BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extensive laboratory testing is often performed in the emergency department evaluation of the new-onset seizure patient. To determine the utility of such testing, a prospective study of patients with a new-onset seizure presenting to the ED of an inner-city, university-affiliated teaching hospital was done. One hundred thirty-six patients were entered into the study between October 1984 and January 1988. All patients had uniform data collection performed. Pertinent historical information and physical examination findings were recorded on a standardized form before laboratory abnormality was a sole or contributory cause of the seizure disorder. These included four patients with hypoglycemia, four with hyperglycemia, two with hypocalcemia, and one with hypomagnesemia. Only two cases (hypoglycemia) were not suspected on the basis of findings on the history or physical examination. In ED patients, the incidence of a new-onset seizure due to a correctable metabolic disturbance is low. We conclude that, with the exception of the serum glucose, the extensive ED laboratory workup often done for the evaluation of a new-onset seizure is unnecessary. Further test ordering should be directed by the medical history and physical examination.

背景与目标： : 在急诊科对新发癫痫患者的评估中，经常进行广泛的实验室测试。为了确定这种测试的实用性，对向市中心大学附属教学医院的ED呈递的新发癫痫发作患者进行了前瞻性研究。在1984年10月和1988年1月之间，有136名患者进入了研究。所有患者均进行了统一的数据收集。在实验室异常是癫痫发作的唯一或促成原因之前，将相关的历史信息和体格检查结果记录在标准化表格上。其中包括4名低血糖患者，4名高血糖患者，2名低钙血症患者和1名低镁血症患者。根据病史或体格检查发现，仅怀疑有2例 (低血糖)。在ED患者中，由于可纠正的代谢紊乱而引起的新发癫痫发作的发生率较低。我们得出的结论是，除血清葡萄糖外，通常不需要进行广泛的ED实验室检查以评估新发癫痫发作。进一步的检查顺序应由病史和体格检查指示。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Objective:To estimate the cumulative incidence of persistent arthralgia at 6 months from acute Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and to evaluate the association of clinical markers with the risk of long-term arthralgia. Methods:This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Mexican state of Colima. A total of 136 individuals aged 15 years and older with serologically confirmed CHIKV infection were enrolled. Participants were interviewed at 6 months from the onset of symptoms, and self-reported persistent arthralgia (PA) was the main binary outcome. A self-report numeric rating scale (NRS) ranging from 0 to 10 was used to estimate the severity of articular pain. Results:The cumulative incidence of PA was 41.9%. Severe pain (NRS ≥ 7) presented in 36.8% of participants with PA. In multiple analysis, individuals aged 40 years and older (risk ratio (RR) = 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-2.48) and those with articular pain at 3 months post-infection (RR = 3.95; 95% CI, 1.95-8.01) had a significantly increased risk of PA at 6 months from CHIKV infection. Conclusions:To the best of our knowledge, this is first report of a CHIKV-associated long-term outcome in Mexico, where the incidence of the infection has been high. This is also the first study in Latin America evaluating several factors associated with the risk of PA. Our findings may be useful in health care settings to stratify the risk of chronic arthralgia secondary to CHIKV infection and to identify patients who would benefit clinically from early medical intervention.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Laboratory animal workers are at high risk of developing occupational allergy. Little is known about the relationship between levels of exposure and the risk of developing laboratory animal allergy. Since laboratory animal work comprises a large number of different-often short lasting-tasks, it is of interest to assess which activities are associated with high, low or intermediate levels of allergen exposure. OBJECTIVE:To develop and evaluate highly sensitive immunoassays in order to quantify rat and mouse urinary allergens in airborne dust sampled during short-lasting tasks. METHODS:Personal air dust samples were taken during full-shift periods as well as during specific tasks in seven laboratory animal facilities. Two sandwich enzyme immunoassays were developed, using rabbit antisera against rat and mouse urinary proteins. The rabbit antibodies were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting and compared with IgE antibodies from sensitized laboratory animal workers. RESULTS:The rabbit antibodies were highly specific for rat and mouse urinary proteins and reacted with all IgE-binding allergens in either urinary protein preparation. The assays for rat and mouse urine were very sensitive, with detection limits of 0.075 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation of the analysis was 12.9% for both assays. Animal caretakers appeared to experience the highest exposure to aeroallergens. A large variation in exposure within jobs was found, due to differences between tasks performed during the sampling day and the facility worked at. The highest exposure levels were found during removal of contaminated bedding from the cages. However, rat and mouse allergen exposure levels during this task varied enormously between facilities, 1.1-158 ng eq/m3 and 0.63-2000 ng eq/m3, respectively. CONCLUSION:Both sandwich immunoassays are highly specific and sensitive and are able to identity tasks of relatively short duration with high, medium and low exposure to airborne rat and mouse urinary allergens.