素。低分子量(<15 kD)蛋白,穿孔素增强蛋白(PEPr)增强了其裂解活性。我们通过两种方法HIC和MonoQ分离了PEPr。非溶解性PEPr使穿孔素恢复至接近其原始溶解活性。与PEPr相似但不相同的蛋白质也可以作为与裂解穿孔素相关的125 I标记蛋白质检测出来。我们建议PEPr与穿孔素一起形成致死性毛孔,并建议PEPr可能与人细胞毒性淋巴细胞蛋白颗粒溶素相当。

  • 【月经周期和食欲控制:对体重调节的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.6.1142 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dye L,Blundell JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle influence appetite control and eating behaviour. Energy intake varies during the reproductive cycle in humans and animals, with a periovulatory nadir and a luteal phase peak. Patterns of macronutrient selection show less consistency but a number of studies report carbohydrate cravings in the premenstrual phase, particularly in women with premenstrual syndrome. The cyclical nature of food cravings are frequently, but not invariably, associated with depression. Fluctuations in appetite, cravings and energy intake during the menstrual cycle may occur in parallel with cyclical rhythms in serotonin, which can be accompanied by affective symptoms. The premenstrual phase can be considered as a time when women are especially vulnerable to overconsumption, food craving and depression; this is often associated with low serotonin activity.

    背景与目标: 与月经周期有关的荷尔蒙波动会影响食欲控制和饮食行为。在人类和动物的生殖周期中,能量的摄入量会有所不同,排卵期的最低点和黄体期相峰值。大量营养素选择的模式显示出较低的一致性,但是许多研究报告说在经前期对碳水化合物的渴望,特别是在经前期综合症的女性中。渴望食物的周期性通常与抑郁症有关,但并非总是如此。月经周期中食欲,食欲和能量摄入的波动可能与5-羟色胺的周期性节律同时发生,并伴有情感症状。经期可以被认为是妇女特别容易遭受过度消费,食物渴望和沮丧的时期。这通常与5-羟色胺活性低有关。

  • 【由带状孢子间体连接的形成子囊孢子的两种新的哈萨克斯坦菌种:Kazachstania zonata和Kazachstania gamospora。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00163.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Imanishi Y,Ueda-Nishimura K,Mikata K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].
    背景与目标: :从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子,它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县,而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联(其值为63.3-78.1%)以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据,来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326,交配类型NBRC 101821(),NBRC 101822(-)]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328,配合类型NBRC 101825(),NBRC 101826(-)]。
  • 【体育活动在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/ncpendmet0554 复制DOI
    作者列表:Catenacci VA,Wyatt HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The majority of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) show only modest weight loss with exercise intervention alone, and slight increases in weight loss when exercise intervention is added to dietary restriction. In most RCTs, the energy deficit produced by the prescribed exercise is far smaller than that usually produced by dietary restriction. In prospective studies that prescribed high levels of exercise, enrolled individuals achieved substantially greater weight loss-comparable to that obtained after similar energy deficits were produced by caloric restriction. High levels of exercise might, however, be difficult for overweight or obese adults to achieve and sustain. RCTs examining exercise and its effect on weight-loss maintenance demonstrated mixed results; however, weight maintenance interventions were usually of limited duration and long-term adherence to exercise was problematic. Epidemiologic, cross-sectional, and prospective correlation studies suggest an essential role for physical activity in weight-loss maintenance, and post hoc analysis of prospective trials shows a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity and weight maintenance. This article reviews the role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss. We focus on prospective, RCTs lasting at least 4 months; however, other prospective trials, meta-analyses and large systematic reviews are included. Limitations in the current body of literature are discussed.
