• 【一种新颖的机电一体化体重支持系统。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1109/TNSRE.2006.881556 复制DOI
    作者列表:Frey M,Colombo G,Vaglio M,Bucher R,Jörg M,Riener R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel mechatronic body weight support (BWS) system has been developed to provide precise body weight unloading for patients with neurological or other impairments during treadmill training. The system is composed of a passive elastic spring element to take over the main unloading force and an active closed-loop controlled electric drive to generate the exact desired force. Both force generating units, the passive spring and the active electric drive, act on the patient via a polyester rope connected to a harness worn by the patient. The length of the rope can be adjusted with an electric winch to adapt the system to different patient sizes. The system is fully computer controlled. At unloading loads of up to 60 kg and walking speeds of up to 3.2 km/h, the mean unloading error and the maximum unloading error of the presented BWS system was less than 1 and 3 kg, respectively. The performance was compared with those of two purely passive BWS systems currently being used by most other rehabilitation groups. This comprised counterweight systems and static BWS systems with fixed rope lengths. Counterweight systems reached mean and maximum unloading errors of up to 5.34 and 16.22 kg, respectively. The values for the static BWS were 11.02 kg and 27.67 kg, respectively. The novel mechatronic BWS system presented in this study adjusts desired unloading changes of up to 20 kg within less than 100 ms. Thus, not only constant BWS, but also gait cycle dependent or time variant oscillations of the desired force can be realized with high accuracy. Precise and constant unloading force is believed to be an important prerequisite for BWS gait therapy, where it is important to generate physiologically correct segmental dynamics and ground reaction forces. Thus, the novel BWS system presented in this paper is an important contribution to maximize the therapeutic outcome of human gait rehabilitation.
    背景与目标: :已开发出新型机电一体化体重支持(BWS)系统,以在跑步机训练期间为患有神经系统疾病或其他障碍的患者提供精确的体重减轻。该系统由一个被动的弹性弹簧元件(承担主要的卸载力)和一个主动的闭环控制电驱动装置组成,以产生确切的所需力。被动发条和主动电驱动两个力产生单元均通过连接到患者佩戴的安全带上的聚酯绳作用在患者身上。绳索的长度可以用电动绞盘调节,以使系统适应不同的患者体型。该系统完全由计算机控制。在最高60 kg的卸载负荷和最高3.2 km / h的步行速度下,所提出的BWS系统的平均卸载误差和最大卸载误差分别小于1 kg和3 kg。将该性能与大多数其他康复团体目前使用的两个纯被动BWS系统的性能进行了比较。这包括配重系统和具有固定绳索长度的静态BWS系统。配重系统的平均和最大卸载误差分别高达5.34和16.22 kg。静态BWS的值分别为11.02 kg和27.67 kg。这项研究中提出的新型机电一体化BWS系统可在不到100 ms的时间内将所需的卸荷变化调整至20 kg。因此,不仅可以实现恒定的BWS,而且还可以高精度地实现与步态周期有关的或所需力的随时间变化的振荡。精确和恒定的卸载力被认为是BWS步态治疗的重要前提,在步态治疗中,产生生理上正确的节段动力学和地面反作用力很重要。因此,本文提出的新型BWS系统是最大程度地提高步态康复治疗效果的重要贡献。
  • 【童年时期对身体变形障碍的虐待和忽视。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Didie ER,Tortolani CC,Pope CG,Menard W,Fay C,Phillips KA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:No published studies have examined childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of abuse and neglect in individuals with this disorder. METHODS:Seventy-five subjects (69.3% female, mean age=35.4+/-12.0) with DSM-IV BDD completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and were interviewed with other reliable and valid measures. RESULTS:Of these subjects, 78.7% reported a history of childhood maltreatment: emotional neglect (68.0%), emotional abuse (56.0%), physical abuse (34.7%), physical neglect (33.3%), and sexual abuse (28.0%). Forty percent of subjects reported severe maltreatment. Among females (n=52), severity of reported abuse and neglect were .32-.57 standard deviation units higher than norms for a health maintenance organization (HMO) sample of women. Severity of sexual abuse was the only type of maltreatment significantly associated with current BDD severity (r=.23, p=.047). However, severity of sexual abuse did not predict current BDD severity in a simultaneous multiple regression analysis with age and current treatment status. There were other significant associations with childhood maltreatment: history of attempted suicide was related to emotional (p=.004), physical (p=.014), and sexual abuse (p=.038). Childhood emotional abuse was associated with a lifetime substance use disorder (r=.26, p=.02), and physical abuse was negatively associated with a lifetime mood disorder (r=-.37, p=.001). CONCLUSIONS:A high proportion of individuals with BDD reported childhood abuse and neglect. Certain types of abuse and neglect appear modestly associated with BDD symptom severity and with gender, suicidality, and certain disorders.
