• 【一种新颖的机电一体化体重支持系统。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1109/TNSRE.2006.881556 复制DOI
    作者列表:Frey M,Colombo G,Vaglio M,Bucher R,Jörg M,Riener R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A novel mechatronic body weight support (BWS) system has been developed to provide precise body weight unloading for patients with neurological or other impairments during treadmill training. The system is composed of a passive elastic spring element to take over the main unloading force and an active closed-loop controlled electric drive to generate the exact desired force. Both force generating units, the passive spring and the active electric drive, act on the patient via a polyester rope connected to a harness worn by the patient. The length of the rope can be adjusted with an electric winch to adapt the system to different patient sizes. The system is fully computer controlled. At unloading loads of up to 60 kg and walking speeds of up to 3.2 km/h, the mean unloading error and the maximum unloading error of the presented BWS system was less than 1 and 3 kg, respectively. The performance was compared with those of two purely passive BWS systems currently being used by most other rehabilitation groups. This comprised counterweight systems and static BWS systems with fixed rope lengths. Counterweight systems reached mean and maximum unloading errors of up to 5.34 and 16.22 kg, respectively. The values for the static BWS were 11.02 kg and 27.67 kg, respectively. The novel mechatronic BWS system presented in this study adjusts desired unloading changes of up to 20 kg within less than 100 ms. Thus, not only constant BWS, but also gait cycle dependent or time variant oscillations of the desired force can be realized with high accuracy. Precise and constant unloading force is believed to be an important prerequisite for BWS gait therapy, where it is important to generate physiologically correct segmental dynamics and ground reaction forces. Thus, the novel BWS system presented in this paper is an important contribution to maximize the therapeutic outcome of human gait rehabilitation.
    背景与目标: :已开发出新型机电一体化体重支持(BWS)系统,以在跑步机训练期间为患有神经系统疾病或其他障碍的患者提供精确的体重减轻。该系统由一个被动的弹性弹簧元件(承担主要的卸载力)和一个主动的闭环控制电驱动装置组成,以产生确切的所需力。被动发条和主动电驱动两个力产生单元均通过连接到患者佩戴的安全带上的聚酯绳作用在患者身上。绳索的长度可以用电动绞盘调节,以使系统适应不同的患者体型。该系统完全由计算机控制。在最高60 kg的卸载负荷和最高3.2 km / h的步行速度下,所提出的BWS系统的平均卸载误差和最大卸载误差分别小于1 kg和3 kg。将该性能与大多数其他康复团体目前使用的两个纯被动BWS系统的性能进行了比较。这包括配重系统和具有固定绳索长度的静态BWS系统。配重系统的平均和最大卸载误差分别高达5.34和16.22 kg。静态BWS的值分别为11.02 kg和27.67 kg。这项研究中提出的新型机电一体化BWS系统可在不到100 ms的时间内将所需的卸荷变化调整至20 kg。因此,不仅可以实现恒定的BWS,而且还可以高精度地实现与步态周期有关的或所需力的随时间变化的振荡。精确和恒定的卸载力被认为是BWS步态治疗的重要前提,在步态治疗中,产生生理上正确的节段动力学和地面反作用力很重要。因此,本文提出的新型BWS系统是最大程度地提高步态康复治疗效果的重要贡献。
  • 【通过基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱测定人呼吸道合胞病毒附着(G)蛋白的二硫键排列。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/pro.5560060619 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gorman JJ,Ferguson BL,Speelman D,Mills J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The attachment protein or G protein of the A2 strain of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was digested with trypsin and the resultant peptides separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). One tryptic peptide produced a mass by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) corresponding to residues 152-187 with the four Cys residues of the ectodomain (residues 173, 176, 182, and 186) in disulfide linkage and absence of glycosylation. Sub-digestion of this tryptic peptide with pepsin and thermolysin produced peptides consistent with disulfide bonds between Cys173 and Cys186 and between Cys176 and Cys182. Analysis of ions produced by post-source decay of a peptic peptide during MALDI-TOF-MS revealed fragmentation of peptide bonds with minimal fission of an inter-chain disulfide bond. Ions produced by this unprecedented MALDI-induced post-source fragmentation corroborated the existence of the disulfide arrangement deduced from mass analysis of proteolysis products. These findings indicate that the ectodomain of the G protein has a non-glycosylated subdomain containing a "cystine noose."

