BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investigated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechanics during two and four-legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a "grounded run" during bipedalism (0.83-1.43 ms(-1)) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91-6.0 ms(-1)). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2-17%), and in general higher during quadrupedalism (4-72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The positive CoM work is 2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (bipedalism) and 0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four-legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum-like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aerial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transitions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum-like walking gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole-body aerial phase.

背景与目标： ：簇绒的卷尾猴在其自然环境中同时使用四足动物和两足动物。尽管先前的研究已经研究了肢体运动学和代谢成本，但是在两腿和四腿运动过程中其地面反作用力（GRF）和质心（CoM）力学仍然未知。在这里，我们确定了双足和四足动物在各种速度和步态下的后肢GRF和CoM能量，功和功率，以研究差异肢数对运动性能的影响。我们的研究结果表明，卷尾猴在两足动物（0.83-1.43 ms（-1））期间使用“地面跑步”，在四足动物（0.91-6.0 ms（-1））期间主要使用步态和奔腾步态。在两足动物中，CoM能量回收率非常低（2-17％），而在四足动物中，CoM能量回收率通常较高（4-72％）。与此相一致，两足动物的后肢垂直GRF以及CoM功，功率和碰撞损失要比四足动物的高。 CoM的正工作为2.04±0.40 Jkg（-1）m（-1）（双足）和0.70±0.29 Jkg（-1）m（-1）（四足），这在两个和两个的已发布值范围内四足陆生动物。这项研究的结果证实，卷尾猴和其他非人类灵长类动物的兼性两足动物不必局限于像摆一样的步行步态，而可以包括奔跑，尽管没有空中阶段。根据这些结果以及对其他兼性两足动物的类似研究，我们建议，人的自发运动能力进化的重要转变是专心的，像钟摆一样的步行步态和有弹性的奔跑步态的出现，其中包括整个身体的空中阶段。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.

背景与目标： 肥胖，糖尿病，高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究，白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1（SIRT1）来逆转这些危险因素，但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机，安慰剂对照，双盲和平行组设计中，将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查，包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性（高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹）。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗；脂质的氧化速率；异位或内脏脂肪含量；或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同，并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.

背景与目标： 在一个给定的生态系统中，有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显，例如，它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行，有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重（BM）的影响的信息，需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中，粪便中性洗涤剂纤维（NDF）的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100％干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验（HGT）中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量（GP）产生影响，其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔，BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致：反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少，并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说，HGT（96 h）是一种有用且快速的方法，可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was the evaluation of the first commercially available in-vitro diagnostic (IVD)- mass spectrometric immunosuppressant assay from Chromsystems (MassTox Immunosuppressants ONEMINUTE Test) and the comparison to a routinely used online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay method for the measurement of cyclosporine A, everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in patient whole blood samples. METHODS:An API 4000 [tandem mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX)] combined with a CTC Pal autosampler (CTC Analytics AG) and a Shimadzu ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) system were applied for the direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay analysis using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. Isotope-labeled internal standards were used for the commercial assay. Within- and between-day variation, accuracy, and limits of quantification were determined. Samples from external international proficiency testing schemes were measured to assess the accuracy of the commercial assay. About 100 patient samples were reanalyzed with the commercial test kit, and the results were compared with our in-house results. RESULTS:The limit of quantification for the commercial assay was 0.5 ng/mL for everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus and 5 ng/mL for cyclosporine A. The coefficient of variation for all immunosuppressants was lower than 7% (within day) and 12% (between days) for all 5 concentration levels. Accuracy ranged between 82% and 111% for quality control samples and between 89% and 112% for samples from the external quality assurance program. Both methods showed a very good agreement (r > 0.91) in patient samples over the whole concentration range for all immunosuppressants. CONCLUSION:The commercial immunosuppressant assay from Chromsystems represents a standardized IVD-certified alternative to our in-house developed assay.