    背景与目标: :大多数随机,对照试验(RCT)仅通过运动干预仅显示适度的体重减轻,而将运动干预与饮食限制相结合时,体重减轻则略有增加。在大多数随机对照试验中,通过处方运动产生的能量缺乏症远小于通常通过饮食限制产生的能量缺乏症。在规定进行高水平运动的前瞻性研究中,与通过热量限制产生类似能量不足所导致的体重减轻相比,已入组个体的体重减轻显着更大。但是,对于超重或肥胖的成年人来说,高强度的运动可能难以实现和维持。研究运动及其对减肥维持的影响的随机对照试验结果不一。然而,维持体重的干预措施通常持续时间有限,长期坚持锻炼存在问题。流行病学,横断面和前瞻性相关研究表明,体育锻炼对维持体重减轻至关重要,而对前瞻性试验的事后分析表明,体育锻炼与维持体重之间存在明显的剂量反应关系。本文回顾了体育锻炼在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。我们专注于持续至少4个月的预期RCT;但是,还包括其他前瞻性试验,荟萃分析和大型系统评价。讨论了当前文献的局限性。
  • 【体重指数对青春期延迟男孩生长的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.8.971 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nathan BM,Sedlmeyer IL,Palmert MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is unclear whether overweight but otherwise healthy boys with delayed puberty have a variation of constitutional delay of growth and maturation (CDGM) or a different etiology for their pubertal delay. To characterize better this group of boys and investigate whether their growth pattern distinguishes them from boys with typical CDGM, growth data were analyzed in eight overweight (BMI SDS > or = 85th percentile) and 37 non-overweight (BMI SDS <85th percentile) boys with delayed puberty. Primary outcome measures included predicted height (PH) and adult height (AH). At diagnosis of delayed puberty, the overweight boys had less delayed bone ages (chronological age [CA] - bone age [BA] = 1.2 +/- 1.0 vs 2.5 +/- 1.1 years, p <0.01), greater height SDS for CA (-0.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.4 +/- 0.8, p <0.001), and greater height SDS for BA (0.6 +/- 0.9 vs -0.4 +/- 1.1, p <0.05). PH for the overweight boys exceeded their mid-parental height (MPH) by 5.0 +/- 7.2 cm while non-overweight boys were predicted to fall below their MPH by 2.8 +/- 6.3 cm (p <0.01). Available AH data corroborated the differences in PH, with a trend for overweight boys to have greater height relative to their MPH than the non-overweight boys. These observations suggest that in the context of delayed puberty, being overweight may modulate adult height and/or that the etiology of delayed puberty in overweight boys may differ from typical CDGM.
    背景与目标: :目前尚不清楚超重但健康的青春期延迟男孩是否具有体质发育和成熟延迟(CDGM)的变化或青春期延迟的病因有所不同。为了更好地表征这组男孩并研究他们的生长方式是否与典型CDGM的男孩区分开来,分析了8个超重(BMI SDS>或= 85%百分位数)和37个非超重(BMI SDS <85th百分位数)的男孩的生长数据青春期延迟。主要结局指标包括预测身高(PH)和成人身高(AH)。在诊断为青春期延迟时,超重男孩的延迟骨龄较少(先后年​​龄[CA]-骨龄[BA] = 1.2 /-1.0与2.5 /-1.1岁,p <0.01),CA的身高SDS较高(- 0.5 /-0.7 vs -2.4 /-0.8,p <0.001)和更高的BA SDS高度(0.6 /-0.9 vs -0.4 /-1.1,p <0.05)。超重男孩的PH值超出其父母中间高度(MPH)5.0 /-7.2 cm,而非超重男孩的PH值则低于其MPH 2.8 /-6.3 cm(p <0.01)。现有的AH数据证实了PH值的差异,超重男孩相对于其MPH的身高趋势要高于非超重男孩。这些观察结果表明,在青春期延迟的背景下,超重可能会调节成年人的身高,和/或在超重男孩中青春期延迟的病因可能与典型的CDGM不同。
  • 【神经性厌食症和情感障碍的大脑葡萄糖代谢:体重减轻或抑郁症状的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0925-4927(97)02971-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delvenne V,Goldman S,De Maertelaer V,Wikler D,Damhaut P,Lotstra F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships between eating and affective disorders remain complex and unclear. Brain glucose metabolism of anorectic patients has been demonstrated to be reduced both globally and regionally, with a particular relative hypometabolism in the parietal cortex. To explore the possible influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology on brain metabolism, we studied age- and sex-matched low-weight anorectic and depressed patients, normal-weight depressed patients, and healthy volunteers. Absolute global and regional glucose activity levels were reduced in low-weight patients, with the lowest values being found for anorectic patients. In relative values, anorectic patients showed a significant parietal hypometabolism in comparison to control subjects while they had higher metabolism in the caudate nuclei when compared with the other groups. Absolute hypometabolism of glucose seems to be a consequence of low weight as it was found in both low-weight anorectic and low-weight depressive patients. In addition, absolute glucose values were significantly correlated with body mass index in all subjects. Future positron emission tomographic studies in psychiatric patients should control for alimentary parameters.