    背景与目标: 用胰蛋白酶消化人呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)A2株的附着蛋白或G蛋白,并通过反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离得到的肽。一种胰蛋白酶肽通过基质辅助激光解吸/电离(MALDI)飞行时间(TOF)质谱(MS)产生质量,对应于带有胞外域的四个Cys残基的残基152-187(残基173、176, 182和186)中的二硫键和不存在糖基化作用。用胃蛋白酶和嗜热菌蛋白酶亚消化该胰蛋白酶消化的肽产生的肽与Cys173和Cys186之间以及Cys176和Cys182之间的二硫键一致。对在MALDI-TOF-MS过程中由消化性肽的源后降解产生的离子进行的分析显示,肽键断裂且链间二硫键的裂变最小。由这种前所未有的MALDI诱导的源后裂解产生的离子证实了从蛋白水解产物的质量分析推导出的二硫键结构的存在。这些发现表明,G蛋白的胞外域具有一个非糖基化的亚域,其中包含一个“胱氨酸套索”。

  • 【童年时期对身体变形障碍的虐待和忽视。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.007 复制DOI
    作者列表:Didie ER,Tortolani CC,Pope CG,Menard W,Fay C,Phillips KA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:No published studies have examined childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). This study examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of abuse and neglect in individuals with this disorder. METHODS:Seventy-five subjects (69.3% female, mean age=35.4+/-12.0) with DSM-IV BDD completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and were interviewed with other reliable and valid measures. RESULTS:Of these subjects, 78.7% reported a history of childhood maltreatment: emotional neglect (68.0%), emotional abuse (56.0%), physical abuse (34.7%), physical neglect (33.3%), and sexual abuse (28.0%). Forty percent of subjects reported severe maltreatment. Among females (n=52), severity of reported abuse and neglect were .32-.57 standard deviation units higher than norms for a health maintenance organization (HMO) sample of women. Severity of sexual abuse was the only type of maltreatment significantly associated with current BDD severity (r=.23, p=.047). However, severity of sexual abuse did not predict current BDD severity in a simultaneous multiple regression analysis with age and current treatment status. There were other significant associations with childhood maltreatment: history of attempted suicide was related to emotional (p=.004), physical (p=.014), and sexual abuse (p=.038). Childhood emotional abuse was associated with a lifetime substance use disorder (r=.26, p=.02), and physical abuse was negatively associated with a lifetime mood disorder (r=-.37, p=.001). CONCLUSIONS:A high proportion of individuals with BDD reported childhood abuse and neglect. Certain types of abuse and neglect appear modestly associated with BDD symptom severity and with gender, suicidality, and certain disorders.
    背景与目标: 目的:尚无已发表的研究对童年时期的虐待和对身体变形障碍(BDD)的忽视进行了研究。这项研究检查了这种疾病患者中滥用和忽视的患病率及其临床相关性。
    方法:55名DSM-IV BDD受试者(69.3%的女性,平均年龄= 35.4 /-12.0)完成了《童年创伤调查表》,并接受了其他可靠有效的措施访谈。
    结果:在这些受试者中,有78.7%的人报告有童年虐待史:情绪疏忽(68.0%),精神虐待(56.0%),身体虐待(34.7%),身体疏忽(33.3%)和性虐待(28.0%) 。 40%的受试者报告严重虐待。在女性(n = 52)中,报告的虐待和忽视的严重程度比健康维持组织(HMO)女性样本的标准高0.32-0.57个标准差单位。严重的性虐待是唯一与当前BDD严重性显着相关的虐待(r = .23,p = .047)。但是,性虐待的严重程度并不能同时根据年龄和当前治疗状况进行多元回归分析,从而预测当前的BDD严重程度。还有其他与儿童虐待有关的重要关联:自杀未遂的历史与情感(p = .004),身体(p = .014)和性虐待(p = .038)有关。童年时期的情绪虐待与一生的物质使用障碍相关(r = .26,p = .02),而身体虐待与一生的情绪障碍呈负相关(r =-。37,p = .001)。
    结论:很大一部分BDD患者报告了儿童期的虐待和忽视。某些类型的虐待和忽视似乎与BDD症状的严重程度以及性别,自杀倾向和某些疾病有关。
  • 【不同类型的刺激对兔颈总动脉中环AMP含量的影响:功能意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb03137.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Pérez-García MT,Almaraz L,González C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyclic AMP levels in rabbit carotid bodies incubated under control conditions, 100% O2- or 95% O2/5% CO2- equilibrated medium, are close to 1 pmol/mg wet tissue (range 0.4-2.43 pmol/mg). Isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 mM) increases cyclic AMP levels by a factor of 14 and 8 in HEPES- and CO2/CH3O(-)-buffered medium, respectively. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) applied during 30 min increases cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. Incubation of carotid bodies at low O2 tensions resulted in an elevation of cyclic AMP levels both in the absence and in the presence of isobutymethylxanthine. In the latter conditions cyclic AMP increase was maximum at an O2 tension of 46 mm Hg and tended to decrease at extremely low PO2. In isobutylmethylxanthine-containing Ca2(+)-free medium, cyclic AMP increased linearly with decreasing PO2 from 66 to 13 mm Hg; the absolute cyclic AMP levels attained in Ca2(+)-free medium were smaller than those observed in Ca2(+)-containing medium at any PO2. The differences between Ca2(+)-free and Ca2(+)-containing media appear to be due to the action of released neurotransmitters in the latter conditions, because dopamine and norepinephrine, which are known to be released by hypoxia in a Ca2(+)-dependent manner, increase cyclic AMP in the carotid body. Low pH/high PCO2 and high [K+]e increase cyclic AMP levels only in Ca2(+)-containing medium. Forskolin potentiates the release of catecholamines induced by low PO2. These results suggest that cyclic AMP plays an important role in the modulation of the chemoreception process.