背景与目标： 目的：本研究的目的是评估Chromsystems的第一个可商购的体外诊断（IVD）-质谱免疫抑制试验（MassTox免疫抑制剂ONEMINUTE测试），并将其与常规使用的在线固相萃取液相色谱串联进行比较质谱法测定患者全血样品中的环孢素A，依维莫司，西罗莫司和他克莫司。
方法：将API 4000 [串联质谱仪（AB SCIEX）]结合CTC Pal自动进样器（CTC Analytics AG）和Shimadzu超快速液相色谱（UFLC）系统用于直接液相色谱-串联质谱分析在正离子模式下使用电喷雾电离。同位素标记的内标用于商业检测。确定日内和日间变化，准确性和定量限。对来自外部国际能力验证计划的样本进行了测量，以评估商业化验的准确性。使用商业测试套件对大约100个患者样品进行了重新分析，并将结果与​​我们的内部结果进行了比较。
结果：商业化验的定量限为依维莫司，西罗莫司和他克莫司为0.5 ng / mL，环孢霉素A为5 ng / mL。所有免疫抑制剂的变异系数均低于7％（日内）和12％ （介于两天之间）所有5种浓度水平。对于质量控制样品，其准确性介于82％至111％之间，对于来自外部质量保证计划的样品，其准确性介于89％至112％之间。两种方法在所有免疫抑制剂的整个浓度范围内的患者样品中均显示出很好的一致性（r> 0.91）。
结论：Chromsystems的商业免疫抑制剂测定法是我们内部开发测定法的标准化IVD认证替代品。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Numerous debilitating human disorders result from protein misfolding and amyloid formation. Despite the grave nature of these maladies, our understanding of the structural mechanism of fibril assembly is limited. Of paramount importance is the need to identify and characterize oligomeric species formed early during fibril assembly, so that the nature of the initiating assembly mechanism can be revealed and species that may be toxic to cells identified. However, the transient nature of early oligomeric species, combined with their heterogeneity and instability, has precluded detailed analysis to date. Here, we have used electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), complemented by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and measurements of thioflavin-T fluorescence, to monitor the early stages of assembly of amyloid-like fibrils formed from human beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m) in vitro. We show that worm-like fibrils that form with nucleation-independent kinetics assemble by a mechanism consistent with monomer addition, with species ranging from monomer to > or = 13-mer being identified directly and uniquely as transient assembly intermediates. By contrast, only monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers are observed during nucleated growth, which leads to the formation of long straight fibrils. The results highlight the unique power of non-covalent ESI-MS to identify protein assembly intermediates in complex heterogeneous systems and demonstrate its great potential to identify and characterise individual species formed early during amyloid assembly.

背景与目标： ：许多使人衰弱的疾病源于蛋白质错误折叠和淀粉样蛋白形成。尽管这些疾病具有严重的性质，但是我们对原纤维组装的结构机理的理解是有限的。最重要的是需要鉴定和表征在原纤维组装过程中早期形成的寡聚物种，以便可以揭示起始组装机制的性质并鉴定可能对细胞有毒的物种。然而，迄今为止，早期寡聚物种的短暂性质，加上其异质性和不稳定性，已使详细分析无法进行。在这里，我们使用了电喷雾电离质谱（ESI-MS），并通过分析超速离心（AUC）和硫代黄素-T荧光的测量，来监测由人β-2-微球蛋白形成的淀粉样蛋白原纤维组装的早期阶段。 （beta2m）体外。我们显示，与成核无关的动力学形式形成的蠕虫状原纤维通过与单体加成一致的机制组装，从单体到>或= 13-mer的物质被直接和唯一地识别为瞬态组装中间体。相反，在成核生长期间仅观察到单体，二聚体，三聚体和四聚体，这导致长直原纤维的形成。结果突出了非共价ESI-MS识别复杂异质系统中蛋白质装配中间体的独特能力，并证明了其鉴定和表征淀粉样蛋白装配早期形成的单个物种的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].

