• 【在帕金森氏病动物模型中,谷氨酸拮抗剂刺激基础和L-DOPA诱导的运动活动。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00039-5 复制DOI
    作者列表:Starr MS,Starr BS,Kaur S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: In parkinsonism, glutamate pathways within the basal ganglia become overactive, leading to the suggestion that glutamate antagonists might possess antiparkinsonian qualities. This report examines the motor properties of antagonists of NMDA and AMPA-type glutamate receptors, as well as some inhibitors of glutamate release, in animal models of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. High affinity NMDA open-channel blockers (e.g. MK 801, phencyclidine), are highly potent antagonists with inconsistent antiakinetic and strong myorelaxant activity. Other compounds are better tolerated and are capable of relieving immobility and muscular rigidity by themselves (e.g. 1-aminoadamantanes, polyamine site antagonists, kappa agonists, riluzole). Yet others do not restore movements alone (e.g. dextromethorphan, ketamine), but may interact with and strengthen the antiparkinsonian action of L-DOPA (e.g. competitive NMDA and AMPA antagonists, lamotrigine). They may do this by potentiating dopaminergic behaviours mediated by D1 or D2 receptors, or by some other mechanism.

    背景与目标: 在帕金森病中,基底神经节内的谷氨酸途径变得过度活跃,从而提示谷氨酸拮抗剂可能具有抗帕金森病的特性。该报告检查了特发性帕金森氏病动物模型中NMDA和AMPA型谷氨酸受体的拮抗剂的运动特性,以及谷氨酸释放的某些抑制剂。高亲和力NMDA开放通道阻滞剂(例如MK 801,苯环利定)是高效抗药,具有抗运动活性不一致和强肌松活性。其他化合物具有更好的耐受性,并能自行缓解不动和肌肉僵硬(例如1-氨基金刚烷,多胺位点拮抗剂,κ激动剂,利鲁唑)。还有一些人不能单独恢复运动(例如右美沙芬,氯胺酮),而是可以与L-DOPA相互作用并增强其抗帕金森病作用(例如竞争性NMDA和AMPA拮抗剂,拉莫三嗪)。他们可以通过增强D1或D2受体或其他某种机制介导的多巴胺能行为来做到这一点。

  • 【甲状腺针状乳头状癌的清晰核在细针穿刺中显着,术中涂片由超快的木瓜色素染色。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yang GC,Greenebaum E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The Orphan Annie-eyed clear nucleus, defined as a large, optically clear nucleus, devoid of chromatin strands, with sharp chromatin rim, is a more specific feature than are nuclear grooves or intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in papillary thyroid carcinoma. In addition, this characteristic nuclear feature is detectable at low magnification. Although these clear nuclei are routinely seen in paraffin sections, they are inconspicuously seen in conventionally processed touch-imprints and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) smears. Among our two institutions, there have been 148 thyroid cases processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain (UFP), including 43 papillary carcinomas, 38 cellular follicular lesions, and 67 cases of nodular hyperplasia. We observed clear nuclei in all of the cases of UFP-processed FNA and intraoperative smears of papillary carcinoma but not of other thyroid lesions. The clear nuclei are most evident in tumor cells with direct contact to the glass slide and are not seen in tumor cells soaked in cystic fluid. UFP is a valuable way to detect Orphan Annie-eyed clear nuclei of papillary thyroid carcinoma early in the diagnostic evaluation, either at immediate on-site evaluation of FNA or at intraoperative consultation and before the availability of permanent sections.

    背景与目标: 孤儿安妮眼透明核,定义为一个大的,光学透明的核,没有染色质链,具有清晰的染色质边缘,比乳头状甲状腺癌的核槽或核内胞浆内含物更具特异性。另外,该特征核特征在低放大倍率下是可检测的。尽管通常在石蜡切片中经常看到这些清晰的核,但在常规处理的接触印记和细针抽吸(FNA)涂片中却看不见它们。在我们的两个机构中,有148例经超快巴氏染色(UFP)处理的甲状腺病例,包括43例乳头状癌,38例细胞滤泡性病变和67例结节性增生。我们在所有UFP处理的FNA病例和术中乳头状癌涂片中观察到清晰的细胞核,但其他甲状腺病变未见。透明核在直接接触载玻片的肿瘤细胞中最为明显,而在浸入囊性液体的肿瘤细胞中则未见。在诊断评估中,无论是立即进行现场FNA评估还是在术中会诊之前以及在获得永久性切片之前,UFP是一种在早期诊断评估中检测出孤儿安妮眼状乳头状甲状腺癌的宝贵方法。

  • 【白介素-1α诱导的黑色素瘤细胞运动的特征:I型和II型受体阻断性单克隆抗体的抑制作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/00008390-199706000-00006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dekker SK,Vink J,Bruijn JA,Mihm MC Jr,Vermeer BJ,Byers HR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) induces cell motility in a variety of benign cell types and in some but not all malignant cell lines in vitro. This study characterizes the IL-1 alpha-induced motility of an aggressive human melanoma cell line that expresses both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. We tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies including function-blocking moAbs against the type I and type II IL-1 receptors on melanoma cell motility to determine which receptor is involved in signal transduction of IL-1 alpha-induced melanoma cell motility. IL-1 alpha significantly increases MM-RU melanoma cell migration in a dose-dependent manner using modified Boyden chamber assays at concentrations 10 to 100 times less than concentrations that significantly inhibit cell growth. Computer-assisted time-lapse image analysis reveals that the motility is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by neutralizing antibodies against IL-1 alpha. Function-blocking monoclonal antibodies against either type I or type II IL-1 receptors show a significant inhibition of cytokine-induced enhanced cell migration. When both the anti-IL-1 receptor antibodies are added together, the motility-response is completely blocked to control levels. Taken together the data indicate that the IL-1 alpha-induced motility of MM-RU melanoma cells is mediated through both type I and type II IL-1 receptors. The significant inhibition of motility by neutralizing IL-1 alpha or blocking either one or both of the IL-1 receptors indicates an integration of IL-1-induced signals in the induction of melanoma cell migration.