    背景与目标: :在对照条件下,100%O2-或95%O2 / 5%CO2平衡的培养基中孵育的兔颈动脉体中的循环AMP水平接近1 pmol / mg湿组织(范围0.4-2.43 pmol / mg)。在HEPES-和CO2 / CH3O(-)缓冲的培养基中,异丁基甲基黄嘌呤(0.5 mM)将循环AMP的水平分别提高14和8倍。在30分钟内施用的Forskolin(0.5-10 microM)以剂量依赖性方式增加循环AMP的水平。在不存在和存在异丁甲基黄嘌呤的情况下,在低O2张力下孵育颈动脉都会导致环AMP含量升高。在后一种情况下,循环AMP的增加在O2张力为46 mm Hg时最大,而在极低的PO2下趋于减少。在不含异丁基甲基黄嘌呤的不含Ca2()的介质中,环状AMP随着PO2从66 mmHg降低到13 mm Hg而线性增加。不含Ca2()的培养基中达到的绝对循环AMP水平要低于任何PO2含Ca2()的培养基中观察到的绝对值。不含Ca2()和含Ca2()的培养基之间的差异似乎是由于后者条件下释放的神经递质的作用所致,因为已知多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素在依赖Ca2()的情况下会通过低氧释放。方式,增加颈动脉体中的循环AMP。低pH /高PCO2和高[K] e仅在含Ca2()的培养基中会增加循环AMP的水平。 Forskolin增强了低PO2诱导的儿茶酚胺释放。这些结果表明,环状AMP在化学感受过程的调节中起重要作用。
  • 【数字(2D:4D)比率与老年人的肌肉质量(MM)和力量(MS)相关:子宫内雄激素暴露的可能影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2012.11.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Halil M,Gurel EI,Kuyumcu ME,Karaismailoglu S,Yesil Y,Ozturk ZA,Yavuz BB,Cankurtaran M,Ariogul S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Decline in MM and MS with aging, defined as sarcopenia, is related with physical disability, poor quality of life and death. Its mechanisms are not fully understood. Testosterone increases muscle protein synthesis. However, the effects of in utero androgen exposure to MM and MS in older adults have not been studied. In utero androgen exposure is inversely related with 2D:4D ratio. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D ratio as an indicator of in utero androgen exposure and MM and MS in elderly patients. A total of 151 older adults were included. Calf-circumference (CC) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were used for the assessment of MM and hand grip strength for the assessment of MS. Mean age ± SD of the patients was 73.72 ± 6.23. Fifty-two (34.4%) of patients were male, 99 (65.6%) were female. Right and left 2D:4D were significantly and negatively correlated with hand grip strength (r=-0.365, p=0.018 and r=-0.434, p=0.005, respectively), CC (r=-0.422, p=0.002 and r=-0.459, p=0.001, respectively) and SMI (r=-0.354, p=0.018 and r=-0.348, p=0.022, respectively) in men. In women, right and left 2D:4D were significantly and negatively correlated with hand grip strength (r=-0.252, p=0.022 and r=-0.234, p=0.033, respectively), CC (r=-0.229, p=0.024 and r=-0.302, p=0.003, respectively) and SMI (r=-0.382, p<0.001 and r=-0.431, p<0.001, respectively). In this study, we found that 2D:4D ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with parameters depicting MM and MS which may suggest the possible role of in utero androgen exposure in the development of MM and MS loss in the elderly.