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY OBJECTIVES:To determine the total number of active sleep laboratories in the United States and the number of polysomnograms conducted on a yearly basis in these laboratories. METHODS:All members of the AASM and all AASM accredited sleep laboratory directors received a questionnaire addressing their laboratory and its volume. In three states, multiple telephone calls to AASM members were used to correctly identify the absolute number of labs and their PSG volume in those states. Extrapolating from the number of labs studies identified per questionnaire relative to the correct number (per calls) in those states and, then applying this ratio to the entire US, the total number of labs and studies was determined. RESULTS:Our data suggests that there are, in the year 2001, 1,292 sleep laboratories conducting 1,165,135 polysomnograms per year. This comes to 427 PSG's/year per 100,000 population in the United States. CONCLUSIONS:These data suggest that there are a relatively large number of sleep laboratories in the US conducting a substantial number of PSG's. However, there was considerable variability in this volume between states that did not relate to known markers of healthcare utilization. These numbers have likely increased since 2001.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Various factors, including the phylogenetic distance between laboratory animals and humans, the discrepancy between current in vitro systems and the human body, and the restrictions of in silico modelling, have generated the need for new solutions to the ever-increasing worldwide dilemma of substance testing. This review provides a historical sketch on the accentuation of this dilemma, and highlights fundamental limitations to the countermeasures taken so far. It describes the potential of recently-introduced microsystems to emulate human organs in 'organ-on-a-chip' devices. Finally, it focuses on an in-depth analysis of the first devices that aimed to mimic human systemic organ interactions in 'human-on-a-chip' systems. Their potential to replace acute systemic toxicity testing in animals, and their inability to provide alternatives to repeated dose long-term testing, are discussed. Inspired by the latest discoveries in human biology, tissue engineering and micro-systems technology, this review proposes a paradigm shift to overcome the apparent challenges. A roadmap is outlined to create a new homeostatic level of biology in 'human-on-a-chip' systems in order to, in the long run, replace systemic repeated dose safety evaluation and disease modelling in animals.

背景与目标： : 各种因素，包括实验动物与人类之间的系统发育距离，当前的体外系统与人体之间的差异以及计算机模拟的限制，都需要新的解决方案来解决全球范围内不断增长的难题。物质测试。这篇评论提供了关于这一困境加剧的历史草图，并强调了迄今为止采取的对策的根本局限性。它描述了最近引入的微系统在 “芯片上的器官” 设备中模拟人体器官的潜力。最后，它着重于对旨在模仿 “芯片上的人” 系统中人体全身器官相互作用的第一批设备的深入分析。讨论了它们替代动物急性全身毒性测试的潜力，以及它们无法提供重复剂量长期测试的替代方法。受人类生物学，组织工程和微系统技术的最新发现的启发，这篇综述提出了克服明显挑战的范式转变。概述了在 “芯片上的人” 系统中创建新的生物稳态水平的路线图，以便从长远来看取代动物的系统重复剂量安全性评估和疾病建模。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites (SMs), low-molecular weight compounds associated with many potentially useful biologic activities. The examples of biotechnologically relevant fungal metabolites include penicillin, a β-lactam antibiotic, and lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug. The discovery of pharmaceutical lead compounds within the microbial metabolic pools relies on the selection and biochemical characterization of promising strains. Not all SMs are produced under standard cultivation conditions, hence the uncovering of chemical potential of investigated strains often requires the use of induction strategies to awake the associated biosynthetic genes. Triggering the secondary metabolic pathways can be achieved through the variation of cultivation conditions and growth media composition. The alternative strategy is to use genetic engineering to activate the respective genomic segments, e.g. by the manipulation of regulators or chromatin-modifying enzymes. Recently, whole-genome sequencing of several fungi isolated from the Chernobyl accident area was reported by Singh et al. (Genome Announc 2017; 5:e01602-16). These strains were selected for exposure to microgravity at the International Space Station. Biochemical characterization of fungi cultivated under extreme conditions is likely to provide valuable insights into the adaptation mechanism associated with metabolism and, possibly, a catalog of novel molecules of potential pharmaceutical importance.