    背景与目标: 白细胞介素-1(IL-1 alpha)在多种良性细胞类型中以及某些但不是全部恶性细胞系中诱导细胞运动。这项研究的特点是表达I型和II型IL-1受体的侵略性人黑素瘤细胞系的IL-1α诱导的运动。我们测试了包括针对I型和II型IL-1受体的功能阻断性单抗的单克隆抗体对黑素瘤细胞运动的影响,以确定哪个受体参与了IL-1α诱导的黑素瘤细胞运动的信号转导。 IL-1α使用改良的Boyden室测定法以剂量依赖性方式显着增加MM-RU黑色素瘤细胞迁移,其浓度比明显抑制细胞生长的浓度低10至100倍。计算机辅助的延时图像分析表明,通过中和针对IL-1α的抗体,可以以剂量依赖性的方式抑制运动性。针对I型或II型IL-1受体的功能阻断性单克隆抗体显示出对细胞因子诱导的细胞迁移增强的显着抑制作用。当两种抗IL-1受体抗体一起添加时,运动反应完全被阻断至对照水平。数据合计表明,IL-1α诱导的MM-RU黑色素瘤细胞的运动是通过I型和II型IL-1受体介导的。通过中和IL-1α或阻断任何一个IL-1受体或两个IL-1受体来显着抑制运动性,这表明在黑素瘤细胞迁移的诱导中整合了IL-1诱导的信号。

  • 【异位子宫内膜和子宫内膜异位病变中微血管密度,增殖活性与血管内皮生长因子-A及其受体表达的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1530/rep.1.01110 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bourlev V,Volkov N,Pavlovitch S,Lets N,Larsson A,Olovsson M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Studies were performed to elucidate the possible relationship between microvessel density, proliferative activity and angiogenesis in eutopic endometrium from women with and without endometriosis and peritoneal endometriotic lesions. The question whether changes in these parameters in endometriotic lesions were reflected by the level of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in serum and peritoneal fluid was also studied. Biopsy specimens of both eutopic endometrium and peritoneal endometriotic lesions from women with endometriosis (n = 25) as well as eutopic endometrium from women without endometriosis (n = 14) were analysed immunohistochemically regarding microvessel density, proliferative activity, and expression of VEGF-A and its receptors vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) in stroma, glands and blood vessels. The VEGF-A concentration was measured in peritoneal fluid and serum. Secretory phase eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis had significantly higher microvessel density, expression of VEGF-A in glandular epithelium and VEGFR-2 in endometrial blood vessels than those from women without endometriosis. Endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity had a higher microvessel density and showed higher vascular expression of VEGFR-2 as well as being accompanied by higher levels of VEGF-A in peritoneal fluid and serum, compared with lesions with low proliferative activity. In conclusion, there seems to be a dysregulation of angiogenic activity in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity were accompanied by higher local angiogenic activity and higher levels of VEGF in serum and peritoneal fluid.