    背景与目标: 目的:尚无已发表的研究对童年时期的虐待和对身体变形障碍(BDD)的忽视进行了研究。这项研究检查了这种疾病患者中滥用和忽视的患病率及其临床相关性。
    方法:55名DSM-IV BDD受试者(69.3%的女性,平均年龄= 35.4 /-12.0)完成了《童年创伤调查表》,并接受了其他可靠有效的措施访谈。
    结果:在这些受试者中,有78.7%的人报告有童年虐待史:情绪疏忽(68.0%),精神虐待(56.0%),身体虐待(34.7%),身体疏忽(33.3%)和性虐待(28.0%) 。 40%的受试者报告严重虐待。在女性(n = 52)中,报告的虐待和忽视的严重程度比健康维持组织(HMO)女性样本的标准高0.32-0.57个标准差单位。严重的性虐待是唯一与当前BDD严重性显着相关的虐待(r = .23,p = .047)。但是,性虐待的严重程度并不能同时根据年龄和当前治疗状况进行多元回归分析,从而预测当前的BDD严重程度。还有其他与儿童虐待有关的重要关联:自杀未遂的历史与情感(p = .004),身体(p = .014)和性虐待(p = .038)有关。童年时期的情绪虐待与一生的物质使用障碍相关(r = .26,p = .02),而身体虐待与一生的情绪障碍呈负相关(r =-。37,p = .001)。
    结论:很大一部分BDD患者报告了儿童期的虐待和忽视。某些类型的虐待和忽视似乎与BDD症状的严重程度以及性别,自杀倾向和某些疾病有关。
  • 【关节内高分子量透明质酸注射液治疗颞下颌关节的非复位性椎间盘移位的短期治疗效果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.09.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yeung RW,Chow RL,Samman N,Chiu K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a patient with temporomandibular disorder who does not respond to conservative treatment, treatment with intra-articular injection of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate can be suggested. In our study, 27 patients with nonreduced disc displacement were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The age range was from 21 to 63 years old, with a mean of 39.3 years. Two cycles of injection of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate was performed on alternative weeks. Pain intensity was measured by the visual analog scale. Maximal mouth opening, clicking joint noise, and lateral movement were measured before and after injection for more than 6 months. Reduction of pain intensity and improvement in the maximum mouth opening parameter was statistically significant. In conclusion, this intra-articular injection using high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate looks very positive for patients affected by nonreduced disc displacement and is encouraged to be used as a primary treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
    背景与目标: :对于颞下颌关节疾病,对保守治疗无反应的患者,建议采用关节内注射高分子量透明质酸钠进行治疗。在我们的研究中,临床上诊断出27例椎间盘移位未减少的患者,并通过磁共振成像对其进行了确认。年龄范围是21至63岁,平均39.3岁。每隔几个星期进行两次高分子量透明质酸钠注射。通过视觉模拟量表测量疼痛强度。在注射前后超过6个月,测量了最大张口,咔嗒声和侧向运动。疼痛强度的降低和最大张口参数的改善在统计学上是显着的。总之,这种高分子量透明质酸钠的关节腔内注射对于未减少椎间盘移位的患者看起来非常积极,因此被鼓励用作颞下颌关节功能障碍的主要治疗方法。
  • 【不同类型的刺激对兔颈总动脉中环AMP含量的影响:功能意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb03137.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pérez-García MT,Almaraz L,González C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic AMP levels in rabbit carotid bodies incubated under control conditions, 100% O2- or 95% O2/5% CO2- equilibrated medium, are close to 1 pmol/mg wet tissue (range 0.4-2.43 pmol/mg). Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM) increases cyclic AMP levels by a factor of 14 and 8 in HEPES- and CO2/CH3O(-)-buffered medium, respectively. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) applied during 30 min increases cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of carotid bodies at low O2 tensions resulted in an elevation of cyclic AMP levels both in the absence and in the presence of isobutymethylxanthine. In the latter conditions cyclic AMP increase was maximum at an O2 tension of 46 mm Hg and tended to decrease at extremely low PO2. In isobutylmethylxanthine-containing Ca2(+)-free medium, cyclic AMP increased linearly with decreasing PO2 from 66 to 13 mm Hg; the absolute cyclic AMP levels attained in Ca2(+)-free medium were smaller than those observed in Ca2(+)-containing medium at any PO2. The differences between Ca2(+)-free and Ca2(+)-containing media appear to be due to the action of released neurotransmitters in the latter conditions, because dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be released by hypoxia in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, increase cyclic AMP in the carotid body. Low pH/high PCO2 and high [K+]e increase cyclic AMP levels only in Ca2(+)-containing medium. Forskolin potentiates the release of catecholamines induced by low PO2. These results suggest that cyclic AMP plays an important role in the modulation of the chemoreception process.