背景与目标： 真菌产生多种次级代谢产物 (SMs)，与许多潜在有用的生物活性相关的低分子量化合物。与生物技术相关的真菌代谢物的例子包括青霉素，β-内酰胺抗生素和降低胆固醇的药物洛伐他汀。在微生物代谢池中发现药物先导化合物取决于有前途的菌株的选择和生化表征。并非所有SMs都是在标准培养条件下产生的，因此，发现所研究菌株的化学势通常需要使用诱导策略来唤醒相关的生物合成基因。通过改变培养条件和生长培养基组成，可以触发次级代谢途径。替代策略是使用基因工程来激活相应的基因组片段，例如通过调节因子或染色质修饰酶的操作。最近，Singh等人报道了从切尔诺贝利事故地区分离出的几种真菌的全基因组测序 (genome announsc 2017; 5:e01602-16)。这些菌株被选择用于在国际空间站暴露于微重力下。在极端条件下培养的真菌的生化表征可能会为与代谢相关的适应机制以及可能具有潜在药物重要性的新型分子目录提供有价值的见解。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Brucella species are pathogenic agents that cause brucellosis, a debilitating zoonotic disease that affects a large variety of domesticated animals and humans. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus are considered major health threats because of their highly infectious nature and worldwide occurrence. The availability of the annotated genomes for these two species has allowed a comparative proteomics study of laboratory grown B. melitensis 16M and B. abortus 2308 by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting. Computer-assisted analysis of the different 2-D gel images of strains 16M and 2308 revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in their protein expression patterns. Proteins involved in membrane transport, particularly the high affinity amino acids binding proteins, and those involved in Sec-dependent secretion systems related to type IV and type V secretion systems, were differentially expressed. Differential expression of these proteins may be responsible for conferring specific host preference in the two strains 2308 and 16M.

背景与目标： : 布鲁氏菌属是引起布鲁氏菌病的病原体，布鲁氏菌病是一种使人衰弱的人畜共患病，影响着各种各样的家养动物和人类。布鲁氏菌和流产布鲁氏菌被认为是主要的健康威胁，因为它们具有高度的传染性和世界性的发生。这两个物种的带注释的基因组的可用性允许通过二维 (2-D) 凝胶电泳和肽质量指纹图谱对实验室生长的B. melitensis 16m和B. abortus 2308进行比较蛋白质组学研究。对菌株16m和2308的不同2-D凝胶图像的计算机辅助分析显示其蛋白质表达模式存在显着的定量和定性差异。参与膜转运的蛋白质，特别是高亲和力氨基酸结合蛋白，以及与IV型和v型分泌系统相关的Sec依赖性分泌系统中的蛋白质，差异表达。这些蛋白质的差异表达可能负责赋予两个菌株2308和16m中的特定宿主偏好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We compared serotype distributions of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients aged <5 and o5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease in New South Wales, Australia, and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from the <5 years age group only, before (2002–2004) and after(2005–2009) introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Overall, there were significant decreases in the mean annual number of referred isolates (770 vs. 515) and the proportion belonging to PCV7 serotypes (74% vs. 38%), but non-PCV7 serotypes, particularly 19A, increased (5% vs. 18%). All changes were more marked in the <5 years age group.Susceptibility testing of isolates from the <5 years age group showed variation in resistance between serotypes, but significant overall increases in penicillin non-susceptibility (23% vs. 31%),ceftriaxone resistance (2% vs. 12%) and multidrug resistance (4% vs. 7%) rates ; erythromycin resistance fell (32% vs. 25%). Continued surveillance is needed to monitor changes following the introduction of 13-valent PCV in 2012.