    背景与目标: :进行了研究以阐明患有和不患有子宫内膜异位和腹膜子宫内膜异位病变的女性在位子宫内膜的微血管密度,增殖活性和血管生成之间的可能关系。还研究了是否通过血清和腹膜液中血管内皮生长因子-A(VEGF-A)的水平反映子宫内膜异位病变中这些参数的变化的问题。对子宫内膜异位症妇女(n = 25)和非子宫内膜异位症妇女(n = 14)的对位子宫内膜和腹膜子宫内膜异位病变的活检标本进行了免疫组织化学分析,涉及微血管密度,增殖活性,VEGF-A和其受体位于基质,腺体和血管中的血管内皮生长因子受体1和2(VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2)。测定腹膜液和血清中的VEGF-A浓度。子宫内膜异位症女性的分泌期异位子宫内膜比无子宫内膜异位症女性的子宫内膜微血管密度,腺上皮中的VEGF-A表达和子宫内膜血管中的VEGFR-2显着更高。与具有低增殖活性的病变相比,具有高增殖活性的子宫内膜异位病变具有更高的微血管密度,并在腹膜液和血清中具有较高的VEGFR-2血管表达以及较高的VEGF-A水平。总之,子宫内膜异位症妇女的异位子宫内膜血管新生活性似乎异常,具有高增殖活性的子宫内膜异位病变伴有较高的局部血管新生活性和血清和腹膜液中较高的VEGF水平。
  • 【产后睾丸促性腺激素受体,血清促性腺激素和睾丸激素浓度的变化以及公牛睾丸的功能发育。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1530/rep.1.00768 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bagu ET,Cook S,Gratton CL,Rawlings NC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The primary objectives of this study were to follow the temporal patterns of testicular LH and FSH receptor (LH-R and FSH-R) concentrations and affinity (Ka) during sexual maturation in bulls and to see if such patterns could help explain the control of rapid testicular growth that occurs after 25 weeks of age, when serum gonadotropin concentrations are low. Separate groups of Hereford x Charolais calves (n = 6) were castrated every 4 weeks from 5 to 33 weeks of age and at 56 weeks of age. A week prior to castrations, from 5 to 33 weeks of age, blood was collected every 15 min for 10 h. The transition from indifferent supporting cells to Sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules was rapid between 13 and 25 weeks and rapid testis growth occurred after 25 weeks of age. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were transiently elevated at 12 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-R concentrations decreased from 13 to 25 weeks of age and increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). LH-RKa decreased from 9 to 17 weeks of age, increased to 29 weeks of age and declined to 33 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-R concentrations declined from 17 to 25 weeks of age then increased to 56 weeks of age (P < 0.05). FSH-RKa increased from 17 to 25 weeks of age (P < 0.05). High concentrations of gonadotropins and their receptors may be critical to initiate testis growth postnatally and support it after 25 weeks of age in the face of low serum gonadotropin concentrations.
    背景与目标: :本研究的主要目的是追踪公牛性成熟过程中睾丸LH和FSH受体(LH-R和FSH-R)浓度和亲和力(Ka)的时间模式,并观察这种模式是否有助于解释控制因素血清促性腺激素浓度低时,在25周龄后出现睾丸快速生长的情况。从5到33周龄和56周龄每4周cast割一次赫瑞福德x夏洛来牛犊(n = 6)组。 5至33周龄weeks割前一周,每15分钟收集一次血液,持续10 h。在13至25周之间,从生精小管中的冷漠支持细胞向Sertoli细胞的过渡迅速,并且25周龄后睾丸迅速生长。血清LH和FSH浓度在12周龄时短暂升高(P <0.05)。 LH-R浓度从13周龄降低到25周龄,增加到56周龄(P <0.05)。 LH-RKa从9周龄降低到17周龄,增加到29周龄,下降到33周龄(P <0.05)。 FSH-R浓度从17周下降到25周,然后上升到56周(P <0.05)。 FSH-RKa从17周龄增加到25周龄(P <0.05)。高浓度的促性腺激素及其受体对于出生后开始睾丸生长并在25周龄后面对低血清促性腺激素浓度的情况下支持睾丸生长可能至关重要。
  • 【子宫内膜肿瘤的侵袭性与金属蛋白酶2和金属蛋白酶2表达的组织抑制剂有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00717.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Graesslin O,Cortez A,Uzan C,Birembaut P,Quereux C,Daraï E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression has been linked to gynecological tumor aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to determine MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 expression in endometrial malignancies and their relation to clinical and histologic parameters. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 50 patients with endometrial carcinoma treated between 1999 and 2004 were stained with specific monoclonal antibodies. The tumors were grouped according to the FIGO classification. The staining results were compared to histologic and clinical data. Semiquantitative analysis of MMP and TIMP expression showed a significant difference in TIMP-2 expression according to the histologic subtype (P = 0.03) and also a trend towards a difference in MMP-9 expression (P = 0.05). MMP-2 expression increased and TIMP-2 expression fell as the histologic grade increased (P = 0.0007, P < 0.0001, respectively). MMP-2 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.04), while TIMP-2 expression correlated with the depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.01), vasculolymphatic space involvement (P = 0.02), and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0003). These results support the involvement of MMPs and TIMPs in endometrial tumor growth and progression. High MMP-2 and low TIMP-2 expression were the most potent markers of endometrial tumors with a high risk of local and distant spread.
