BACKGROUND & AIMS: :HIV-1(HXB2) 5'LTR region, most of BIV(R29) gag-pol segment and HIV-1(HXB2) pol IN-3'LTR region were respectively amplified. A chimeric clone, designated as pHBIV(3753), was constructed by cloning three fragments sequentially into pUC18. MT4 cells were transfected with pHBIV3753. The replication and expressions of the chimeric virus (HBIV3753) were monitored by RT activity and IFA. The results firstly demonstrated that it is possible to generate a new type of the BIV/HIV-1 chimeric virus containing BIV gag-pol gene.

背景与目标： ：HIV-1（HXB2）5'LTR区，BIV（R29）gag-pol片段的大部分和HIV-1（HXB2）pol IN-3'LTR区被分别扩增。通过依次将三个片段克隆到pUC18中，构建了一个称为pHBIV（3753）的嵌合克隆。用pHBIV3753转染MT4细胞。通过RT活性和IFA监测嵌合病毒（HBIV3753）的复制和表达。结果首先证明，有可能产生一种新型的含有BIV gag-pol基因的BIV / HIV-1嵌合病毒。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :For the binding of peptides to wild-type HIV-1 and BIV TAR RNA and to mutants with bulges of various sizes, changes in the DeltaDelta G values of binding were determined from experimental K d values. The corresponding entropies of these bulges are estimated by enumerating all possible RNA bulge conformations on a lattice and then applying the Boltzmann relationship. Independent calculations of entropies from fluctuations are also carried out using the Gaussian network model (GNM) recently introduced for analyzing folded structures. Strong correlations are seen between the changes in free energy determined for binding and the two different unbound entropy calculations. The fact that the calculated entropy increase with larger bulge size is correlated with the enhanced experimental binding free energy is unusual. This system exhibits a dependence on the entropy of the unbound form that is opposite to usual binding models. Instead of a large initial entropy being unfavorable since it would be reduced upon binding, here the larger entropies actually favor binding. Several interpretations are possible: (i) the higher conformational freedom implies a higher competence for binding with a minimal strain, by suitable selection amongst the set of already accessible conformations; (ii) larger bulge entropies enhance the probability of the specific favorable conformation of the bound state; (iii) the increased freedom of the larger bulges contri-butes more to the bound state than to the unbound state; (iv) indirectly the large entropy of the bound state might have an unfavorable effect on the solvent structure. Nonetheless, this unusual effect is interesting.

背景与目标： 对于肽与野生型HIV-1和BIV TAR RNA以及与具有各种大小凸起的突变体的结合，结合的DeltaDelta G值的变化由实验K d值确定。通过列举晶格上所有可能的RNA凸起构象，然后应用玻尔兹曼关系，可以估算这些凸起的相应熵。还使用最近引入的用于分析折叠结构的高斯网络模型（GNM）对波动进行熵的独立计算。在为结合而确定的自由能变化与两种不同的未结合熵计算之间可以看到很强的相关性。计算得出的熵随着凸出尺寸的增加而增加与增强的实验结合自由能相关的事实是不寻常的。该系统表现出对未结合形式的熵的依赖性，这与通常的结合模型相反。代替大的初始熵是不利的，因为它在结合时会减少，因此，较大的熵实际上有利于结合。几种解释是可能的：（ⅰ）较高的构象自由度意味着之间设定已经访问的构象具有最小应变结合，通过合适的选择更高的能力; （ii）较大的凸起熵增加了结合态特定有利构象的可能性； （iii）更大的凸起的增加的自由度对结合状态的贡献大于对未结合状态的贡献； （iv）间接地，大的结合态熵可能对溶剂结构产生不利影响。尽管如此，这种异常的效果还是很有趣的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Anthemis secundiramea Biv. subsp. secundiramea L. collected in Sicily was evaluated by GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main components of A. secundiramea were (Z)-lyratyl acetate (14.6%), (Z)-chrysanthenyl acetate (9.9%), (Z)-chrysanthenol (8.7%) and (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.7%). The comparing with other studied oils of genus Anthemis belonging to the same clade is discussed. Antibacterial and antifungal activities against some micro-organisms infesting historical art craft, were also determined.