背景与目标： : 我们比较了澳大利亚新南威尔士州 <5岁和o5岁侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病患者肺炎链球菌分离株的血清型分布，以及 <5岁年龄组分离株的抗生素敏感性，在 (2002-2004) 和 (2005-2009) 引入7价肺炎球菌结合疫苗 (PCV7) 之前。总体而言，平均年转诊分离株数 (770对515) 和属于PCV7血清型的比例显著下降 (74% 对38%)，但non-PCV7血清型，特别是19A，增加 (5% 对18%)。所有变化在 <5岁年龄组中更为明显。来自 <5岁年龄组的分离株的药敏试验显示血清型之间的耐药性差异，但青霉素非药敏总体显着增加 (23% 对31%)，头孢曲松耐药率 (2% 对12%) 和多药耐药率 (4% 对7%); 红霉素耐药率下降 (32% 对25%)。在引入13价PCV 2012年后，需要持续监测以监测变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During the production of clinical-grade retroviral vector supernatant, we noted significant differences in the lactate production and glucose consumption of various producer cell lines submitted to the National Gene Vector Laboratory (NGVL). Since differences in growth characteristics could be important in determining the optimal culture conditions for maximizing titer, we studied the growth characteristics of three commonly used packaging cell lines: PA317, PG13 and GP+envAM12. A transformed phenotype, assessed by the ability to form colonies in semisolid media, was evident in all three packaging cell lines tested. In confluent cultures, the rates of glucose consumption and lactate production (per cell per hour) were similar for the three lines tested, but the growth rate and culture density varied. PA317 and PG13 continued to expand after reaching confluence, resulting in higher cell densities and subsequent rapid depletion of glucose within the 24-hr observation period. When the cell lines were evaluated for titer optimization, the slower growing packaging cell line GP+envAM12 generally provided the highest titer after 8 hr of culture in confluent roller bottles, while most vectors introduced into PA317 and PG13 cells yielded optimal titers after 24 hr of culture. We also found that the improved titers obtained by culturing cells at 32 degrees C previously reported for PA317 cells do not apply to other packaging cell lines. In particular, PG13 rapidly lost titer when grown at the lower temperature. Our findings suggest that optimization of titer requires careful consideration of the culture conditions, which should be individualized for the vector producer cell line.

背景与目标： : 在生产临床级逆转录病毒载体上清液期间，我们注意到提交给国家基因载体实验室 (NGVL) 的各种生产者细胞系的乳酸产量和葡萄糖消耗量存在显着差异。由于生长特性的差异对于确定使效价最大化的最佳培养条件可能很重要，因此我们研究了三种常用包装细胞系的生长特性: PA317，PG13和GP envam12。在所有测试的三个包装细胞系中，通过在半固体培养基中形成菌落的能力评估的转化表型都很明显。在汇合培养物中，测试的三个品系的葡萄糖消耗和乳酸产生速率 (每小时每个细胞) 相似，但生长速率和培养密度各不相同。PA317和PG13在达到汇合后继续膨胀，导致细胞密度更高，随后在24小时观察期内葡萄糖迅速耗竭。当评估细胞系的滴度优化时，生长较慢的包装细胞系GP envAM12通常在融合的滚筒瓶中培养8小时后提供最高滴度，而引入PA317和PG13细胞的大多数载体在培养24小时后产生最佳滴度。我们还发现，通过先前报道的PA317细胞在32 ℃ 下培养细胞获得的改进的滴度不适用于其他包装细胞系。特别是，PG13在较低温度下生长时迅速失去滴度。我们的发现表明，效价的优化需要仔细考虑培养条件，对于载体生产者细胞系，应将其个性化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:Research focused on extreme environments is often associated with difficulties in obtaining fresh plant material. Herbaria may provide great support as they house large collections of specimens from different parts of the world. Accordingly, there is also a growing interest in methods using herbarium specimens in molecular studies. Much of the literature on herbarium DNA is aimed to improve extraction and PCR amplification and is focused mostly on vascular plants. Here, I provide a brief study of DNA extraction efficiency from moss herbarium specimens, emphasizing the importance of herbaria as an invaluable source of material from hard-to-access geographical areas, such as the Antarctic region. Methods:The presented study is based on herbarium collections of 25 moss species collected in the austral polar regions between 1979 and 2013. The majority of samples were obtained using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The remaining, smaller part was extracted using an adapted CTAB-based approach. The performance of DNA extraction methods in terms of PCR amplification success was measured by testing several DNA fragments of various size. Furthermore, in order to estimate of DNA fragmentation level, an automated on-chip electrophoresis system was used. Results:Results reveal that DNA purity and the length of the target genetic region are the fundamental agents which drive the successful PCR reaction. Conversely, the DNA yield and specimen age seem to be less relevant. With this study, I present also an optimized CTAB-based approach which may effectively suppress inhibitors in the herbarium DNA. This method can be considered a cheaper alternative to column-based technology, particularly useful for dealing with a large number of samples. Results of this study confirmed previous reports and contribute to filling the existing gap in molecular analyses which involve the use of herbarium collections of mosses.