    背景与目标: 饮食和情感障碍之间的关系仍然复杂且不清楚。厌食症患者的脑葡萄糖代谢已被证实在全球和区域范围内均会降低,顶叶皮层中存在特定的相对代谢不足。为了探索减肥或抑郁症状对脑代谢的可能影响,我们研究了年龄和性别相匹配的低体重厌食症和抑郁症患者,正常体重的抑郁症患者以及健康志愿者。低体重患者的全球和区域绝对葡萄糖活性水平降低,而厌食患者的葡萄糖水平最低。在相对价值方面,与对照组相比,厌食患者的顶叶代谢明显降低,而尾核中的新陈代谢较其他组更高。葡萄糖的绝对低代谢似乎是低体重的结果,因为它在低体重厌食症患者和低体重抑郁症患者中均被发现。另外,在所有受试者中,绝对葡萄糖值与体重指数显着相关。未来精神病患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究应控制饮食参数。
  • 【极低体重婴儿的PBSC采集:单中心体验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/14653240701320270 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sevilla J,Plaza SF,González-Vicent M,Lassaletta A,Ramírez M,Madero L,Díaz MA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collection has become the main source of hematopoietic cells for high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue and, in some protocols, for allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. This procedure is complicated in the smallest children because of difficulties related to their weight, and there is little published experience. We have conducted a prospective study to analyze the incidence of adverse events during PBPC collection in the smallest children (< or = 10 kg). METHODS:From January 2000 to November 2005, 257 leukapheresis were performed in our unit, and 13 of them (5%) in 12 children weighing up to 10 kg (median 9 kg, range 5.8-10.9 kg). RESULTS:Most cases had hypovolemic signs during the procedure (usually tachycardia); six cases had hypotension, five of them with pallor and diaphoresis, and, of those, two also had nausea. In all these cases infusion of saline or plasma volume expanders resolved the clinical findings. In two cases the nausea related to hypocalcemia was resolved after calcium gluconate infusion. Changes in platelet counts were also remarkable, with a median platelet loss of 52%. DISCUSSION:Leukapheresis with continuous-flow cell separators has frequent complications related to volume shift in the smallest children. These adverse events are mild and easily resolved with standard measures for hypovolemia, as plasma expander or normal saline infusions. However, we recommend that the procedure should only be performed by teams with extensive experience in the field.
    背景与目标: 背景:外周血祖细胞(PBPC)收集已成为大剂量化疗,干细胞抢救以及同种异体造血移植中造血细胞的主要来源。对于最小的儿童,由于与体重有关的困难,此过程很复杂,并且几乎没有公开的经验。我们进行了一项前瞻性研究,以分析最小的儿童(<或= 10 kg)在PBPC采集过程中不良事件的发生率。
    方法:从2000年1月至2005年11月,我们单位进行了257例白细胞分离术,其中12例体重不超过10千克(中位数9千克,范围5.8-10.9千克)的儿童中有13例(5%)。
    结果:大多数病例在手术过程中出现低血容量征(通常是心动过速);有6例患有低血压,其中5例患有苍白和发汗,其中2例也有恶心。在所有这些情况下,输注生理盐水或血浆扩容器均可解决临床发现。在两种情况下,葡萄糖酸钙输注后可解决与低钙血症有关的恶心。血小板计数的变化也很显着,中位血小板损失为52%。
    讨论:采用连续流动细胞分离器进行白细胞分离术经常导致最小的儿童发生与体积变化有关的并发症。这些不良事件是轻度的,并且可以通过标准的血容量减少措施轻松解决,例如血浆扩容剂或生理盐水输注。但是,我们建议该程序仅应由在该领域具有丰富经验的团队执行。
  • 【体重指数对中年男性和绝经后女性载脂蛋白A-I动力学的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.01.022 复制DOI
    作者列表:Welty FK,Lichtenstein AH,Lamon-Fava S,Schaefer EJ,Marsh JB
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of body mass index (BMI) and obesity on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels and kinetics was examined by gender. Apo A-I kinetics were determined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine in the fed state in 19 men and 13 postmenopausal women. Compared with nonobese men, nonobese women had a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I due to a 48% higher apo A-I production rate (PR) (P = .05). Obesity had no significant effects on apo A-I kinetics in women. In contrast, compared with nonobese men, obese men had a 9% lower apo A-I level due to a 64% higher fractional catabolic rate (FCR) partially offset by a 47% higher PR. Obese women had a 52% higher HDL-C than obese men (50 vs 33 mg/dL, respectively; P = .012), a finding related to the faster apo A-I FCR in obese men. BMI was directly correlated with apo A-I FCR (r = 0.84, P < .001) and PR (r = 0.79, P < .001) in men but not in women. Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women.