背景与目标： ：在本研究中，来自Anthemis secundiramea Biv地上部分的香精油的化学成分。亚种通过GC和气相色谱-质谱法评估在西西里岛中收集到的仲沙门氏菌。 secundiramea.a的主要成分是（Z）-乙酸乙酰丙二酯（14.6％），（Z）-乙酸三甲苯基酯（9.9％），（Z）-间苯三酚（8.7％）和（E）-乙酸三乙enyl酯（7.7％） 。讨论了与属于相同进化枝的其他Anthemis属植物油的比较。还确定了对一些侵害历史工艺的微生物的抗菌和抗真菌活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To explore the possibility of the replacement of the gag gene between human immunodeficiency virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus, to achieve chimeric virions, and thereby gain a new kind of AIDS vaccine based on BHIV chimeric viruses. METHODS:A series of chimeric BHIV proviral DNAs differing in the replacement regions in gag gene were constructed, and then were transfected into 293T cells. The expression of chimeric viral genes was detected at the RNA and protein level. The supernatant of 293T cell was ultra centrifuged to detect the probable chimeric virion. Once the chimeric virion was detected, its biological activities were also assayed by infecting HIV-sensitive MT4 cells. RESULTS:Four chimeric BHIV proviral DNAs were constructed. Genes in chimeric viruses expressed correctly in transfected 293T cells. All four constructs assembled chimeric virions with different degrees of efficiency. These virions had complete structures common to retroviruses and packaged genomic RNAs, but the cleavages of the precursor Gag proteins were abnormal to some extent. Three of these virions tested could attach and enter into MT4 cells, and one of them could complete the course of reverse transcription. Yet none of them could replicate in MT4 cells. CONCLUSION:The replacement of partial gag gene of HIV with BIV gag gene is feasible. Genes in chimeric BHIVs are accurately expressed, and virions are assembled. These chimeric BHIVs (proviral DNA together with virus particles) have the potential to become a new kind of HIV/AIDS vaccine.

背景与目标： 目的：探讨在人免疫缺陷病毒和牛免疫缺陷病毒之间替换gag基因的可能性，获得嵌合病毒体，从而获得一种新型的基于BHIV嵌合病毒的艾滋病疫苗。
方法：构建了一系列gag基因置换区不同的嵌合BHIV原病毒DNA，然后转染到293T细胞中。在RNA和蛋白质水平检测到嵌合病毒基因的表达。将293T细胞的上清液超速离心以检测可能的嵌合病毒体。一旦检测到嵌合病毒体，就可以通过感染HIV敏感的MT4细胞来测定其生物学活性。
结果：构建了4个嵌合的BHIV原病毒DNA。嵌合病毒中的基因在转染的293T细胞中正确表达。所有四个构建体以不同程度的效率组装了嵌合病毒体。这些病毒体具有逆转录病毒和包装的基因组RNA共有的完整结构，但前体Gag蛋白的切割在一定程度上异常。这些被测试的病毒粒子中的三个可以附着并进入MT4细胞，其中之一可以完成逆转录过程。但是它们都不能在MT4细胞中复制。
结论：用BIV gag基因替代HIV的部分gag基因是可行的。嵌合BHIVs中的基因可以准确表达，并且可以组装病毒体。这些嵌合的BHIV（附加DNA和病毒颗粒）有可能成为新型HIV / AIDS疫苗。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The pulmonary hydatid cyst is frequent in Mediterranean countries such as Morocco. Our analytic study concerned 70 cases of lung hydatid cysts collected from 2007 to 2010. Mean age was 35years and we noted a male predominance (53%). Forty-seven percent of patients belong to rural environment where 64% of them were in contact with dogs. The respiratory symptomatology was made mostly by cough (86%) and chest pain (70%). Diagnosis was based on radioclinical arguments with positive hydatic serology in some cases. The cyst was single in 84% of the cases, safe in 55% of the cases. The location in the right lung was dominant with a major affection of the right lower lobe. Conventional surgery was indicated in 67 cases. The liver hydatid cyst was discovered in 20% of cases and treated at the same time phases in 71% of cases. The evolution was good in 73% of the cases and marked by a recurrence in three of the operated cases.