背景与目标： ：从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子，它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明，该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县，而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联（其值为63.3-78.1％）以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据，来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326，交配类型NBRC 101821（），NBRC 101822（-）]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328，配合类型NBRC 101825（），NBRC 101826（-）]。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A mass fragmentographic method of high accuracy for determination of serum urea is described. A fixed amount of [15N2]urea is added to a fixed amount of serum, then the urea is converted into 5,5-diallyl barbituric acid by coupling with diallyl malonic acid diethyl ester. The barbiturate is then transferred from an alkaline water phase into an organic phase containing methyl iodine by ion-pair extraction using tetrabutyl ammonium as the positive counterion. The amount of urea is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 236 and m/e 238 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID-unit (multiple-ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of the methyl derivative of unlabeled and labeled 5,5-diallyl barbituric acid, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was 3.6%. A comparison between the mass fragmentographic method and a routine method for determination of serum urea based on the urease-Berthelot reaction gave a high correlation (r = 0.99) and a regression coefficient of 0.95.

背景与目标： 描述了用于测定血清尿素的高精度的质量碎片法。将固定量的[15N2]尿素添加到固定量的血清中，然后通过与二烯丙基丙二酸二乙酯偶合，将尿素转化为5,5-二烯丙基巴比妥酸。然后使用四丁基铵作为正抗衡离子，通过离子对萃取将巴比妥酸酯从碱性水相转移到含有甲基碘的有机相中。尿素的量由m / e 236和m / e 238的记录之间的比值确定，该记录是通过配备有MID单元的复合气相色谱-质谱仪（多离子检测器）进行分析后获得的。所使用的两个离子分别对应于未标记和标记的5，5-二烯丙基巴比妥酸的甲基衍生物的质谱中的分子峰。该方法的相对标准偏差为3.6％。质谱分析法与常规方法之间的比较（基于尿素酶-贝塞洛特反应测定血清尿素）具有较高的相关性（r = 0.99），回归系数为0.95。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is unclear whether overweight but otherwise healthy boys with delayed puberty have a variation of constitutional delay of growth and maturation (CDGM) or a different etiology for their pubertal delay. To characterize better this group of boys and investigate whether their growth pattern distinguishes them from boys with typical CDGM, growth data were analyzed in eight overweight (BMI SDS > or = 85th percentile) and 37 non-overweight (BMI SDS <85th percentile) boys with delayed puberty. Primary outcome measures included predicted height (PH) and adult height (AH). At diagnosis of delayed puberty, the overweight boys had less delayed bone ages (chronological age [CA] - bone age [BA] = 1.2 +/- 1.0 vs 2.5 +/- 1.1 years, p <0.01), greater height SDS for CA (-0.5 +/- 0.7 vs -2.4 +/- 0.8, p <0.001), and greater height SDS for BA (0.6 +/- 0.9 vs -0.4 +/- 1.1, p <0.05). PH for the overweight boys exceeded their mid-parental height (MPH) by 5.0 +/- 7.2 cm while non-overweight boys were predicted to fall below their MPH by 2.8 +/- 6.3 cm (p <0.01). Available AH data corroborated the differences in PH, with a trend for overweight boys to have greater height relative to their MPH than the non-overweight boys. These observations suggest that in the context of delayed puberty, being overweight may modulate adult height and/or that the etiology of delayed puberty in overweight boys may differ from typical CDGM.