    背景与目标: :通过性别检查了体重指数(BMI)和肥胖对载脂蛋白(apo)A-I水平和动力学的影响。在19名男性和13名绝经后女性中,在喂食状态下,经初次,恒定输注氘代亮氨酸测定了Apo A-I动力学。与非肥胖男性相比,非肥胖女性具有较高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和载脂蛋白A-I,这是由于载脂蛋白A-I的产生率(PR)升高了48%(P = 0.05)。肥胖对女性的载脂蛋白A-I动力学没有显着影响。相比之下,与非肥胖男性相比,肥胖男性的分解代谢率(FCR)提高了64%,而部分PR升高了47%,因此脂蛋白A-I水平降低了9%。肥胖女性的HDL-C比肥胖男性高52%(分别为50和33 mg / dL; P = 0.012),这一发现与肥胖男性更快的apo A-I FCR有关。男性的BMI与apo A-I FCR(r = 0.84,P <.001)和PR(r = 0.79,P <.001)直接相关,而与女性无关。 PR变异性的62%和FCR变异性的71%是由于男性的BMI而引起的,而女性分别仅为3%和23%。总之,BMI对男性的apo A-I PR和FCR有显着影响,而对女性则没有。
  • 【前交叉韧带重建后全身振动板训练对运动员力量的功效:一项随机对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000466 复制DOI
    作者列表:Costantino C,Bertuletti S,Romiti D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.
    背景与目标: 目的:评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带(ACL)重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
    设计:随机对照试验。
    地点:单个门诊康复中心。
    参与者:38名女子排球/篮球运动员(年龄在20至30岁之间),随机分为2个治疗组。
    干预措施:在标准化的六个月康复计划中,从手术后第13周到第20周,全身振动组(n = 19)和对照组(n = 19)进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组,将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练,无振动。
    主要观察指标:在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时,均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
    结果:未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善,但与对照组相比,全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速力量值增加具有统计学意义(延伸差异:峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W;屈曲:峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m,最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W; P <0.001)。
    结论:与标准的康复计划结合使用时,全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量,并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。
  • 【执法机构防弹衣政策简介-LEMAS 2013数据的潜在类别分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/15459624.2017.1339163 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liu W,Taylor B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The life-saving benefits of body armor have been well-documented, and law enforcement agency (LEA) body armor wear requirements have been cited by police officers as one of the most important reasons for them to wear body armor. However, research on LEAs' policies and practices regarding body armor is scarce. This study examined whether there are different agency-level profiles of various body armor-related policies, and related these body armor policy profiles to agency characteristics, size, location, etc. U.S. LEAs fell into four distinct profiles based on their body armor policies. Close to half of the LEAs had comprehensive coverage of body armor policies in all aspects. However, nearly one in five LEAs had very weak body armor policies in all aspects. The rest of the LEAs split into two groups, each with different strengths and weaknesses on selection, training, fitting, wearing, and inspection policies. Sheriff's offices and smaller LEAs were found to have weaker policies. In contrast, LEAs with a community policing emphasis and those with body armor grants were found to have stronger body armor polices, especially when it comes to mandatory wearing polices. Findings from the study provide a portrait of the current state of LEA body armor policies, and provide guidance for improving LEAs' body armor policies and practices.