    背景与目标: 基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的表达与妇科肿瘤的侵袭性有关。这项研究的目的是确定子宫内膜恶性肿瘤中MMP-2,MMP-7和MMP-9以及金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1和TIMP-2的表达及其与临床和组织学参数的关系。用特异性单克隆抗体对1999年至2004年间接受治疗的50例子宫内膜癌患者的福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋的肿瘤样品进行染色。根据FIGO分类将肿瘤分组。将染色结果与组织学和临床数据进行比较。 MMP和TIMP表达的半定量分析显示,根据组织学亚型,TIMP-2表达存在显着差异(P = 0.03),并且MMP-9表达也呈现差异的趋势(P = 0.05)。随着组织学分级的升高,MMP-2表达增加而TIMP-2表达下降(分别为P = 0.0007,P <0.0001)。 MMP-2表达与淋巴结转移相关(P = 0.04),而TIMP-2表达与肌层浸润深度(P = 0.01),血管淋巴间隙受累(P = 0.02)和淋巴结转移(P = 0.0003)相关)。这些结果支持MMP和TIMP参与子宫内膜肿瘤的生长和进展。 MMP-2的高表达和TIMP-2的低表达是子宫内膜肿瘤最有效的标志物,具有局部和远处扩散的高风险。
  • 【LRRK2 I2012T,G2019S和I2020T突变在原发性震颤患者中并不常见。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.08.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Deng H,Le W,Davidson AL,Xie W,Jankovic J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Several mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) have been identified both in familial and sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). G2019S, located at a kinase (MAPKKK) domain, is the most common mutation in the LRRK2 gene in PD, Two adjacent mutations (I2012T and I2020T) were mapped to the same domain suggesting shared pathogenic mechanism of these mutations. Since phenotypes of PD overlap with essential tremor (ET), we investigated LRRK2 G2019S, I2012T, and I2020T mutations in a cohort of 272 patients with ET. No mutations were found in our ET cohort and, therefore, we conclude that LRKK2 I2012T, G2019S and I2020T variants are rare causes of Caucasian ET.
    背景与目标: :在家族性和散发性帕金森氏病(PD)病例中,均已鉴定出富含亮氨酸的重复激酶2基因(LRRK2)的多个突变。位于激酶(MAPKKK)结构域的G2019S是PD中LRRK2基因中最常见的突变,两个相邻的突变(I2012T和I2020T)被定位到同一结构域,表明这些突变具有共同的致病机制。由于PD的表型与原发性震颤(ET)重叠,因此我们在272例ET患者中研究了LRRK2 G2019S,I2012T和I2020T突变。在我们的ET队列中未发现突变,因此,我们得出结论,LRKK2 I2012T,G2019S和I2020T变体是白种人ET的罕见原因。
  • 【急性小鼠皮肤切开伤口中的微循环显示血管功能的时空变化。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00142.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bluff JE,O'Ceallaigh S,O'Kane S,Ferguson MW,Ireland G
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A mouse perfusion model using fluorescently labeled dextran has been developed to investigate the functionality of blood vessels during cutaneous wound healing. By immunostaining cryostat sections of perfused wounds with antibodies that identify vessels, we were able to assess their functionality. There was an increase in the proportion of CD31(+)-perfused vessels in all wound regions with time, although the vessels of the wound margins and superficial granulation tissue (GT) took the longest to become perfused. More than 50% of the latter vessels were not perfused at 10 days postwounding. This is consistent with the growth of functional vessels from the wound base proceeding to the more superficial GT. The CD34 marker was expressed by a subpopulation of CD31(+) vessels. However, in contrast to CD31(+) vessels, the functionality of CD34(+) vessels did not change significantly with time and 50-75% of CD34(+) vessels in the GT and wound margins were nonfunctional. This might be explained either by apoptosis of the CD34(+) vessels or the loss of the marker with time. This study has important implications for assays of wound-healing angiogenesis based on histology and immunohistochemical markers for vessels, because vessel functionality differs both spatially and temporally during wound healing.
    背景与目标: :已经开发了使用荧光标记的葡聚糖的小鼠灌注模型,以研究皮肤伤口愈合过程中血管的功能。通过用识别血管的抗体免疫染色灌注伤口的低温恒温器切片,我们能够评估其功能。尽管伤口边缘的血管和浅表肉芽组织(GT)的灌注时间最长,但所有伤口区域中CD31()灌注血管的比例均随时间增加。受伤后10天,没有再灌注50%以上的血管。这与功能性血管从伤口基部到更浅层的GT的生长是一致的。 CD34标记由CD31()血管的亚群表达。然而,与CD31()血管相反,CD34()血管的功能并未随时间而显着变化,GT中50-75%的CD34()血管和伤口边缘均无功能。这可能是由于CD34()血管凋亡或标记随时间流逝而造成的。这项研究对基于组织学和血管免疫组织化学标记的伤口愈合血管生成的测定具有重要意义,因为在伤口愈合过程中血管功能在空间和时间上都不同。
  • 【氨基末端脑钠肽:一种诊断,预后和管理心力衰竭的生物标志物。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1586/14737159.6.5.649 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morello AM,Januzzi JL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :There is a substantial need for a diagnostic tool to aid in the early diagnosis of heart failure and in the recognition of those at risk for its development, as well as in guidance of therapy. Testing for amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been recognized to have utility in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure. In addition, numerous other applications for NT-proBNP testing are now recognized, such as evaluation of patients with heart disease in the absence of heart failure, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndromes or pulmonary thromboembolism.