背景与目标： ：目前尚不清楚超重但健康的青春期延迟男孩是否具有体质发育和成熟延迟（CDGM）的变化或青春期延迟的病因有所不同。为了更好地表征这组男孩并研究他们的生长方式是否与典型CDGM的男孩区分开来，分析了8个超重（BMI SDS>或= 85％百分位数）和37个非超重（BMI SDS <85th百分位数）的男孩的生长数据青春期延迟。主要结局指标包括预测身高（PH）和成人身高（AH）。在诊断为青春期延迟时，超重男孩的延迟骨龄较少（先后年​​龄[CA]-骨龄[BA] = 1.2 /-1.0与2.5 /-1.1岁，p <0.01），CA的身高SDS较高（- 0.5 /-0.7 vs -2.4 /-0.8，p <0.001）和更高的BA SDS高度（0.6 /-0.9 vs -0.4 /-1.1，p <0.05）。超重男孩的PH值超出其父母中间高度（MPH）5.0 /-7.2 cm，而非超重男孩的PH值则低于其MPH 2.8 /-6.3 cm（p <0.01）。现有的AH数据证实了PH值的差异，超重男孩相对于其MPH的身高趋势要高于非超重男孩。这些观察结果表明，在青春期延迟的背景下，超重可能会调节成年人的身高，和/或在超重男孩中青春期延迟的病因可能与典型的CDGM不同。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of voluntary wheel running on the expression of leptin mRNA in rats that are either sensitive (OM) or resistant (S5B/Pl) to diet-induced obesity. Male OM and S5B/Pl rats had ad libitum access to standard rodent diet and water. At 3-5 weeks of age, animals of both strains were randomly assigned to either an exercise or sedentary control group. The exercise groups had 24-h access to a running wheel, and they trained for 7 weeks. During weeks 1-4, animals in both OM and S5B/Pl exercise groups progressively increased their running. During weeks 5-7, S5B/Pl exercisers tended to run more than did OM (approximately 60 vs. 45 km/week), but by the end of the study both groups had an equally greater heart weight (mg/g body weight) and planteris citrate synthase activity than their sedentary controls. Oral glucose tolerance tests performed during the last week of training revealed that compared with their appropriate controls, insulin sensitivity was enhanced (P < 0.05) in OM but not in the S5B/Pl wheel-running groups. Inguinal, epididymal, and retroperitoneal fat pads weighed less in the running than in the nonrunning groups of both strains (P < 0.01). Additionally, exercised animals had an increased percentage of smaller cells (40-60 microm; P < 0.05) and a decreased percentage of larger cells (120-160 microm; P < 0.05) in the epididymal fat depot. Epididymal leptin mRNA measured by Northern blot analysis was reduced in the exercise-trained rats of both strains (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum leptin was reduced in exercise-trained compared with the control animals of both strains. In comparison to S5B/Pl, control OM animals exhibited both a higher expression and higher circulating levels of leptin (P < 0.05). While serum leptin levels were decreased and food intake was increased in the exercise-trained animals of both strains (P < 0.05), the exact relationship between exercise, leptin, and food intake in this rat model of dietary obesity remains to be determined. Nonetheless, these results suggest that the expression and secretion of leptin can be influenced by exercise training and that these changes (i.e., reduced expression and secretion of protein) can occur independently of changes in whole-body insulin sensitivity and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.

背景与目标： 这项研究的目的是评估对饮食诱导的肥胖症敏感（OM）或有抵抗力（S5B / P1）的大鼠中自愿轮转运动对瘦素mRNA表达的影响。雄性OM和S5B / P1大鼠可自由获得标准啮齿动物饮食和水。在3-5周龄时，将两种品系的动物随机分为运动组或久坐对照组。锻炼组可以在24小时内使用跑轮，他们接受了7周的训练。在1-4周中，OM和S5B / P1运动组中的动物逐渐增加其奔跑。在5-7周内，S5B / P1锻炼者的奔跑倾向要比OM多（大约60 vs. 45 km /周），但是到研究结束时，两组的心脏重量（mg / g体重）均相同。和柠檬酸合酶活性比久坐对照者高。在训练的最后一周进行的口服葡萄糖耐量测试显示，与适当的对照组相比，OM组的胰岛素敏感性增强（P <0.05），而S5B / P1滚轮组则没有。两种菌株的腹股沟，附睾和腹膜后脂肪垫的重量均比非跑步组轻（P <0.01）。另外，运动的动物在附睾脂肪贮存库中具有较小百分比的较小细胞（40-60微米； P ＜0.05），而具有较大百分比的较小细胞（120〜160微米； P ＜0.05）。通过Northern印迹分析测量的附睾瘦素mRNA在两种品系的运动训练大鼠中均降低（P ＜0.05）。此外，与两种品系的对照动物相比，在运动训练中血清瘦素降低。与S5B / P1相比，对照OM动物表现出瘦素的更高表达和更高循环水平（P ＜0.05）。虽然两种品系的运动训练后动物的血清瘦素水平均下降且食物摄入量增加（P <0.05），但在该大鼠饮食肥胖模型中，运动，瘦素和食物摄入量之间的确切关系仍有待确定。尽管如此，这些结果表明，瘦素的表达和分泌会受到运动训练的影响，并且这些变化（即蛋白质的表达和分泌减少）可以独立于全身胰岛素敏感性的变化和对饮食性肥胖症的易感性而发生。 。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effect of body mass index (BMI) and obesity on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels and kinetics was examined by gender. Apo A-I kinetics were determined with a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine in the fed state in 19 men and 13 postmenopausal women. Compared with nonobese men, nonobese women had a higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo A-I due to a 48% higher apo A-I production rate (PR) (P = .05). Obesity had no significant effects on apo A-I kinetics in women. In contrast, compared with nonobese men, obese men had a 9% lower apo A-I level due to a 64% higher fractional catabolic rate (FCR) partially offset by a 47% higher PR. Obese women had a 52% higher HDL-C than obese men (50 vs 33 mg/dL, respectively; P = .012), a finding related to the faster apo A-I FCR in obese men. BMI was directly correlated with apo A-I FCR (r = 0.84, P < .001) and PR (r = 0.79, P < .001) in men but not in women. Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women.