    背景与目标: :在对照条件下,100%O2-或95%O2 / 5%CO2平衡的培养基中孵育的兔颈动脉体中的循环AMP水平接近1 pmol / mg湿组织(范围0.4-2.43 pmol / mg)。在HEPES-和CO2 / CH3O(-)缓冲的培养基中,异丁基甲基黄嘌呤(0.5 mM)将循环AMP的水平分别提高14和8倍。在30分钟内施用的Forskolin(0.5-10 microM)以剂量依赖性方式增加循环AMP的水平。在不存在和存在异丁甲基黄嘌呤的情况下,在低O2张力下孵育颈动脉都会导致环AMP含量升高。在后一种情况下,循环AMP的增加在O2张力为46 mm Hg时最大,而在极低的PO2下趋于减少。在不含异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的不含Ca2()的介质中,环状AMP随着PO2从66 mmHg降低到13 mm Hg而线性增加。不含Ca2()的培养基中达到的绝对循环AMP水平要低于任何PO2含Ca2()的培养基中观察到的绝对值。不含Ca2()和含Ca2()的培养基之间的差异似乎是由于后者条件下释放的神经递质的作用所致,因为已知多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素在依赖Ca2()的情况下会通过低氧释放。方式,增加颈动脉体中的循环AMP。低pH /高PCO2和高[K] e仅在含Ca2()的培养基中会增加循环AMP的水平。 Forskolin增强了低PO2诱导的儿茶酚胺释放。这些结果表明,环状AMP在化学感受过程的调节中起重要作用。
  • 【全身静磁场暴露会增加蜗牛Helix Pomatia的热伤害感受性阈值。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.4.3 复制DOI
    作者列表:László JF,Hernádi L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.
    背景与目标: :我们在热板测试(43°C)中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场(SMF)暴露对蜗牛的热伤害感受性阈值的影响。均质(hSMF)和不均质(iSMF)SMF均可在暴露20、30或40分钟的hSMF时通过p <0.001,p <0.0001或p提高热伤害感受性阈值:40.2%,29.2%或41.7% iSMF暴露p≤0.05或p≤0.0001后,<0.001,以及32.7%或46.2%。这些结果表明,SMF对蜗牛具有镇痛作用。另一方面,发现纳洛酮作为一种非典型的阿片类药物拮抗剂,可显着降低热伤害感受性阈值(41.9%,p <0.002),可被hSMF暴露所拮抗,暗示hSMF发挥了其作用。部分通过阿片样物质受体产生抗伤害感受作用。
  • 【南非城市青少年队列中的居民流动性,社会经济背景和体重指数。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ginsburg C,Griffiths PL,Richter LM,Norris SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.
    背景与目标: :正在改变居住地的青少年以及他们的社会和经济状况,可能会经历生活方式的改变,这些改变会影响身体组成的结果,例如营养不良,超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年(n = 1613)的居住流动性与体重指数(BMI)之间的关系,并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位(SES)。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25%,在男性中为8%。在女性中,对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人,其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性(β= 0.42,SE = 0.13),而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值,这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。
  • 【按年龄和性别划分的霍奇金淋巴瘤的体重和风险:康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州的一项基于人群的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10552-012-0100-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li Q,Chang ET,Bassig BA,Dai M,Qin Q,Gao Y,Zhang Y,Zheng T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.