    背景与目标: :衰老的MM和MS的下降(定义为肌肉减少症)与身体残疾,不良的生活和死亡质量有关。其机制尚不完全清楚。睾丸激素可增加肌肉蛋白质的合成。但是,尚未研究子宫内雄激素暴露于老年人的MM和MS的影响。在子宫内,雄激素暴露与2D:4D比率成反比。这项研究的目的是调查老年患者子宫内雄激素暴露的指标2D:4D比值与MM和MS之间的关系。总共包括151位老年人。小腿围(CC)和骨骼肌质量指数(SMI)用于MM评估,手握力用于MS评估。患者的平均年龄±SD为73.72±6.23。男性(52)(34.4%),女性(99)(65.6%)。左右2D:4D与握力强度显着负相关(分别为r = -0.365,p = 0.018和r = -0.434,p = 0.005),CC(r = -0.422,p = 0.002和r = -0.459,p = 0.001)和SMI(r = -0.354,p = 0.018和r = -0.348,p = 0.022)。在女性中,左右2D:4D与握力强度显着负相关(分别为r = -0.252,p = 0.022和r = -0.234,p = 0.033),CC(r = -0.229,p = 0.024)和r = -0.302,p = 0.003)和SMI(r = -0.382,p <0.001和r = -0.431,p <0.001)。在这项研究中,我们发现2D:4D比率与描述MM和MS的参数显着负相关,这可能表明子宫内雄激素暴露在老年人MM和MS丢失发展中的可能作用。
  • 【全身静磁场暴露会增加蜗牛Helix Pomatia的热伤害感受性阈值。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1556/ABiol.63.2012.4.3 复制DOI
    作者列表:László JF,Hernádi L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.
    背景与目标: :我们在热板测试(43°C)中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场(SMF)暴露对蜗牛的热伤害感受性阈值的影响。均质(hSMF)和不均质(iSMF)SMF均可在暴露20、30或40分钟的hSMF时通过p <0.001,p <0.0001或p提高热伤害感受性阈值:40.2%,29.2%或41.7% iSMF暴露p≤0.05或p≤0.0001后,<0.001,以及32.7%或46.2%。这些结果表明,SMF对蜗牛具有镇痛作用。另一方面,发现纳洛酮作为一种非典型的阿片类药物拮抗剂,可显着降低热伤害感受性阈值(41.9%,p <0.002),可被hSMF暴露所拮抗,暗示hSMF发挥了其作用。部分通过阿片样物质受体产生抗伤害感受作用。
  • 【南非城市青少年队列中的居民流动性,社会经济背景和体重指数。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.016 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ginsburg C,Griffiths PL,Richter LM,Norris SA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Adolescents who are changing residence, as well as their social and economic circumstances may experience lifestyle changes that have an effect on body composition outcomes such as undernutrition, overweight or obesity. This paper uses data from Birth to Twenty, a birth cohort of South African urban children, to determine the relationship between residential mobility and body mass index (BMI) amongst Black adolescents aged 15 (n=1613), and to examine the role of changes in household socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 25% in females and 8% in males. Amongst the females, a strong positive association between residential mobility and BMI was observed for those who also experienced an increase in household SES between birth and 15 years (β=0.42, SE=0.13), while no effect was identified for males. The study shows the potential for environmental change and increased resources to influence the risk for obesity. It also highlights the value in considering the range of social environmental factors and changes across the early life course that might play a part in evolving nutritional patterns in urban transitioning environments.
    背景与目标: :正在改变居住地的青少年以及他们的社会和经济状况,可能会经历生活方式的改变,这些改变会影响身体组成的结果,例如营养不良,超重或肥胖。本文使用南非城市儿童的出生队列出生至二十岁的数据来确定15岁黑人青少年(n = 1613)的居住流动性与体重指数(BMI)之间的关系,并研究变化的作用家庭社会经济地位(SES)。样本中超重和肥胖的患病率在女性中为25%,在男性中为8%。在女性中,对于那些出生至15岁之间家庭SES也有所增加的人,其居住活动性与BMI之间存在很强的正相关性(β= 0.42,SE = 0.13),而对男性没有影响。研究显示环境变化和增加资源影响肥胖风险的潜力。它还强调了考虑社会环境因素的范围和整个生命过程中的变化的价值,这些因素可能在城市过渡环境中不断演变的营养模式中发挥作用。
  • 【按年龄和性别划分的霍奇金淋巴瘤的体重和风险:康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州的一项基于人群的病例对照研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10552-012-0100-1 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li Q,Chang ET,Bassig BA,Dai M,Qin Q,Gao Y,Zhang Y,Zheng T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Descriptive studies have indicated a rising trend in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) incidence in young adults, especially females. Increasing evidence has suggested that some risk factors associated with HL may vary by age or gender. Recent studies have reported an increased risk of HL associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), but the results have been inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the associations between measures of body size (height, weight, and BMI) and HL risk vary by age and/or gender. METHODS:A population-based case-control study was conducted in Connecticut and Massachusetts. A total of 567 HL cases and 679 controls were recruited in 1997-2000. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Among younger women <35 years old, being overweight (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) versus normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)) was significantly associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 2.1, 95 % CI = 1.1-4.0). The risk increased with increasing weight and BMI (p trends <0.01). Among women ≥35 years old, by contrast, higher weight and BMI were associated with a reduced risk of HL (p trends <0.01). Conversely, there was no significant association between BMI and risk of HL in younger or older males. CONCLUSIONS:These findings show that the associations between body size and risk of HL vary by gender and age, and require confirmation in other populations.