背景与目标： ：通过性别检查了体重指数（BMI）和肥胖对载脂蛋白（apo）A-I水平和动力学的影响。在19名男性和13名绝经后女性中，在喂食状态下，经初次，恒定输注氘代亮氨酸测定了Apo A-I动力学。与非肥胖男性相比，非肥胖女性具有较高水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和载脂蛋白A-I，这是由于载脂蛋白A-I的产生率（PR）升高了48％（P = 0.05）。肥胖对女性的载脂蛋白A-I动力学没有显着影响。相比之下，与非肥胖男性相比，肥胖男性的分解代谢率（FCR）提高了64％，而部分PR升高了47％，因此脂蛋白A-I水平降低了9％。肥胖女性的HDL-C比肥胖男性高52％（分别为50和33 mg / dL； P = 0.012），这一发现与肥胖男性更快的apo A-I FCR有关。男性的BMI与apo A-I FCR（r = 0.84，P <.001）和PR（r = 0.79，P <.001）直接相关，而与女性无关。 PR变异性的62％和FCR变异性的71％是由于男性的BMI而引起的，而女性分别仅为3％和23％。总之，BMI对男性的apo A-I PR和FCR有显着影响，而对女性则没有。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.

背景与目标： 目的：评估为期8周的全身振动训练计划是否可以改善关节镜前交叉韧带（ACL）重建后运动员屈膝/伸展肌肉力量的恢复。
设计：随机对照试验。
地点：单个门诊康复中心。
参与者：38名女子排球/篮球运动员（年龄在20至30岁之间），随机分为2个治疗组。
干预措施：在标准化的六个月康复计划中，从手术后第13周到第20周，全身振动组（n = 19）和对照组（n = 19）进行了额外的静态膝屈肌/伸肌练习。振动平台。对于全身振动组，将振动平台设置为2.5毫米的振幅和26赫兹的频率。对照组接受相同的全身振动板训练，无振动。
主要观察指标：在其他治疗方案的开始和结束时，均用Biodex测功机通过等速肌力测试对所有患者进行评估。测试的参数是执行力量和耐力测试的峰值扭矩和膝盖屈肌和伸肌的最大力量。
结果：未观察到与振动相关的副作用。两组均注意到改善，但与对照组相比，全身振动组膝部肌肉的等速力量值增加具有统计学意义（延伸差异：峰值扭矩11.316 / 10.263 N·m和最大功率13.684 / 11.211 W；屈曲：峰值扭矩9.632 / 11.105 N·m，最大功率10.158 / 9.474 W； P <0.001）。
结论：与标准的康复计划结合使用时，全身振动可能会增加肌肉力量，并成为ACL关节镜重建术后运动员康复的有效附加治疗选择。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The life-saving benefits of body armor have been well-documented, and law enforcement agency (LEA) body armor wear requirements have been cited by police officers as one of the most important reasons for them to wear body armor. However, research on LEAs' policies and practices regarding body armor is scarce. This study examined whether there are different agency-level profiles of various body armor-related policies, and related these body armor policy profiles to agency characteristics, size, location, etc. U.S. LEAs fell into four distinct profiles based on their body armor policies. Close to half of the LEAs had comprehensive coverage of body armor policies in all aspects. However, nearly one in five LEAs had very weak body armor policies in all aspects. The rest of the LEAs split into two groups, each with different strengths and weaknesses on selection, training, fitting, wearing, and inspection policies. Sheriff's offices and smaller LEAs were found to have weaker policies. In contrast, LEAs with a community policing emphasis and those with body armor grants were found to have stronger body armor polices, especially when it comes to mandatory wearing polices. Findings from the study provide a portrait of the current state of LEA body armor policies, and provide guidance for improving LEAs' body armor policies and practices.