背景与目标： ：在摩洛哥等地中海国家，肺包虫囊肿很常见。我们的分析研究涉及2007年至2010年收集的70例肺包虫囊肿。平均年龄为35岁，我们注意到男性占多数（53％）。 47％的患者属于乡村环境，其中64％的人与狗接触。呼吸系统症状主要由咳嗽（86％）和胸痛（70％）引起。在某些情况下，诊断是基于放射学论证，且血清学阳性呈阳性。在84％的病例中，囊肿是单个的，在55％的病例中，囊肿是安全的。右肺的位置占优势，右下叶受累较大。 67例行常规手术。在20％的病例中发现了肝包虫囊肿，在71％的病例中同时进行了分期治疗。 73％的病例进展良好，其中三个手术病例复发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Experimental infection of cattle with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is characterized by persistent, low levels of virus replication in the absence of clinical disease. A virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to examine the role of VN antibodies in controlling virus replication in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate of BIV. All animals developed VN antibody, but there was no correlation between VN titres and restriction of virus replication in vivo. BIV infection did not induce high-titred, cross-neutralizing antibody and there was no evidence for antigenic variation through more than 4 years in vivo. Genetic comparisons among the BIV(R29) inoculum virus and viruses isolated from infected animals identified only limited genetic variation during 4 years in vivo. Moreover, there was no evidence that the observed variation was due to selection. Analyses of genetic diversity in the virus stock used for inoculation indicated a fairly homogeneous population. In the absence of high levels of virus replication and overt clinical disease, there appeared to be little selection of virus variants, resulting in antigenic and genetic stability of BIV(R29) during long-term, persistent infection.

背景与目标： ：牛免疫缺陷病毒（BIV）的实验性感染特征是在没有临床疾病的情况下持续低水平的病毒复制。开发了一种病毒中和（VN）分析方法，以检查VN抗体在控制BIV（R29）BIV（B29）分离株感染的牛中控制病毒复制中的作用。所有动物均产生VN抗体，但VN滴度与体内病毒复制限制之间没有相关性。 BIV感染不会诱导高滴度，交叉中和的抗体，并且在体内超过4年没有证据表明抗原发生变异。 BIV（R29）接种病毒和从感染动物中分离出的病毒之间的遗传比较发现，在体内4年内仅发现了有限的遗传变异。此外，没有证据表明观察到的变异是由于选择。用于接种的病毒原种的遗传多样性分析表明种群相当均一。在没有高水平的病毒复制和明显的临床疾病的情况下，似乎很少选择病毒变体，从而导致BIV（R29）在长期持续感染中的抗原和遗传稳定性。

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The gene of the capsid protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was linked to a sequence encoding for six histidines and expressed as the (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein. The fusion protein was strongly expressed as both soluble and insoluble forms after induction by isopropylthio-beta-d-galactoside. Purification was based on interaction of the hexa-histidine polypeptide with metal ions. Expression could represent 11% of the total protein in Escherichia coli, allowing more than 20 mg of highly purified protein to be obtained per liter of bacterial culture. The (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography reacted specifically in Western blot with sera from cattle experimentally infected by BIV, as well as with two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Gag protein. The ease of expression, purification, and specificity of this fusion protein should permit a thorough study of prevalence of BIV infection in large-scale serological studies of field samples.

背景与目标： 牛免疫缺陷病毒（BIV）衣壳蛋白的基因与编码六个组氨酸的序列连接，并表示为（His）6 p26衣壳融合蛋白。在异丙基硫代-β-d-半乳糖苷诱导后，融合蛋白以可溶和不可溶形式强烈表达。纯化基于六组氨酸多肽与金属离子的相互作用。表达可代表大肠杆菌中总蛋白的11％，每升细菌培养物可获得超过20 mg的高度纯化的蛋白。通过固定的金属亲和色谱纯化的（His）6 p26衣壳融合蛋白在Western blot中与BIV实验感染的牛血清以及两种针对Gag蛋白不同表位的单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。这种融合蛋白的表达，纯化和特​​异性的简便性应允许在野外样品的大规模血清学研究中彻底研究BIV感染的患病率。

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