    背景与目标: :非常需要一种诊断工具来辅助心力衰竭的早期诊断,并认识到可能发展为心力衰竭的人,以及指导治疗。氨基末端脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)的检测已被认为可用于心力衰竭的诊断,预后和管理。此外,现在还认可了NT-proBNP测试的许多其他应用,例如在没有心力衰竭的情况下对心脏病患者的评估以及对急性冠状动脉综合征或肺血栓栓塞患者的诊断和预后评估。
  • 【使用超声心动图获得的主动脉瓣环运动和二尖瓣环运动之间的比较。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00684.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Emilsson K,Egerlid R,Nygren BM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Earlier studies have shown that the aortic root, in analogy with the mitral annulus, moves towards the left ventricular apex during systole. However, there are no earlier studies comparing the amplitude of the aortic annulus motion (AAM) with that of the mitral annulus (MAM), which was the main aim of the study. Another aim was to study the intra- and interobserver reproducibility (IIOR) of measuring AAM with M-mode and 2-D echocardiography as it is not obvious which of the methods that should be used. Twenty-one healthy subjects were examined by echocardiography. AAM and MAM were measured at different sites. IIOR was measured in 10 of the subjects. There was no significant difference between average AAM (15.3 +/- 1.5 mm) and average MAM (15.6 +/- 1.5 mm) and there was a rather good agreement between the variables. There was also no significant difference between AAM at the septal site (16.3 +/- 2 mm) and average MAM, but a significant difference between AAM at the lateral site (14.2 +/- 1.6 mm) and average MAM (P<0.001) and between the both sites of measuring AAM (P<0.001). The significant difference between the two sites of measuring AAM may have anatomical reasons but may also depend on difficulties in measuring AAM at the septal site where it has lower reproducibility than at the lateral site. IIOR of measuring AAM was good when using M-mode but poor when using 2-D echocardiography and AAM should preferably be measured using M-mode and not using 2-D echocardiography.
    背景与目标: :较早的研究表明,与二尖瓣环类似,主动脉根在收缩期向左心尖移动。但是,目前尚无比较主动脉瓣环运动幅度(AAM)和二尖瓣环运动(MAM)幅度的研究,这是该研究的主要目的。另一个目的是研究使用M型和二维超声心动图测量AAM的观察者之间和观察者之间的可重复性(IIOR),因为不明确应该使用哪种方法。通过超声心动图检查二十一名健康受试者。 AAM和MAM在不同的位置进行了测量。在10位受试者中测量了IIOR。平均AAM(15.3 /-1.5 mm)和平均MAM(15.6 /-1.5 mm)之间没有显着差异,并且变量之间有相当好的一致性。间隔部位的AAM(16.3 /-2 mm)和平均MAM之间也没有显着差异,但是外侧部位的AAM(14.2 /-1.6 mm)和平均MAM(P <0.001)之间以及两者之间没有显着差异。测量AAM的两个位置(P <0.001)。测量AAM的两个部位之间的显着差异可能是解剖学原因,但也可能取决于在可重复性低于外侧部位的间隔部位测量AAM的困难。使用M模式时,测量AAM的IIOR较好,而使用2-D超声心动图时,IIOR较差,最好使用M模式而不使用2-D超声心动图来测量AAM。
  • 【高度纯化的卵泡刺激素和人绒毛膜促性腺激素的皮下自我给药,用于治疗男性性腺功能减退性性腺功能减退症。西班牙男性性腺功能减退症协作组。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.5.980 复制DOI
    作者列表:Burgués S,Calderón MD
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The efficacy and safety of highly purified follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) associated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was studied in 60 men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Of these men, 16 suffered from Kallmann's syndrome, 19 from idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and 25 from hypopituitarism. Basal testosterone concentrations were found to be far below the normal range. At baseline, 26 patients were able to ejaculate and all of them showed azoospermia, while the remaining patients were aspermic. All patients self-administered s.c. injections of FSH (150 IU x three/week) and HCG (2500 IU x two/week) for at least 6 months and underwent periodic assessments of testicular function. Testosterone concentrations increased rapidly during treatment and all but one patient reached normal values. Testicular volume showed a sustained increase reaching almost 3-fold its baseline value. At the end of treatment, 48 patients (80.0%) had achieved a positive sperm count. The maximum sperm concentration during treatment was 24.5 +/- 8.1 x 10(6)/ml (mean +/- SEM). The median time to induce spermatogenesis was 5 months. Eleven patients reported adverse events, generally not related to treatment. Three patients experienced gynaecomastia. No local reactions at injection site were observed. In conclusion, the s.c. self-administration of highly purified FSH + HCG was well tolerated and effective in stimulating spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in these patients.