    背景与目标: :防弹衣的挽救生命的好处已得到充分证明,并且执法机构(LEA)的防弹衣磨损要求已被警察引用为他们佩戴防弹衣的最重要原因之一。但是,关于LEA关于防弹衣的政策和实践的研究很少。这项研究检查了各种防弹衣相关政策是否具有不同的机构级档案,并将这些防弹衣档案与代理机构的特征,规模,位置等相关联。美国LEA根据其防弹衣政策分为四个不同的档案。近一半的LEA全面涵盖了防弹衣政策的各个方面。但是,几乎五分之一的LEA在各个方面的防弹衣政策都很薄弱。其他LEA分为两组,每组在选择,培训,装修,穿着和检查政策方面各有优缺点。警长办公室和较小的LEA被发现政策较弱。相比之下,人们发现,以社区治安为重点的LEA以及获得防弹衣津贴的LEA具有更强的防弹衣政策,尤其是在涉及强制性穿法政策时。该研究的结果提供了LEA防弹衣政策的当前状态的画像,并为改进LEA的防弹衣政策和实践提供了指导。
  • 【高盐分胁迫会导致深色小麦中的前类固醇膨胀,并改变辐照后的层状体转化和重组。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jxb/erm085 复制DOI
    作者列表:Abdelkader AF,Aronsson H,Solymosi K,Böddi B,Sundqvist C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High salinity causes ion imbalance and osmotic stress in plants. Leaf sections from 8-d-old dark-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Giza 168) were exposed to high salt stress (600 mM) and the native arrangements of plastid pigments together with the ultrastructure of the plastids were studied using low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although plastids from salt-treated leaves had highly swollen prothylakoids (PTs) the prolamellar bodies (PLBs) were regular. Accordingly, a slight intensity decrease of the short-wavelength protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) form was observed, but no change was found in the long-wavelength Pchlide form emitting at 656 nm. After irradiation, newly formed swollen thylakoids showed traversing stromal strands. The PLB dispersal was partly inhibited and remnants of the PLBs formed an electron-dense structure, which remained after prolonged (8 h) irradiation. The difference in fluorescence emission maximum of the main chlorophyll form in salt-stressed leaves (681 nm) and in control leaves (683 nm) indicated a restrained formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Overall chlorophyll accumulation during prolonged irradiation was inhibited. Salt-stressed leaves returned to darkness after 3 h of irradiation had, compared with the control, a reduced amount of Pchlide and reduced re-formation of regular net-like PLBs. Instead, the size of the electron-dense structures increased. This study reports, for the first time, the salt-induced swelling of PTs and reveals traversing stromal strands in newly formed thylakoids. Although the PLBs were intact and the Pchlide fluorescence emission spectra appeared normal after salt stress in darkness, plastid development to chloroplasts was highly restricted during irradiation.
    背景与目标: :高盐度会导致植物中的离子失衡和渗透胁迫。将8天黑熟小麦(Triticum aestivum cv。Giza 168)的叶片切片暴露于高盐胁迫(600 mM)下,并使用低温研究了质体色素的天然排列以及质体的超微结构荧光光谱和透射电子显微镜。尽管来自盐处理过的叶片的质体具有高度溶胀的前类固醇(PTs),但层状体(PLB)却是规则的。因此,观察到短波长原叶绿素化物(Pchlide)形式的强度略有降低,但是在656nm处发射的长波长Pchlide形式没有发现变化。辐射后,新形成的类囊体显示出横贯的基质链。 PLB的扩散受到部分抑制,PLB的残留物形成电子致密结构,长时间(8 h)照射后仍保留下来。盐胁迫叶片(681 nm)和对照叶片(683 nm)中主要叶绿素形式的最大荧光发射差异表明光合作用装置的形成受到限制。长时间辐照期间总的叶绿素积累受到抑制。与对照相比,盐胁迫的叶片在辐照3 h后恢复黑暗,减少了Pchlide的量,减少了规则网状PLB的重整。相反,电子致密结构的尺寸增加。这项研究首次报道了盐诱导的PTs溶胀,并揭示了新形成的类囊体中横穿的基质链。尽管在黑暗中的盐胁迫后,PLB完好无损且Pchlide荧光发射光谱看起来正常,但是在照射过程中,质体向叶绿体的发育受到了极大的限制。
  • 【改变生活方式和行为疗法可有效减轻肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者的体重,并增加其血清脑源性神经营养因子的水平。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.020 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kuo FC,Lee CH,Hsieh CH,Kuo P,Chen YC,Hung YJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.