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the clinical characteristics and laboratory test results in pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS:A retrospective study to review and compare clinical data including electronic medical records and laboratory tests from pregnant and nonpregnant patients admitted the Central Hospital of Wuhan, China from December 8, 2019 to April 1, 2020. RESULTS:A total of 72 women (30 pregnant and 42 nonpregnant) with COVID-19 were included. No patients developed severe pneumonia during the study. Compared with the nonpregnant group, pregnant patients were admitted to hospital earlier (0.25 vs 11.00 days; P<0.001), presented milder symptoms, had a higher rate of asymptomatic infection (26.7% vs 0%), and shorter length of hospital stay (14.5 vs 17.0 days; P<0.01). Laboratory test results showed that levels of inflammation markers such as white blood cell count, neutrophil count and percentage, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and D-dimer were significantly higher in pregnant women, whereas mean lymphocyte percentage was significantly lower compared with nonpregnant women. CONCLUSION:In some respects, the clinical characteristics and laboratory test results of COVID-19 in pregnant patients seems to be distinctive from their nonpregnant counterparts. Appropriate advice and positive treatment might be critical to the prognosis when dealing with these pregnant patients. Pregnant patients with COVID-19 had their own positive clinical characteristics and special laboratory test results. Responsive medical advice and active treatment for those patients are critical to recovery.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biotin prototrophy is a rare, incompletely understood, and industrially relevant characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The genome of the haploid laboratory strain CEN.PK113-7D contains a full complement of biotin biosynthesis genes, but its growth in biotin-free synthetic medium is extremely slow (specific growth rate [μ] ≈ 0.01 h-1). Four independent evolution experiments in repeated batch cultures and accelerostats yielded strains whose growth rates (μ ≤ 0.36 h-1) in biotin-free and biotin-supplemented media were similar. Whole-genome resequencing of these evolved strains revealed up to 40-fold amplification of BIO1, which encodes pimeloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase. The additional copies of BIO1 were found on different chromosomes, and its amplification coincided with substantial chromosomal rearrangements. A key role of this gene amplification was confirmed by overexpression of BIO1 in strain CEN.PK113-7D, which enabled growth in biotin-free medium (μ = 0.15 h-1). Mutations in the membrane transporter genes TPO1 and/or PDR12 were found in several of the evolved strains. Deletion of TPO1 and PDR12 in a BIO1-overexpressing strain increased its specific growth rate to 0.25 h-1 The effects of null mutations in these genes, which have not been previously associated with biotin metabolism, were nonadditive. This study demonstrates that S. cerevisiae strains that carry the basic genetic information for biotin synthesis can be evolved for full biotin prototrophy and identifies new targets for engineering biotin prototrophy into laboratory and industrial strains of this yeast.IMPORTANCE Although biotin (vitamin H) plays essential roles in all organisms, not all organisms can synthesize this vitamin. Many strains of baker's yeast, an important microorganism in industrial biotechnology, contain at least some of the genes required for biotin synthesis. However, most of these strains cannot synthesize biotin at all or do so at rates that are insufficient to sustain fast growth and product formation. Consequently, this expensive vitamin is routinely added to baker's yeast cultures. In this study, laboratory evolution in biotin-free growth medium yielded new strains that grew as fast in the absence of biotin as in its presence. By analyzing the DNA sequences of evolved biotin-independent strains, mutations were identified that contributed to this ability. This work demonstrates full biotin independence of an industrially relevant yeast and identifies mutations whose introduction into other yeast strains may reduce or eliminate their biotin requirements.