    背景与目标: 在60名患有促性腺激素缺乏性性腺功能减退症的男性中研究了与人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)相关的高纯度卵泡刺激素(FSH)的疗效和安全性。在这些男性中,有16名患有卡曼综合症,19名患有特发性性腺功能减退性腺功能减退症,25名患有垂体功能减退症。发现基础睾丸激素浓度远低于正常范围。在基线时,有26位患者能够射精,所有患者均表现出无精子症,而其余患者均为无精子症。所有患者均自给自足注射FSH(150 IU x 3 /周)和HCG(2500 IU x 2 /周)至少6个月,并定期评估睾丸功能。治疗期间睾丸激素浓度迅速增加,除一名患者外,其他所有患者均达到正常值。睾丸体积持续增加,几乎达到其基线值的三倍。在治疗结束时,有48位患者(80.0%)的精子计数为阳性。治疗期间最大精子浓度为24.5 /-8.1 x 10(6)/ ml(平均值/-SEM)。诱导精子发生的中位时间为5个月。 11名患者报告了不良事件,通常与治疗无关。三例患者出现了妇科发育不全。在注射部位未观察到局部反应。总而言之自我给予高纯度FSH HCG的耐受性良好,可有效刺激这些患者的精子发生和类固醇生成。

  • 【将160 kD分子鉴定为基底膜区的成分和次要的大疱性类天疱疮抗原。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874675 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhu XJ,Niimi Y,Bystryn JC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antigens in normal human skin defined by antibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) were studied by Western immunoblots. Eighteen (90%) of 20 BP sera reacted to a 230-kD antigen. Seven (35%) of the sera reacted to a 160-kD antigen. Two of these reacted only to the 160-kD antigen and five also reacted to the 230-kD antigen. Antibodies to the 160-kD antigen were not present in 25 control sera obtained from normal individuals or patients with other bullous diseases. The 160-kD antigen was present in epidermal extracts of four different specimens of normal human skin but not in dermal extracts or extracts of control cells including melanoma, fibroblasts, lung carcinoma, and colon carcinoma. Monospecific sera with antibodies to either the 230-kD or to the 160-kD antigen reacted solely to their respective target antigens, but not to both, in extracts of epidermis that contained both antigens. The 160-kD antigen broke down to a 140-kD fragment, while the 230-kD antigen was unchanged in the absence of protease inhibitors. Western blot affinity purified antibody to the 160-kD antigen bound only to the basement membrane zone on the epidermal side of 1M NaCl split skin. These results indicate that a 160-kD antigen is a normal component of the basement membrane zone of human skin. The antigen is located on the epidermal side of skin split with 1M NaCl. It is a minor BP antigen, antibodies to which are present in some patients with BP.
    背景与目标: :通过Western免疫印迹研究了大疱性天疱疮(BP)患者中抗体定义的正常人皮肤中的抗原。 20个BP血清中有18个(90%)与230 kD抗原发生了反应。七分之三(35%)的血清与160-kD抗原反应。其中两个仅与160-kD抗原反应,另外五个也与230-kD抗原反应。从正常个体或患有其他大疱性疾病的患者获得的25个对照血清中不存在针对160-kD抗原的抗体。 160-kD抗原存在于正常人皮肤的四个不同标本的表皮提取物中,但不存在于包括黑色素瘤,成纤维细胞,肺癌和结肠癌的真皮提取物或对照细胞提取物中。在包含两种抗原的表皮提取物中,具有针对230-kD或针对160-kD抗原的抗体的单特异性血清仅与它们各自的靶抗原发生反应,但与两种抗原均不发生反应。 160 kD抗原分解为140 kD片段,而230 kD抗原在不存在蛋白酶抑制剂的情况下保持不变。 Western blot亲和纯化的针对160-kD抗原的抗体仅与1M NaCl分裂皮肤的表皮侧的基膜区结合。这些结果表明160-kD抗原是人皮肤基底膜区的正常成分。抗原位于用1M NaCl分裂的皮肤的表皮侧。它是次要的BP抗原,某些BP患者中存在针对该抗体的抗体。
  • 【体外受精患者卵泡液中沙眼衣原体膜成分的体液免疫反应和人类60 kDa热休克蛋白的表达。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/12.5.925 复制DOI
    作者列表:Neuer A,Lam KN,Tiller FW,Kiesel L,Witkin SS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent evidence suggests that Chlamydia trachomatis can persist in the female upper genital tract in an unculturable state. Since unsuspected C. trachomatis infection has been associated with adverse in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome we sought to detect further evidence of C. trachomatis in the genital tracts of women undergoing IVF. The prevalence and distribution of antibodies to the major structural proteins of C. trachomatis in paired follicular fluid and sera of women undergoing IVF were examined. Sera and follicular fluid samples from 149 women were assayed for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies to two C. trachomatis antigens, the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) and a recombinant lipopolysaccharide (rLPS) fragment. Additionally, the expression of human 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp 60) in follicular fluid was determined. All cervical and follicular fluid samples were negative for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction and DNA probe. Sera from 60% of the subjects were positive for antichlamydial rLPS IgG; 