    背景与目标: 目的:描述性研究表明,霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)的发病率在年轻人中,尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明,与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数(BMI)增加相关的HL风险增加,但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小(身高,体重和BMI)与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
    方法:在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间,共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CIs)。
    结果:<35岁的年轻女性中,超重(25-29.9 kg / m(2))与正常体重(18.5-24.9 kg / m(2))与HL风险增加显着相关(OR = 2.1 ,95%CI = 1.1-4.0)。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加(p趋势<0.01)。相比之下,≥35岁的女性中,体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关(p趋势<0.01)。相反,年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
    结论:这些发现表明,体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异,需要在其他人群中进行确认。
  • 【肥胖男性中大剂量白藜芦醇的补充:一项由研究人员发起,随机,安慰剂对照的底物代谢,胰岛素敏感性和身体成分的临床试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0975 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poulsen MM,Vestergaard PF,Clasen BF,Radko Y,Christensen LP,Stødkilde-Jørgensen H,Møller N,Jessen N,Pedersen SB,Jørgensen JO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.
    背景与目标: 肥胖,糖尿病,高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究,白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1(SIRT1)来逆转这些危险因素,但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机,安慰剂对照,双盲和平行组设计中,将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查,包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性(高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹)。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗;脂质的氧化速率;异位或内脏脂肪含量;或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同,并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。
  • 【大型草食动物的纤维消化率与消化类型和体重有关-一种体外方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Steuer P,Südekum KH,Müller DW,Kaandorp J,Clauss M,Hummel J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.
    背景与目标: 在一个给定的生态系统中,有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显,例如,它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行,有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重(BM)的影响的信息,需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中,粪便中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100%干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验(HGT)中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量(GP)产生影响,其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔,BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致:反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少,并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说,HGT(96 h)是一种有用且快速的方法,可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。
  • 【穿孔素增强蛋白是一种具有细胞毒性的淋巴细胞颗粒的低分子量蛋白,可增强穿孔素裂解。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6899 复制DOI
    作者列表:Winkler U,Fraser SA,Hudig D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Perforin is a 68 kD protein found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes and is used by lymphocytes to form lethal pores in the membranes of the cells they kill. We and others have found that when perforin is purified, its lytic activity is markedly reduced. ELISAs indicated that our final recovery of perforin protein was excellent. We decided to determine if depletion of other granule proteins contributed to the loss of lytic activity. We isolated perforin to the point where lytic activity was diminished and added back granule proteins that had no lytic activity or detectable (antigenic) perforin. Perforin was isolated by Cu2+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by phenyl-Superose hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Its lytic activity was enhanced by a low molecular weight (<15 kD) protein, perforin enhancing protein (PEPr). We have isolated PEPr by two methods, HIC and MonoQ. Nonlytic PEPr restored perforin to close to its original lytic activity. A protein similar if not identical to PEPr was also detectable as an 125I-labeled protein associated with lytic perforin. We propose that PEPr acts in conjunction with perforin to form lethal pores and suggest that PEPr may be the rat equivalent of the human cytotoxic lymphocyte protein, granulysin.

    背景与目标: 穿孔素是一种68 kD蛋白,存在于细胞毒性淋巴细胞的颗粒中,被淋巴细胞用来在其杀死的细胞膜上形成致死孔。我们和其他人已经发现,当穿孔素被纯化时,其裂解活性显着降低。 ELISA法表明,我们穿孔蛋白的最终回收率极高。我们决定确定其他颗粒蛋白的消耗是否导致裂解活性降低。我们将穿孔素分离到溶解活性降低的位置,并添加没有溶解活性或可检测(抗原性)穿孔素的颗粒蛋白。通过铜固定化金属亲和色谱法(IMAC),然后进行苯基-Superose疏水相互作用色谱法(HIC)分离穿孔素。低分子量(<15 kD)蛋白,穿孔素增强蛋白(PEPr)增强了其裂解活性。我们通过两种方法HIC和MonoQ分离了PEPr。非溶解性PEPr使穿孔素恢复至接近其原始溶解活性。与PEPr相似但不相同的蛋白质也可以作为与裂解穿孔素相关的125 I标记蛋白质检测出来。我们建议PEPr与穿孔素一起形成致死性毛孔,并建议PEPr可能与人细胞毒性淋巴细胞蛋白颗粒溶素相当。

  • 【月经周期和食欲控制:对体重调节的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.6.1142 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dye L,Blundell JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle influence appetite control and eating behaviour. Energy intake varies during the reproductive cycle in humans and animals, with a periovulatory nadir and a luteal phase peak. Patterns of macronutrient selection show less consistency but a number of studies report carbohydrate cravings in the premenstrual phase, particularly in women with premenstrual syndrome. The cyclical nature of food cravings are frequently, but not invariably, associated with depression. Fluctuations in appetite, cravings and energy intake during the menstrual cycle may occur in parallel with cyclical rhythms in serotonin, which can be accompanied by affective symptoms. The premenstrual phase can be considered as a time when women are especially vulnerable to overconsumption, food craving and depression; this is often associated with low serotonin activity.