背景与目标： : 生物素原营养是酿酒酵母菌株的一种罕见的，不完全了解的和与工业相关的特征。单倍体实验室菌株的基因组CEN.PK113-7D包含完整的生物素生物合成基因，但其在无生物素的合成培养基中的生长极其缓慢 (比生长速率 [μ] ≈ 0.01 h-1)。在重复分批培养和促进剂中进行的四个独立进化实验产生了菌株，其在无生物素和补充生物素的培养基中的生长速率 (μ ≤ 0.36 h-1) 相似。这些进化菌株的全基因组重测序显示，BIO1的扩增高达40倍，该扩增编码pimeloyl-辅酶a (CoA) 合成酶。在不同的染色体上发现了BIO1的其他拷贝，其扩增与大量的染色体重排相吻合。该基因扩增的关键作用是通过在菌株CEN.PK113-7D中过表达BIO1证实的，这使得在无生物素的培养基中生长 (μ = 0.15 h-1)。在几个进化的菌株中发现了膜转运蛋白基因TPO1和/或PDR12的突变。BIO1-overexpressing菌株中TPO1和PDR12的缺失将其比生长速率提高到0.25，h-1这些基因中以前与生物素代谢无关的无效突变的影响是非累加的。这项研究表明，携带生物素合成基本遗传信息的酿酒酵母菌株可以进化为完整的生物素原营养，并确定了将生物素原营养改造为该酵母的实验室和工业菌株的新靶标。重要性尽管生物素 (维生素h) 在所有生物中都起着至关重要的作用，并非所有生物都能合成这种维生素。工业生物技术中一种重要的微生物 -- 面包酵母的许多菌株，至少含有一些生物素合成所需的基因。但是，这些菌株中的大多数根本无法合成生物素，或者以不足以维持快速生长和产物形成的速率合成生物素。因此，这种昂贵的维生素通常被添加到面包酵母培养物中。在这项研究中，无生物素生长培养基中的实验室进化产生了新菌株，这些菌株在不存在生物素的情况下生长速度与存在生物素时一样快。通过分析进化的与生物素无关的菌株的DNA序列，可以鉴定出有助于这种能力的突变。这项工作证明了与工业相关的酵母具有完全的生物素独立性，并确定了将其引入其他酵母菌株可能会降低或消除其生物素需求的突变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Nondermatophyte moulds (NDM) may be found as aetiological agents or as contaminants in onychomycosis. The classic and most used criteria for the diagnosis of NDM are those established by English in 1976. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this article is to re-evaluate the laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of NDM in onychomycosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS:Patients with suspected NDM of the nail underwent five consecutive examinations by both KOH and mycological culture; at the first visit, three samples from the affected nail were taken and were examined separately. Later those patients underwent four consecutive examinations; during this stage only a single sample for both KOH and culture was taken. We compared the culture results obtained from the three nail samples obtained at the first visit with the results from the four consecutive visits. RESULTS:We noted a clear trend showing that as the number of positive cultures increases (one to three cultures) during the first examination, the percentage of subsequent positive cultures, taken during the four consecutive visits, also increased. CONCLUSIONS:We suggest that when NDM infection is found in the first culture, the patient should be re-examined in a subsequent visit in which three separate samples are taken from the affected nail. If NDM is confirmed in all three cultures, the diagnosis of NDM is established. Treatment should be recommended in patients who show positive results in all three cultures.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Much of the recent debate over race, genetics, and health has focused on the extent to which typological notions of race have biological meaning. Less attention, however, has been paid to the assumptions about the nature of "populations" that both inform contemporary biological and medical research and that underlie the concept of race. Focusing specifically on Africa in the 1930s and 1940s, this paper explores the history of how fluid societies were transformed into bounded units amenable to scientific analysis. In