    背景与目标: 目的:描述性研究表明,霍奇金淋巴瘤(HL)的发病率在年轻人中,尤其是女性中呈上升趋势。越来越多的证据表明,与HL相关的某些危险因素可能随年龄或性别而变化。最近的研究报告了与体重指数(BMI)增加相关的HL风险增加,但结果不一致。这项研究的目的是检查身体大小(身高,体重和BMI)与HL风险之间的关系是否随年龄和/或性别而变化。
    方法:在康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州进行了一项基于人群的病例对照研究。在1997-2000年间,共招募了567例HL病例和679例对照。使用无条件逻辑回归来计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CIs)。
    结果:<35岁的年轻女性中,超重(25-29.9 kg / m(2))与正常体重(18.5-24.9 kg / m(2))与HL风险增加显着相关(OR = 2.1 ,95%CI = 1.1-4.0)。风险随着体重和BMI的增加而增加(p趋势<0.01)。相比之下,≥35岁的女性中,体重增加和BMI升高与HL风险降低相关(p趋势<0.01)。相反,年轻或老年男性的BMI与HL风险之间没有显着相关性。
    结论:这些发现表明,体型与HL风险之间的关联因性别和年龄而异,需要在其他人群中进行确认。
  • 【双足卷尾猴的地面反作用力和质量力学中心:对人类双足动物进化的启示。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/ajpa.22176 复制DOI
    作者列表:Demes B,O'Neill MC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Tufted capuchin monkeys are known to use both quadrupedalism and bipedalism in their natural environments. Although previous studies have investigated limb kinematics and metabolic costs, their ground reaction forces (GRFs) and center of mass (CoM) mechanics during two and four-legged locomotion are unknown. Here, we determine the hind limb GRFs and CoM energy, work, and power during bipedalism and quadrupedalism over a range of speeds and gaits to investigate the effect of differential limb number on locomotor performance. Our results indicate that capuchin monkeys use a "grounded run" during bipedalism (0.83-1.43 ms(-1)) and primarily ambling and galloping gaits during quadrupedalism (0.91-6.0 ms(-1)). CoM energy recoveries are quite low during bipedalism (2-17%), and in general higher during quadrupedalism (4-72%). Consistent with this, hind limb vertical GRFs as well as CoM work, power, and collisional losses are higher in bipedalism than quadrupedalism. The positive CoM work is 2.04 ± 0.40 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (bipedalism) and 0.70 ± 0.29 Jkg(-1) m(-1) (quadrupedalism), which is within the range of published values for two and four-legged terrestrial animals. The results of this study confirm that facultative bipedalism in capuchins and other nonhuman primates need not be restricted to a pendulum-like walking gait, but rather can include running, albeit without an aerial phase. Based on these results and similar studies of other facultative bipeds, we suggest that important transitions in the evolution of hominin locomotor performance were the emergences of an obligate, pendulum-like walking gait and a bouncy running gait that included a whole-body aerial phase.
    背景与目标: :簇绒的卷尾猴在其自然环境中同时使用四足动物和两足动物。尽管先前的研究已经研究了肢体运动学和代谢成本,但是在两腿和四腿运动过程中其地面反作用力(GRF)和质心(CoM)力学仍然未知。在这里,我们确定了双足和四足动物在各种速度和步态下的后肢GRF和CoM能量,功和功率,以研究差异肢数对运动性能的影响。我们的研究结果表明,卷尾猴在两足动物(0.83-1.43 ms(-1))期间使用“地面跑步”,在四足动物(0.91-6.0 ms(-1))期间主要使用步态和奔腾步态。在两足动物中,CoM能量回收率非常低(2-17%),而在四足动物中,CoM能量回收率通常较高(4-72%)。与此相一致,两足动物的后肢垂直GRF以及CoM功,功率和碰撞损失要比四足动物的高。 CoM的正工作为2.04±0.40 Jkg(-1)m(-1)(双足)和0.70±0.29 Jkg(-1)m(-1)(四足),这在两个和两个的已发布值范围内四足陆生动物。这项研究的结果证实,卷尾猴和其他非人类灵长类动物的兼性两足动物不必局限于像摆一样的步行步态,而可以包括奔跑,尽管没有空中阶段。根据这些结果以及对其他兼性两足动物的类似研究,我们建议,人的自发运动能力进化的重要转变是专心的,像钟摆一样的步行步态和有弹性的奔跑步态的出现,其中包括整个身体的空中阶段。
  • 【肥胖男性中大剂量白藜芦醇的补充:一项由研究人员发起,随机,安慰剂对照的底物代谢,胰岛素敏感性和身体成分的临床试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/db12-0975 复制DOI
    作者列表:Poulsen MM,Vestergaard PF,Clasen BF,Radko Y,Christensen LP,Stødkilde-Jørgensen H,Møller N,Jessen N,Pedersen SB,Jørgensen JO
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality. Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment. Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment. Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups. Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged. Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.