    背景与目标: 与月经周期有关的荷尔蒙波动会影响食欲控制和饮食行为。在人类和动物的生殖周期中,能量的摄入量会有所不同,排卵期的最低点和黄体期相峰值。大量营养素选择的模式显示出较低的一致性,但是许多研究报告说在经前期对碳水化合物的渴望,特别是在经前期综合症的女性中。渴望食物的周期性通常与抑郁症有关,但并非总是如此。月经周期中食欲,食欲和能量摄入的波动可能与5-羟色胺的周期性节律同时发生,并伴有情感症状。经期可以被认为是妇女特别容易遭受过度消费,食物渴望和沮丧的时期。这通常与5-羟色胺活性低有关。

  • 【由带状孢子间体连接的形成子囊孢子的两种新的哈萨克斯坦菌种:Kazachstania zonata和Kazachstania gamospora。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00163.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Imanishi Y,Ueda-Nishimura K,Mikata K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].
    背景与目标: :从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子,它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县,而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联(其值为63.3-78.1%)以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据,来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326,交配类型NBRC 101821(),NBRC 101822(-)]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328,配合类型NBRC 101825(),NBRC 101826(-)]。
  • 【体育活动在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/ncpendmet0554 复制DOI
    作者列表:Catenacci VA,Wyatt HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The majority of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) show only modest weight loss with exercise intervention alone, and slight increases in weight loss when exercise intervention is added to dietary restriction. In most RCTs, the energy deficit produced by the prescribed exercise is far smaller than that usually produced by dietary restriction. In prospective studies that prescribed high levels of exercise, enrolled individuals achieved substantially greater weight loss-comparable to that obtained after similar energy deficits were produced by caloric restriction. High levels of exercise might, however, be difficult for overweight or obese adults to achieve and sustain. RCTs examining exercise and its effect on weight-loss maintenance demonstrated mixed results; however, weight maintenance interventions were usually of limited duration and long-term adherence to exercise was problematic. Epidemiologic, cross-sectional, and prospective correlation studies suggest an essential role for physical activity in weight-loss maintenance, and post hoc analysis of prospective trials shows a clear dose-response relationship between physical activity and weight maintenance. This article reviews the role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss. We focus on prospective, RCTs lasting at least 4 months; however, other prospective trials, meta-analyses and large systematic reviews are included. Limitations in the current body of literature are discussed.
    背景与目标: :大多数随机,对照试验(RCT)仅通过运动干预仅显示适度的体重减轻,而将运动干预与饮食限制相结合时,体重减轻则略有增加。在大多数随机对照试验中,通过处方运动产生的能量缺乏症远小于通常通过饮食限制产生的能量缺乏症。在规定进行高水平运动的前瞻性研究中,与通过热量限制产生类似能量不足所导致的体重减轻相比,已入组个体的体重减轻显着更大。但是,对于超重或肥胖的成年人来说,高强度的运动可能难以实现和维持。研究运动及其对减肥维持的影响的随机对照试验结果不一。然而,维持体重的干预措施通常持续时间有限,长期坚持锻炼存在问题。流行病学,横断面和前瞻性相关研究表明,体育锻炼对维持体重减轻至关重要,而对前瞻性试验的事后分析表明,体育锻炼与维持体重之间存在明显的剂量反应关系。本文回顾了体育锻炼在产生和维持体重减轻中的作用。我们专注于持续至少4个月的预期RCT;但是,还包括其他前瞻性试验,荟萃分析和大型系统评价。讨论了当前文献的局限性。
  • 【体重指数对青春期延迟男孩生长的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.8.971 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nathan BM,Sedlmeyer IL,Palmert MR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is unclear whether overweight but otherwise healthy boys with delayed puberty have a variation of constitutional delay of growth and maturation (CDGM) or a different etiology for their pubertal delay. To characterize better this group of boys and investigate whether their growth pattern distinguishes them from boys with typical CDGM, growth data were analyzed in eight overweight (BMI SDS > or = 85th percentile) and 37 non-overweight (BMI SDS <85th percentile) boys with delayed puberty. Primary outcome measures included predicted height (PH) and adult height (AH). At diagnosis of delayed puberty, the overweight boys had less delayed bone ages (chronological age [CA] - bone age [BA] = 1.2 +/- 1.0 vs 2.5 +/- 1.1 years, p <0.01), greater height SDS for CA (-0.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.4 +/- 0.8, p <0.001), and greater height SDS for BA (0.6 +/- 0.9 vs -0.4 +/- 1.1, p <0.05). PH for the overweight boys exceeded their mid-parental height (MPH) by 5.0 +/- 7.2 cm while non-overweight boys were predicted to fall below their MPH by 2.8 +/- 6.3 cm (p <0.01). Available AH data corroborated the differences in PH, with a trend for overweight boys to have greater height relative to their MPH than the non-overweight boys. These observations suggest that in the context of delayed puberty, being overweight may modulate adult height and/or that the etiology of delayed puberty in overweight boys may differ from typical CDGM.