the so-called "Golden Age of Ethnography," university-trained social anthropologists, primarily from Britain and South Africa, took to the field to systematically study, organize, and order the world's diverse peoples. Intent on creating a scientific methodology of neutral observation, they replaced amateur travelers, traders, colonial administrators, and missionaries as authoritative knowledge producers about the customs, beliefs, and languages of indigenous peoples. At the same time, linguists were engaged in unifying African languages and mapping language onto primordial "tribal" territories. We argue that the notion of populations or "tribes" as discrete units suitable for scientific sampling and classification emerged in the 1930s and 1940s with the ethnographic turn in social anthropology and the professionalization and institutionalization of linguistics in Western and South African universities. Once named and entered into international atlases and databases by anthropologists in the U.S., the existence of populations as bounded entities became self-evident, thus setting the stage for their use in large-scale population genetic studies and the contemporary reinvigoration of broad claims of difference based on population identification.

背景与目标： : 最近关于种族，遗传学和健康的许多辩论都集中在种族类型学概念在多大程度上具有生物学意义。然而，人们对 “人口” 性质的假设的关注较少，这些假设既为当代生物学和医学研究提供了信息，又为种族概念奠定了基础。本文特别关注20世纪30年代和20世纪40年代的非洲，探讨了流动社会如何转变为适合科学分析的有限单位的历史。在所谓的 “民族志的黄金时代” 中，主要来自英国和南非的受过大学训练的社会人类学家进入该领域，系统地研究，组织和秩序世界上的各个民族。为了建立一种科学的中立观察方法，他们取代了业余旅行者，商人，殖民地管理者和传教士，成为有关土著人民习俗，信仰和语言的权威知识生产者。同时，语言学家致力于统一非洲语言并将语言映射到原始的 “部落” 领土上。我们认为，人口或 “部落” 作为适合科学采样和分类的离散单位的概念出现在20世纪30年代中，并与社会人类学的人种学转向以及西方和南非大学语言学的专业化和制度化20世纪40年代。一旦被美国人类学家命名并进入国际地图集和数据库，种群作为有界实体的存在就变得不言而喻了，从而为它们在大规模种群遗传研究中的使用奠定了基础，并在当代重振了广泛的主张基于种群识别的差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We studied daily rhythmicity of body temperature (T(b)) before and during hibernation in Anatolian ground squirrels (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) under natural and laboratory conditions using surgically implanted temperature loggers. Under both conditions, robust daily T(b) rhythmicity with parameters comparable to those of other ground squirrel species was observed before but not during hibernation. Euthermic animals had robust daily T(b) rhythms with a mean of 37.0 degrees C and a range of excursion of approximately 4 degrees C. No T(b) rhythm was detected during torpor bouts, either because T(b) rhythmicity was absent or because the daily range of excursion was smaller than 0.2 degrees C. The general patterns of hibernation that we observed in Anatolian ground squirrels were similar to those previously observed by other investigators in other species of ground squirrels.

背景与目标： : 我们使用手术植入的温度记录仪在自然和实验室条件下研究了安那托利亚地松鼠 (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) 冬眠之前和冬眠期间的每日体温节律性 (T(b))。在这两种情况下，在冬眠之前但未观察到与其他地松鼠物种相当的参数的每日T(b) 节律性。常温动物的每日T(b) 节律强劲，平均为37.0摄氏度，偏移范围约为4摄氏度。在扭打期间未检测到T(b) 节律，这要么是因为不存在T(b) 节律，要么是因为每天的偏移范围小于0.2摄氏度。我们在安纳托利亚地松鼠中观察到的冬眠的一般模式与其他研究人员先前在其他种类的地松鼠中观察到的相似。