    背景与目标: :该研究的目的是阐明肥胖非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者的血清循环脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)与通过生活方式改变和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33例在日托室中接受稳定抗精神病药物治疗,至少3个月的精神分裂症肥胖非糖尿病患者。纳入30名年龄,体重匹配且无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划,包括在日间护理室进行的生活方式改变,心理社会治疗,行为疗法和锻炼。在该计划之前和之后,评估了血液生化,血清BDNF,脂肪因子(脂联素),炎性标志物(C反应蛋白,肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素6)以及口服葡萄糖耐量测试。与对照组相比,精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减重计划后,血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总而言之,我们的结果表明,在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中,非药物减肥计划可以有效减轻体重,同时血清BDNF水平显着升高。
  • 【有氧运动与腹腔镜可调式胃绑带术后体重减轻有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s11695-012-0826-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Shada AL,Hallowell PT,Schirmer BD,Smith PW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a common surgical treatment for obesity. Evidence for and against the association of aerobic exercise (AE) and weight loss after LAGB exists. We hypothesize that aerobic exercise is associated with improved weight loss and resolution of comorbidities after LAGB. METHODS:A review of a prospectively collected database identified patients who underwent LAGB over a 3-year period at a single institution. Body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, frequency, and duration of exercise were collected preoperatively and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively. Excess weight loss (EWL) was calculated. Groups were analyzed using Fisher's exact test and ANOVA. RESULTS:Of the 145 LAGB patients, 120 had adequate data for analysis. AE had no association with weight loss at 6 months. At 12, 24, and 36 months following LAGB, patients who reported 150 min or more per week of exercise had an EWL of 35.5, 47.3, and 54.1 %, respectively, while those reporting 0-59 min per week of AE had an EWL of 25.3, 32.1, and 33.0 % (p = 0.03, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). BMI and age was not statistically different among groups. Diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea were significantly improved in patients exercising at least 60 min per week as compared to those exercising 0-59 min. CONCLUSIONS:AE is significantly associated with weight loss and comorbidity resolution after LAGB. We propose that patients who perform more AE will have higher levels of EWL.
    背景与目标: 背景:腹腔镜可调胃绑带术(LAGB)是肥胖的一种常见手术治疗方法。有证据支持和反对有氧运动(AE)与LAGB术后体重减轻之间的关系。我们假设有氧运动与LAGB术后体重减轻和合并症的缓解相关。
    方法:对前瞻性收集的数据库进行的审查确定了在单一机构接受了3年以上LAGB治疗的患者。术前以及术后6、12、24和36个月收集体重指数(BMI),合并症,运动频率和运动时间。计算了多余的体重减轻(EWL)。使用费舍尔精确检验和方差分析对各组进行分析。
    结果:在145名LAGB患者中,有120名具有足够的数据用于分析。 AE在6个月时与体重减轻无关。 LAGB后12、24和36个月,报告每周运动150分钟或以上的患者的EWL分别为35.5%,47.3和54.1%,而报告每周运动0-59分钟的患者的EWL分别为分别为25.3%,32.1%和33.0%(p分别为0.03、0.03和0.02)。各组之间的BMI和年龄在统计学上没有差异。与每周运动0-59分钟的患者相比,每周至少运动60分钟的患者的糖尿病和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停明显改善。
    结论:AE与LAGB后的体重减轻和合并症的缓解密切相关。我们建议执行更多AE的患者应具有更高的EWL水平。
  • 【怀孕期间身体不满意:横断面和前瞻性相关因素的系统评价。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1359105312462437 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M,Skouteris H,Watson BE,Hill B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This article systematically reviews the literature pertaining to correlates of body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. A total of 8 electronic databases were searched and 251 papers identified, 56 of which met inclusion criteria. Full text scrutiny of these papers reduced the final list of reviewed papers to 22. Results of the review highlight that psychological factors were associated with body dissatisfaction during pregnancy, and noted the surfeit of studies examining the relationship was between body dissatisfaction and depression. It is concluded that the prevention of heightened body dissatisfaction during the reproductive phase will only be effective when models of risk factors have been examined systematically and rigorously.