背景与目标： ：防弹衣的挽救生命的好处已得到充分证明，并且执法机构（LEA）的防弹衣磨损要求已被警察引用为他们佩戴防弹衣的最重要原因之一。但是，关于LEA关于防弹衣的政策和实践的研究很少。这项研究检查了各种防弹衣相关政策是否具有不同的机构级档案，并将这些防弹衣档案与代理机构的特征，规模，位置等相关联。美国LEA根据其防弹衣政策分为四个不同的档案。近一半的LEA全面涵盖了防弹衣政策的各个方面。但是，几乎五分之一的LEA在各个方面的防弹衣政策都很薄弱。其他LEA分为两组，每组在选择，培训，装修，穿着和检查政策方面各有优缺点。警长办公室和较小的LEA被发现政策较弱。相比之下，人们发现，以社区治安为重点的LEA以及获得防弹衣津贴的LEA具有更强的防弹衣政策，尤其是在涉及强制性穿法政策时。该研究的结果提供了LEA防弹衣政策的当前状态的画像，并为改进LEA的防弹衣政策和实践提供了指导。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High salinity causes ion imbalance and osmotic stress in plants. Leaf sections from 8-d-old dark-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Giza 168) were exposed to high salt stress (600 mM) and the native arrangements of plastid pigments together with the ultrastructure of the plastids were studied using low-temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Although plastids from salt-treated leaves had highly swollen prothylakoids (PTs) the prolamellar bodies (PLBs) were regular. Accordingly, a slight intensity decrease of the short-wavelength protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) form was observed, but no change was found in the long-wavelength Pchlide form emitting at 656 nm. After irradiation, newly formed swollen thylakoids showed traversing stromal strands. The PLB dispersal was partly inhibited and remnants of the PLBs formed an electron-dense structure, which remained after prolonged (8 h) irradiation. The difference in fluorescence emission maximum of the main chlorophyll form in salt-stressed leaves (681 nm) and in control leaves (683 nm) indicated a restrained formation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Overall chlorophyll accumulation during prolonged irradiation was inhibited. Salt-stressed leaves returned to darkness after 3 h of irradiation had, compared with the control, a reduced amount of Pchlide and reduced re-formation of regular net-like PLBs. Instead, the size of the electron-dense structures increased. This study reports, for the first time, the salt-induced swelling of PTs and reveals traversing stromal strands in newly formed thylakoids. Although the PLBs were intact and the Pchlide fluorescence emission spectra appeared normal after salt stress in darkness, plastid development to chloroplasts was highly restricted during irradiation.