    背景与目标: 肥胖,糖尿病,高血压和高脂血症是发病率和过早死亡的危险因素。根据动物和体外研究,白藜芦醇通过刺激无声交配类型信息调节2同源物1(SIRT1)来逆转这些危险因素,但人类受试者的数据却很少。这项研究的目的是检查高剂量白藜芦醇在肥胖人类受试者中的代谢作用。在随机,安慰剂对照,双盲和平行组设计中,将24名肥胖但其他方面健康的男性随机分配到白藜芦醇或安慰剂治疗4周。在治疗之前和之后进行了广泛的代谢检查,包括评估葡萄糖更新和胰岛素敏感性(高胰岛素正常血糖钳夹)。两组的主要结果指标胰岛素敏感性均无显着性恶化。内源性葡萄糖的产生以及葡萄糖的周转率和氧化率保持不变。补充白藜芦醇对血压也没有影响。静息能量消耗;脂质的氧化速率;异位或内脏脂肪含量;或炎症和代谢生物标志物。缺乏效果与从啮齿动物模型获得的有说服力的数据不同,并引起人们对白藜芦醇作为代谢障碍中人类营养补充剂的合理性的怀疑。
  • 【大型草食动物的纤维消化率与消化类型和体重有关-一种体外方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Steuer P,Südekum KH,Müller DW,Kaandorp J,Clauss M,Hummel J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of different ungulate species in a given ecosystem has been the focus of many studies. Differences between ruminant foregut fermenters and hindgut fermenters were remarkable for example in the way they ingest and digest high fibre diets. Digestion trials based on total collections are difficult to conduct or are sometimes even not possible for wild animals in the field or in zoos. To gain information on the fibre digestion achieved by these animals and the influence of body mass (BM) thereon, a method using spot sampling is desirable. In this study, in vitro fermentation of faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a measure of fibre digestion in large ungulates. Food and faecal samples of 10 ruminant foregut fermenting and 7 hindgut fermenting species/breeds were collected. All animals received 100% grass hay with ad libitum access. The NDF of food and faeces was fermented in vitro in a Hohenheim gas test (HGT) for 96 h. The digestion type generally had an effect on the gas production (GP) of faecal NDF in the HGT with hindgut fermenters showing higher values than ruminant foregut fermenters. At any time interval of incubation, BM had no influence on GP. The results are in accordance with both findings that ruminant foregut fermenters have longer mean retention times and more comprehensive particle reduction and findings of a lack of influence of BM on digesta mean retention time. It can be stated that the HGT (96 h) is a useful and quick method to show also small differences within groups in fibre digestion.
    背景与目标: 在一个给定的生态系统中,有蹄类动物的共存一直是许多研究的重点。反刍动物前肠发酵罐和后肠发酵罐之间的差异非常明显,例如,它们摄取和消化高纤维饮食的方式不同。基于总收集物的消化试验很难进行,有时甚至对于野外或动物园中的野生动物也无法进行。为了获得有关这些动物实现的纤维消化及其体重(BM)的影响的信息,需要一种使用点采样的方法。在这项研究中,粪便中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)的体外发酵被用作大有蹄类动物中纤维消化的量度。收集了10种反刍动物前肠发酵食品和7种后肠发酵物种/品种的食物和粪便样本。所有动物均自由采食100%干草。食物和粪便的NDF在Hohenheim气体试验(HGT)中进行了96 h的体外发酵。消化类型通常会对HGT中粪便NDF的产气量(GP)产生影响,其中后肠发酵罐的值要高于反刍动物前肠发酵罐的值。在任何孵育时间间隔,BM对GP均无影响。结果与两个发现均一致:反刍动物前肠发酵罐具有更长的平均保留时间和更全面的颗粒减少,并且发现BM对消化物的平均保留时间缺乏影响。可以说,HGT(96 h)是一种有用且快速的方法,可以显示纤维消化组内的细微差异。
  • 【液相色谱-串联质谱测定法用于测定环孢菌素A,他克莫司,西罗莫司和依维莫司的新型商业测定方法的评估。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/FTD.0b013e318274827d 复制DOI
    作者列表:Becker S,Thiery J,Ceglarek U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was the evaluation of the first commercially available in-vitro diagnostic (IVD)- mass spectrometric immunosuppressant assay from Chromsystems (MassTox Immunosuppressants ONEMINUTE Test) and the comparison to a routinely used online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay method for the measurement of cyclosporine A, everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in patient whole blood samples. METHODS:An API 4000 [tandem mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX)] combined with a CTC Pal autosampler (CTC Analytics AG) and a Shimadzu ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) system were applied for the direct liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay analysis using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. Isotope-labeled internal standards were used for the commercial assay. Within- and between-day variation, accuracy, and limits of quantification were determined. Samples from external international proficiency testing schemes were measured to assess the accuracy of the commercial assay. About 100 patient samples were reanalyzed with the commercial test kit, and the results were compared with our in-house results. RESULTS:The limit of quantification for the commercial assay was 0.5 ng/mL for everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus and 5 ng/mL for cyclosporine A. The coefficient of variation for all immunosuppressants was lower than 7% (within day) and 12% (between days) for all 5 concentration levels. Accuracy ranged between 82% and 111% for quality control samples and between 89% and 112% for samples from the external quality assurance program. Both methods showed a very good agreement (r > 0.91) in patient samples over the whole concentration range for all immunosuppressants. CONCLUSION:The commercial immunosuppressant assay from Chromsystems represents a standardized IVD-certified alternative to our in-house developed assay.