    背景与目标: :本文系统地回顾了与怀孕期间身体不满意相关的文献。共检索了8个电子数据库,鉴定了251篇论文,其中56篇符合纳入标准。这些论文的全文审查将最终审阅论文列表减少至22。审阅结果突出表明,心理因素与怀孕期间的身体不满意有关,并指出有大量研究检查了身体不满意与抑郁之间的关系。结论是,只有在系统地和严格地检查了危险因素模型之后,才能防止在生殖阶段加剧机体不满。
  • 【回顾透析间体重增加和死亡率与血清白蛋白相互作用的关系:日本透析结果和实践模式研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1053/j.jrn.2017.05.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kurita N,Hayashino Y,Yamazaki S,Akizawa T,Akiba T,Saito A,Fukuhara S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The dialysis practice guideline in Japan sets a limit on the allowed interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) <6%. However, the effects of relative gain of fluid volume to body weight may differ in presence of morbid conditions. Here, we examined whether or not the associations between IDWG and mortality differ by serum albumin (sAlb), a nutritional and illness marker. DESIGN:The study type used was prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS:Patients who participated in the Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Pattern Study (phase 1-4 [1999-2011]) and received thrice-weekly hemodialysis. METHODS:IDWG was the exposure of interest and was collected every 4 months, divided into 7 categories as follows: <2%, 2% to 3%, 3% to 4% (reference), 4% to 5%, 5% to 6%, 6% to 7%, and >7%. sAlb was treated as both an effect modifier and confounder and dichotomized into ≥3.8 g/dL and <3.8 g/dL segments, according to the protein-energy wasting criteria proposed by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:The outcome in this study was all-cause mortality. RESULTS:A total of 8,661 patients were analyzed. Time-varying Cox regression analyses revealed that, when sAlb was ≥3.8 g/dL, an IDWG >7% was associated with greater risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-5.05). When sAlb was <3.8 g/dL, however, IDWGs <2% (AHR 1.89; 95% CI, 1.50-2.39) and 4% to 5% (AHR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.96) were associated with mortality (P for interaction = .001). Cubic spline analyses showed that the mortality increased when IDWG exceeded 6% for patients with sAlb ≥3.8 g/dL; in contrast, for patients with sAlb <3.8 g/dL, the mortality increased when IDWG was <3% and decreased when IDWG was between 4% and 6%. LIMITATION:The main limitation was possible residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS:The direction and magnitude of the associations between IDWG and mortality were modified by sAlb. Dialysis experts should take these results into account when revising the clinical practice guidelines.
    背景与目标: 背景:日本的透析实践指南对允许的透析间增重(IDWG)<6%设置了限制。但是,在存在病态的情况下,体液量相对于体重的相对增加的影响可能会有所不同。在这里,我们检查了IDWG和死亡率之间的关联是否因营养和疾病标志物血清白蛋白(sAlb)而异。
    设计:使用的研究类型为前瞻性队列研究。
    参加日本透析结果和实践模式研究(1-4期[1999-2011])并每周接受三次血液透析的患者。
    方法:IDWG是感兴趣的暴露量,每4个月收集一次,分为7类,分别为:<2%,2%至3%,3%至4%(参考),4%至5%,5%至6%,6%至7%和> 7%。根据国际肾脏营养与代谢学会提出的蛋白质能量浪费标准,将sAlb视为效应修饰剂和混杂因素,并分为3.8 g / dL和<3.8 g / dL的区段。
    主要观察指标:本研究结果为全因死亡率。
    结果:共分析了8661例患者。随时间变化的Cox回归分析显示,当sAlb≥3.8 g / dL时,IDWG> 7%与更大的死亡风险相关(调整后的危险比[AHR] 2.74; 95%置信区间[CI],1.49-5.05 )。但是,当sAlb <3.8 g / dL时,IDWGs <2%(AHR 1.89; 95%CI,1.50-2.39)和4%至5%(AHR 0.75; 95%CI,0.58-0.96)与死亡率相关(互动的P = .001)。三次样条分析表明,当sAlb≥3.8g / dL的患者IDWG超过6%时,死亡率增加;相反,对于sAlb <3.8 g / dL的患者,当IDWG <3%时死亡率增加,而当IDWG在4%至6%之间时死亡率降低。
    局限性:主要局限性是可能的残余混杂。
    结论:sAlb改变了IDWG与死亡率之间的关联的方向和大小。修订临床实践指南时,透析专家应考虑这些结果。

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