背景与目标： ：高盐度会导致植物中的离子失衡和渗透胁迫。将8天黑熟小麦（Triticum aestivum cv。Giza 168）的叶片切片暴露于高盐胁迫（600 mM）下，并使用低温研究了质体色素的天然排列以及质体的超微结构荧光光谱和透射电子显微镜。尽管来自盐处理过的叶片的质体具有高度溶胀的前类固醇（PTs），但层状体（PLB）却是规则的。因此，观察到短波长原叶绿素化物（Pchlide）形式的强度略有降低，但是在656nm处发射的长波长Pchlide形式没有发现变化。辐射后，新形成的类囊体显示出横贯的基质链。 PLB的扩散受到部分抑制，PLB的残留物形成电子致密结构，长时间（8 h）照射后仍保留下来。盐胁迫叶片（681 nm）和对照叶片（683 nm）中主要叶绿素形式的最大荧光发射差异表明光合作用装置的形成受到限制。长时间辐照期间总的叶绿素积累受到抑制。与对照相比，盐胁迫的叶片在辐照3 h后恢复黑暗，减少了Pchlide的量，减少了规则网状PLB的重整。相反，电子致密结构的尺寸增加。这项研究首次报道了盐诱导的PTs溶胀，并揭示了新形成的类囊体中横穿的基质链。尽管在黑暗中的盐胁迫后，PLB完好无损且Pchlide荧光发射光谱看起来正常，但是在照射过程中，质体向叶绿体的发育受到了极大的限制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.

背景与目标： ：该研究的目的是阐明肥胖非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者的血清循环脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）与通过生活方式改变和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33例在日托室中接受稳定抗精神病药物治疗，至少3个月的精神分裂症肥胖非糖尿病患者。纳入30名年龄，体重匹配且无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划，包括在日间护理室进行的生活方式改变，心理社会治疗，行为疗法和锻炼。在该计划之前和之后，评估了血液生化，血清BDNF，脂肪因子（脂联素），炎性标志物（C反应蛋白，肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素6）以及口服葡萄糖耐量测试。与对照组相比，精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减重计划后，血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总而言之，我们的结果表明，在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中，非药物减肥计划可以有效减轻体重，同时血清BDNF水平显着升高。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock animals are prevalent and costly problems worldwide. Currently, infections are controlled by anthelmintic chemicals but increasing drug resistance has prompted research interest to shift towards alternative methods of control such as vaccine development and selection of worm-resistant animals. The present study analyses proteins from Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective L3s that are recognised by IgG of immune sheep. Following protein separation via two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot probing with plasma from sheep resistant to T. colubriformis, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses were used to identify immuno-reactive protein spots. We were able to identify 28 immune targets, including aspartyl protease inhibitor, enolase, chaperone proteins, galectin, glycolytic enzymes, kinase, phosphatase and structural muscle proteins such as myosin, paramyosin, calponin and DIM-1. The data suggest that immune responses to T. colubriformis are dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens, including several cytoplasmically expressed proteins. The results have new implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin host-parasite interaction during gastrointestinal nematode infections.

背景与目标： ：家畜的胃肠道线虫感染是世界范围内普遍存在且代价高昂的问题。目前，感染是由驱虫药控制的，但耐药性的提高促使研究兴趣转向了替代控制方法，如疫苗开发和抗蠕虫动物的选择。本研究分析了来自毛支毛滴虫的感染性L3s的蛋白，这些蛋白被免疫羊的IgG识别。通过二维电泳分离蛋白质，并用血浆对来自粘膜衣原体的绵羊进行血浆蛋白质印迹法探测后，基于质谱的蛋白质组学分析被用于鉴定免疫反应性蛋白斑点。我们能够鉴定出28个免疫靶标，包括天冬氨酰蛋白酶抑制剂，烯醇酶，伴侣蛋白，半乳凝素，糖酵解酶，激酶，磷酸酶和结构性肌肉蛋白，如肌球蛋白，副肌球蛋白，钙蛋白和DIM-1。数据表明，对粘膜衣原体的免疫反应分散在相对大量的寄生虫抗原上，包括几种细胞质表达的蛋白质。该结果对理解胃肠道线虫感染过程中宿主与寄生虫相互作用的分子机制具有新的启示。