    背景与目标: 目的:本研究的目的是评估Chromsystems的第一个可商购的体外诊断(IVD)-质谱免疫抑制试验(MassTox免疫抑制剂ONEMINUTE测试),并将其与常规使用的在线固相萃取液相色谱串联进行比较质谱法测定患者全血样品中的环孢素A,依维莫司,西罗莫司和他克莫司。
    方法:将API 4000 [串联质谱仪(AB SCIEX)]结合CTC Pal自动进样器(CTC Analytics AG)和Shimadzu超快速液相色谱(UFLC)系统用于直接液相色谱-串联质谱分析在正离子模式下使用电喷雾电离。同位素标记的内标用于商业检测。确定日内和日间变化,准确性和定量限。对来自外部国际能力验证计划的样本进行了测量,以评估商业化验的准确性。使用商业测试套件对大约100个患者样品进行了重新分析,并将结果与​​我们的内部结果进行了比较。
    结果:商业化验的定量限为依维莫司,西罗莫司和他克莫司为0.5 ng / mL,环孢霉素A为5 ng / mL。所有免疫抑制剂的变异系数均低于7%(日内)和12% (介于两天之间)所有5种浓度水平。对于质量控制样品,其准确性介于82%至111%之间,对于来自外部质量保证计划的样品,其准确性介于89%至112%之间。两种方法在所有免疫抑制剂的整个浓度范围内的患者样品中均显示出很好的一致性(r> 0.91)。
    结论:Chromsystems的商业免疫抑制剂测定法是我们内部开发测定法的标准化IVD认证替代品。
  • 【使用电喷雾电离质谱法直接观察在淀粉样蛋白原纤维形成的早期阶段形成的寡聚物种。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.081 复制DOI
    作者列表:Smith AM,Jahn TR,Ashcroft AE,Radford SE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Numerous debilitating human disorders result from protein misfolding and amyloid formation. Despite the grave nature of these maladies, our understanding of the structural mechanism of fibril assembly is limited. Of paramount importance is the need to identify and characterize oligomeric species formed early during fibril assembly, so that the nature of the initiating assembly mechanism can be revealed and species that may be toxic to cells identified. However, the transient nature of early oligomeric species, combined with their heterogeneity and instability, has precluded detailed analysis to date. Here, we have used electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), complemented by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and measurements of thioflavin-T fluorescence, to monitor the early stages of assembly of amyloid-like fibrils formed from human beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m) in vitro. We show that worm-like fibrils that form with nucleation-independent kinetics assemble by a mechanism consistent with monomer addition, with species ranging from monomer to > or = 13-mer being identified directly and uniquely as transient assembly intermediates. By contrast, only monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers are observed during nucleated growth, which leads to the formation of long straight fibrils. The results highlight the unique power of non-covalent ESI-MS to identify protein assembly intermediates in complex heterogeneous systems and demonstrate its great potential to identify and characterise individual species formed early during amyloid assembly.