36% were positive for anti-MOMP IgG. Similarly, rLPS-directed and MOMP-directed IgA were detected in sera of 34 and 14% of the subjects respectively. IgG antibodies to MOMP and rLPS were detected in 42 and 41% of the follicular fluid examined respectively. Anti-MOMP IgA was identified in 8.7% of the follicular fluid while 27.5% were positive for anti-rLPS IgA. Human hsp 60 expression was documented in 11.6% of the follicular fluid tested. IgA antibodies to both MOMP (P = 0.03) and rLPS (P = 0.02) in follicular fluid were associated with a failure to become pregnant after embryo transfer. IgG antibodies in sera and follicular fluid and IgA antibodies in sera were unrelated to IVF outcome. Similarly only anti-MOMP IgA (P = 0.02) and anti-rLPS IgA (P = 0.04) in follicular fluid were correlated with human hsp 60 expression in follicular fluid. The unique association between IgA antibodies to two chlamydial antigens in follicular fluid and both hsp 60 expression and IVF failure provides further support for the possibility that a persistent upper genital tract chlamydial infection contributes to IVF failure in some women.

    背景与目标: 最近的证据表明,沙眼衣原体可以在女性上生殖道中以无法培养的状态持续存在。由于意外的沙眼衣原体感染与不良的体外受精(IVF)结果相关联,我们试图寻找接受IVF的女性生殖道中沙眼衣原体的进一步证据。检查了在进行IVF的妇女的成对卵泡液和血清中沙眼衣原体主要结构蛋白的抗体的分布情况。分析了来自149名妇女的血清和卵泡液样品中针对两种沙眼衣原体抗原,主要外膜蛋白(MOMP)和重组脂多糖(rLPS)片段的免疫球蛋白(Ig)G和IgA抗体。另外,测定了人60kDa热休克蛋白(hsp 60)在卵泡液中的表达。通过聚合酶链反应,连接酶链反应和DNA探针,所有子宫颈和卵泡液样品均为沙眼衣原体阴性。 60%的受试者血清抗衣原体rLPS IgG阳性; 36%的抗MOMP IgG阳性。同样,分别在34%和14%的受试者血清中检测到了rLPS导向和MOMP导向的IgA。在分别检查的卵泡液中有42%和41%检出了针对MOMP和rLPS的IgG抗体。在8.7%的卵泡液中发现了抗MOMP IgA,而抗rLPS IgA的阳性率为27.5%。在测试的卵泡液中有11.6%记录了人类hsp 60的表达。卵泡液中针对MOMP(P = 0.03)和rLPS(P = 0.02)的IgA抗体与胚胎移植后无法怀孕有关。血清和卵泡液中的IgG抗体以及血清中的IgA抗体与IVF结果无关。同样,卵泡液中只有抗MOMP IgA(P = 0.02)和抗rLPS IgA(P = 0.04)与人hsp 60在卵泡液中的表达相关。卵泡液中两种衣原体抗原的IgA抗体与hsp 60表达和IVF衰竭之间的独特联系为某些女性持续性上生殖道衣原体感染导致IVF衰竭的可能性提供了进一步的支持。

  • 【高胰岛素血症在自发性高血压大鼠中诱发心肌梗塞和小动脉内侧肥大。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00052-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zimlichman R,Zaidel L,Nofech-Mozes S,Shkedy A,Matas Z,Shahar C,Eliahou HE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: To investigate the effects of hyperinsulinemia on the myocardial vessels, long acting insulin (mixtard, a combination of 30% regular human insulin and 70% NPH human insulin) was injected daily for 8 weeks, intraperitoneally, in two strains of rats, normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR. There were four groups in all, a control group, and an insulin-injected group in each strain. The drinking water contained 10% glucose to prevent hypoglycemia in the insulin-injected rats. At the end of the 8 weeks experimental period, after measuring blood pressure and taking blood for the determination of glucose, urea, creatinine, and insulin, the rats were killed. The organs were fixed in formaldehyde. The blood glucose levels were higher at the end of the experiment, in both the placebo- (saline)-injected and the insulin-injected rats. Blood pressure rose significantly only in the insulin-injected SHR. The intramyocardial arterioles in the insulin-injected SHR had a significantly thicker vascular wall than the placebo-injected SHR, as represented by the vessel wall to lumen ratio, because of hypertrophy of the media. When compared with the placebo injected WKY rats, there was a higher wall/lumen ratio of the intramyocardial arterioles in the insulin-injected WKY, but the difference did not reach significance. Heart weights factored by body weights was significantly higher in insulin-injected as compared with placebo-injected SHR. Myocardial infarctions were observed in four of eight rats in the insulin-injected SHR group despite the fact that there were no signs of atherosclerosis or intimal thickening. It is possible that the increase in heart weight and the probable increase in metabolic activity resulting from hyperinsulinemia, together with the increased oxygen demand of the myocardium and the arteriolar narrowing, may have contributed to the occurence of myocardial infarctions in the absence of atherosclerotic coronary occlusion.