    背景与目标: :目前尚不清楚超重但健康的青春期延迟男孩是否具有体质发育和成熟延迟(CDGM)的变化或青春期延迟的病因有所不同。为了更好地表征这组男孩并研究他们的生长方式是否与典型CDGM的男孩区分开来,分析了8个超重(BMI SDS>或= 85%百分位数)和37个非超重(BMI SDS <85th百分位数)的男孩的生长数据青春期延迟。主要结局指标包括预测身高(PH)和成人身高(AH)。在诊断为青春期延迟时,超重男孩的延迟骨龄较少(先后年​​龄[CA]-骨龄[BA] = 1.2 /-1.0与2.5 /-1.1岁,p <0.01),CA的身高SDS较高(- 0.5 /-0.7 vs -2.4 /-0.8,p <0.001)和更高的BA SDS高度(0.6 /-0.9 vs -0.4 /-1.1,p <0.05)。超重男孩的PH值超出其父母中间高度(MPH)5.0 /-7.2 cm,而非超重男孩的PH值则低于其MPH 2.8 /-6.3 cm(p <0.01)。现有的AH数据证实了PH值的差异,超重男孩相对于其MPH的身高趋势要高于非超重男孩。这些观察结果表明,在青春期延迟的背景下,超重可能会调节成年人的身高,和/或在超重男孩中青春期延迟的病因可能与典型的CDGM不同。
  • 【神经性厌食症和情感障碍的大脑葡萄糖代谢:体重减轻或抑郁症状的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0925-4927(97)02971-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delvenne V,Goldman S,De Maertelaer V,Wikler D,Damhaut P,Lotstra F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Relationships between eating and affective disorders remain complex and unclear. Brain glucose metabolism of anorectic patients has been demonstrated to be reduced both globally and regionally, with a particular relative hypometabolism in the parietal cortex. To explore the possible influence of weight loss or depressive symptomatology on brain metabolism, we studied age- and sex-matched low-weight anorectic and depressed patients, normal-weight depressed patients, and healthy volunteers. Absolute global and regional glucose activity levels were reduced in low-weight patients, with the lowest values being found for anorectic patients. In relative values, anorectic patients showed a significant parietal hypometabolism in comparison to control subjects while they had higher metabolism in the caudate nuclei when compared with the other groups. Absolute hypometabolism of glucose seems to be a consequence of low weight as it was found in both low-weight anorectic and low-weight depressive patients. In addition, absolute glucose values were significantly correlated with body mass index in all subjects. Future positron emission tomographic studies in psychiatric patients should control for alimentary parameters.
    背景与目标: 饮食和情感障碍之间的关系仍然复杂且不清楚。厌食症患者的脑葡萄糖代谢已被证实在全球和区域范围内均会降低,顶叶皮层中存在特定的相对代谢不足。为了探索减肥或抑郁症状对脑代谢的可能影响,我们研究了年龄和性别相匹配的低体重厌食症和抑郁症患者,正常体重的抑郁症患者以及健康志愿者。低体重患者的全球和区域绝对葡萄糖活性水平降低,而厌食患者的葡萄糖水平最低。在相对价值方面,与对照组相比,厌食患者的顶叶代谢明显降低,而尾核中的新陈代谢较其他组更高。葡萄糖的绝对低代谢似乎是低体重的结果,因为它在低体重厌食症患者和低体重抑郁症患者中均被发现。另外,在所有受试者中,绝对葡萄糖值与体重指数显着相关。未来精神病患者的正电子发射断层扫描研究应控制饮食参数。

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