    背景与目标: :许多使人衰弱的疾病源于蛋白质错误折叠和淀粉样蛋白形成。尽管这些疾病具有严重的性质,但是我们对原纤维组装的结构机理的理解是有限的。最重要的是需要鉴定和表征在原纤维组装过程中早期形成的寡聚物种,以便可以揭示起始组装机制的性质并鉴定可能对细胞有毒的物种。然而,迄今为止,早期寡聚物种的短暂性质,加上其异质性和不稳定性,已使详细分析无法进行。在这里,我们使用了电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS),并通过分析超速离心(AUC)和硫代黄素-T荧光的测量,来监测由人β-2-微球蛋白形成的淀粉样蛋白原纤维组装的早期阶段。 (beta2m)体外。我们显示,与成核无关的动力学形式形成的蠕虫状原纤维通过与单体加成一致的机制组装,从单体到>或= 13-mer的物质被直接和唯一地识别为瞬态组装中间体。相反,在成核生长期间仅观察到单体,二聚体,三聚体和四聚体,这导致长直原纤维的形成。结果突出了非共价ESI-MS识别复杂异质系统中蛋白质装配中间体的独特能力,并证明了其鉴定和表征淀粉样蛋白装配早期形成的单个物种的巨大潜力。
  • 【由带状孢子间体连接的形成子囊孢子的两种新的哈萨克斯坦菌种:Kazachstania zonata和Kazachstania gamospora。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00163.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Imanishi Y,Ueda-Nishimura K,Mikata K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Four strains of ascomycetous yeasts were isolated from samples collected at two locations in southern Japan. The strains formed two warty ascospores that were joined together by an intersporal body appearing as a belt. Phylogenetic analysis of rRNA gene nucleotide sequences indicated that the strains represented two new and closely related species of the genus Kazachstania. Isolates of one of the species were from Miyazaki Prefecture and those of the other species were from the Iriomote Islands. Genetic separation of the two species was further confirmed by DNA-DNA reassociation, which gave values of 63.3-78.1%, and from interspecific crosses, which gave nonviable ascospores. On the basis of these data, the isolates from Miyazaki Prefecture are described as Kazachstania zonata sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 100504=CBS 10326, mating types NBRC 101821 (+), NBRC 101822 (-)], and the isolates from the Iriomote Islands are described as Kazachstania gamospora sp. nov. [type strain NBRC 11056=CBS 10328, mating types NBRC 101825 (+), NBRC 101826 (-)].
    背景与目标: :从日本南部两个地方收集的样品中分离出四株子囊酵母。这些菌株形成了两个疣状的子囊孢子,它们通过一个呈带状的孢子间体连接在一起。 rRNA基因核苷酸序列的系统发育分析表明,该菌株代表了哈萨克斯坦属的两个新的且密切相关的物种。其中一个物种的分离物来自宫崎县,而其他物种的分离物则来自西表岛。这两个物种的遗传分离进一步通过DNA-DNA重新关联(其值为63.3-78.1%)以及种间杂交获得了无生命的子囊孢子而得到证实。基于这些数据,来自宫崎县的分离株被描述为Kazachstania zonata sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 100504 = CBS 10326,交配类型NBRC 101821(),NBRC 101822(-)]和来自西表岛的分离物被描述为Kazachstania gamospora sp.。十一月[类型菌株NBRC 11056 = CBS 10328,配合类型NBRC 101825(),NBRC 101826(-)]。
  • 【质谱分析法测定血清尿素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/0009-8981(76)90531-3 复制DOI
    作者列表:Björkhem I,Blomstrand R,Ohman G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: A mass fragmentographic method of high accuracy for determination of serum urea is described. A fixed amount of [15N2]urea is added to a fixed amount of serum, then the urea is converted into 5,5-diallyl barbituric acid by coupling with diallyl malonic acid diethyl ester. The barbiturate is then transferred from an alkaline water phase into an organic phase containing methyl iodine by ion-pair extraction using tetrabutyl ammonium as the positive counterion. The amount of urea is determined from the ratio between the recordings at m/e 236 and m/e 238 obtained after analysis with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer equipped with an MID-unit (multiple-ion detector). The two ions used correspond to the molecular peak in the mass spectrum of the methyl derivative of unlabeled and labeled 5,5-diallyl barbituric acid, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method was 3.6%. A comparison between the mass fragmentographic method and a routine method for determination of serum urea based on the urease-Berthelot reaction gave a high correlation (r = 0.99) and a regression coefficient of 0.95.

    背景与目标: 描述了用于测定血清尿素的高精度的质量碎片法。将固定量的[15N2]尿素添加到固定量的血清中,然后通过与二烯丙基丙二酸二乙酯偶合,将尿素转化为5,5-二烯丙基巴比妥酸。然后使用四丁基铵作为正抗衡离子,通过离子对萃取将巴比妥酸酯从碱性水相转移到含有甲基碘的有机相中。尿素的量由m / e 236和m / e 238的记录之间的比值确定,该记录是通过配备有MID单元的复合气相色谱-质谱仪(多离子检测器)进行分析后获得的。所使用的两个离子分别对应于未标记和标记的5,5-二烯丙基巴比妥酸的甲基衍生物的质谱中的分子峰。该方法的相对标准偏差为3.6%。质谱分析法与常规方法之间的比较(基于尿素酶-贝塞洛特反应测定血清尿素)具有较高的相关性(r = 0.99),回归系数为0.95。

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