    背景与目标: 为了研究高胰岛素血症对心肌血管的影响,每天向两个大鼠正常腹膜内注射长效胰岛素(混用,30%普通人胰岛素和70%NPH人胰岛素的混合物),持续8周。高血压SHR。每个菌株共分为四组,即对照组和注射胰岛素的组。饮用水中含有10%的葡萄糖,以防止注射胰岛素的大鼠出现低血糖。在8周实验期结束时,在测量血压并抽血测定葡萄糖,尿素,肌酐和胰岛素后,将大鼠处死。器官固定在甲醛中。在实验结束时,在注射安慰剂(盐水)和注射胰岛素的大鼠中,血糖水平都较高。血压仅在注射胰岛素的SHR中显着上升。注射胰岛素的SHR中的心肌内小动脉的血管壁要比安慰剂注射的SHR的血管壁厚得多,这是由于介质肥大所致,以血管壁与管腔的比例表示。与安慰剂注射的WKY大鼠相比,注射胰岛素的WKY的心肌内小动脉壁/管腔比率更高,但差异无显着性。与安慰剂注射的SHR相比,胰岛素注射的体重受体重因素影响显着更高。尽管没有动脉粥样硬化或内膜增厚的迹象,但在注射胰岛素的SHR组的八只大鼠中有四只观察到了心肌梗塞。高胰岛素血症引起的体重增加和代谢活动可能增加,以及心肌需氧量增加和小动脉变窄,可能在没有动脉粥样硬化性冠状动脉闭塞的情况下促成心肌梗塞的发生。 。

  • 【GABA在胎儿,出生后和成人视网膜中的表达:一项免疫组织化学研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/s0952523800012104 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nag TC,Wadhwa S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The expression of GABA in the human fetal (12-25 weeks of gestation), postnatal (five-month-old), and adult (35-year-old) retinas was investigated by immunohistochemistry. GABA expression was seen as early as 12 weeks in the undifferentiated cells of the inner neuroblast zone; a few optic nerve fiber layer axons were clearly labeled, suggesting that some of the stained cell bodies were prospective ganglion cells, others could be displaced amacrine cells. From 16-17 to 24-25 weeks, intense labeling was found in the amacrine, displaced amacrine, and some ganglion cells. During this time period, horizontal cells (identified by calbindin immunohistochemistry), undergoing migration (periphery) and differentiation (center), expressed GABA prominently. In the postnatal retina, some horizontal cells were moderately labeled, but very weakly in a few cells, in the adult. The Müller cells developed immunoreactivity first weakly at 12 weeks and then moderately from 16-17 weeks onward. The staining was also evident in the postnatal and adult retinas, showing labeled processes of these glial cells. Virtually no axons in the adult optic nerve and nerve fiber layer were stained; the staining was restricted to a few, large ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cellsSome amacrines were also labeled. The possibility that GABA might play a role in horizontal cell differentiation and maturation is highlighted. Other evidences suggest that GABA might play a role in metabolism during retinal development.

    背景与目标: 通过免疫组织化学研究了GABA在人胎儿(妊娠12-25周),产后(5个月大)和成年(35岁)视网膜中的表达。早在12周内神经母细胞区未分化的细胞中就可以看到GABA的表达。一些视神经纤维层轴突被清楚地标记,表明某些染色的细胞体是预期的神经节细胞,其他可能是置换的无长突细胞。从16-17周到24-25周,在无长蛋白,移位的无长蛋白和一些神经节细胞中发现了强烈的标记。在此期间,水平细胞(通过钙结合蛋白免疫组织化学鉴定)经历迁移(外围)和分化(中心),并显着表达GABA。在成年后的视网膜中,成人中一些水平细胞被中等程度标记,但少数细胞中非常弱。 Müller细胞首先在12周时出现弱免疫反应,然后在16-17周后逐渐出现免疫反应。染色在产后和成年视网膜中也很明显,显示出这些神经胶质细胞的标记过程。成人视神经和神经纤维层几乎没有染色。染色仅限于少数大型神经节细胞和置换的无长突细胞。一些无长突也被标记。强调了GABA可能在水平细胞分化和成熟中发挥作用的可能性。其他证据表明,GABA可能在视网膜发育过程中的代谢中发挥作用。

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