• 【中国睾丸变形虫的多样性,分布和生物地理学:对亚洲生态学研究的意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ejop.2010.09.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Qin Y,Xie S,Smith HG,Swindles GT,Gu Y
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Testate amoebae are a group of shelled protozoa that occur in high density populations in wet environments. More than 1900 testate amoebae species or subspecies have been reported in published literature over the last 200 years, from many regions of the world. Testate amoebae are classified as Lobosea or Filosea respectively, according to the presence of lobose or filiform pseudopodia. Testate amoebae have proved an interesting group of indicator organisms in palaeoenvironmental studies and have also been used as bioindicators of human impact on ecosystems. Until recently, the testate amoebae of China were unknown to most western scientists, but our knowledge has improved greatly over the past 20 years. This paper summarizes the testate amoebae research in China along with relevant data from other countries in Asia, and provides the necessary context for future research.
    背景与目标: :睾丸变形虫是带壳的原生动物,在潮湿环境中的高密度种群中生活。在过去的200年中,来自世界许多地区的公开文献中已经报道了1900多种遗嘱性变形虫物种或亚种。根据松散或丝状假足的存在,将睾丸变形虫分别分为Lobosea或Filosea。在古环境研究中,已证明的睾丸变形虫是一组有趣的指示生物,也已被用作人类对生态系统影响的生物指示剂。直到最近,大多数西方科学家还不知道中国的睾丸变形虫,但是在过去的20年中,我们的知识有了很大的进步。本文总结了中国的睾丸变形虫研究以及亚洲其他国家的相关数据,并为将来的研究提供了必要的背景。
  • 【贝劳(大洋洲帕劳共和国)居住在岩石和叶子上的陆地蜗牛的隐匿性多样性,分子系统发育和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0110 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rundell RJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The endemic diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda: Mollusca) of Belau (Republic of Palau, Micronesia) are an exceptionally diverse group of largely undescribed species distributed among rock and leaf litter habitats on most of Belau's 586 islands. Diplommatinid shell morphology (e.g. shell sculpture) reflects habitat type. In this study, I analysed a subset of the 90 diplommatinid species representing a broad geographical spread of islands in order to reveal the species' phylogenetic relationships and biogeography within the Belau archipelago. Diplommatinid species from the islands of Yap, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Guam are also included in the analysis. One nuclear (28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) gene regions comprising 1906bp were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Results show that (i) the Belau Diplommatinidae are not monophyletic, as Guam and Yap species should be included as part of the radiation, (ii) Pohnpei and Kosrae species are highly divergent from Belau diplommatinids, (iii) there is little evidence for in situ radiation within individual Belau islands, (iv) spined and heavily calcified rock-dwelling species form a well-supported clade, and (v) Belau diplommatinid genera are in need of revision.
    背景与目标: 贝洛(密克罗尼西亚的帕劳共和国)的地方性双翅类陆地蜗牛(Caenogastropoda:Mollusca)是一个非常多样化的群体,大部分未描述的物种分布在Belau的586个岛屿中的大多数岩石和树叶凋落物生境中。双壳类动物壳的形态(例如壳雕)反映了栖息地的类型。在这项研究中,我分析了代表岛屿广泛地理分布的90种双角类科动物的子集,以揭示该物种在贝劳群岛内的系统发育关系和生物地理学。分析还包括Yap,Pohnpei,Kosrae和关岛等岛屿的双角类物种。使用一个包含1906bp的核(28S rRNA)和两个线粒体(16S rRNA,COI)基因区域进行系统发育重建。结果表明(i)贝劳双亲科不是单系的,因为关岛和Yap物种应作为辐射的一部分,(ii)波纳皮和科斯雷科物种与贝劳双歧科的物种高度不同,(iii)几乎没有证据表明在各个贝劳岛内进行原位辐射,(iv)旋转且高度钙化的岩石居留物种形成了支撑良好的进化枝,并且(v)贝劳双角类属需要修改。
  • 【土壤细菌和真菌的岛屿生物地理学:相似的模式,但机制不同。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41396-020-0657-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li SP,Wang P,Chen Y,Wilson MC,Yang X,Ma C,Lu J,Chen XY,Wu J,Shu WS,Jiang L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Microbes, similar to plants and animals, exhibit biogeographic patterns. However, in contrast with the considerable knowledge on the island biogeography of higher organisms, we know little about the distribution of microorganisms within and among islands. Here, we explored insular soil bacterial and fungal biogeography and underlying mechanisms, using soil microbiota from a group of land-bridge islands as a model system. Similar to island species-area relationships observed for many macroorganisms, both island-scale bacterial and fungal diversity increased with island area; neither diversity, however, was affected by island isolation. By contrast, bacterial and fungal communities exhibited strikingly different assembly patterns within islands. The loss of bacterial diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the systematic decline of diversity within samples, whereas the loss of fungal diversity on smaller islands was driven primarily by the homogenization of community composition among samples. Lower soil moisture limited within-sample bacterial diversity, whereas smaller spatial distances among samples restricted among-sample fungal diversity, on smaller islands. These results indicate that among-island differences in habitat quality generate the bacterial island species-area relationship, whereas within-island dispersal limitation generates the fungal island species-area relationship. Together, our study suggests that different mechanisms underlie similar island biogeography patterns of soil bacteria and fungi.
    背景与目标: :与植物和动物相似的微生物表现出生物地理特征。但是,与对高等生物的岛屿生物地理学的广泛了解相反,我们对岛屿内部和岛屿之间的微生物分布知之甚少。在这里,我们使用来自一组陆桥岛的土壤微生物群作为模型系统,探索了岛状土壤细菌和真菌的生物地理学及其潜在机制。与观察到的许多大型生物的岛屿物种-面积关系相似,岛屿规模的细菌和真菌多样性均随岛屿面积的增加而增加。但是,这两种多样性都没有受到岛屿隔离的影响。相比之下,细菌和真菌群落在岛内表现出截然不同的组装模式。小岛上细菌多样性的丧失主要是由样本内物种多样性的系统性下降引起的,而小岛上真菌多样性的丧失则主要是由于样品中群落组成的均质化引起的。较低的土壤湿度限制了样品内部细菌的多样性,而在较小的岛屿上,样品之间较小的空间距离限制了样品之间的真菌多样性。这些结果表明,岛屿间生境质量的差异产生了细菌岛种与面积的关系,而岛屿内的扩散限制产生了真菌岛种与面积的关系。总之,我们的研究表明,不同的机制是土壤细菌和真菌的类似岛屿生物地理模式的基础。
  • 【早期胎盘哺乳动物辐射的分子测年和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/jhered/92.2.212 复制DOI
    作者列表:Eizirik E,Murphy WJ,O'Brien SJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The timing and phylogenetic hierarchy of early placental mammal divergences was determined based on combined DNA sequence analysis of 18 gene segments (9779 bp) from 64 species. Using rooted and unrooted phylogenies derived from distinct theoretical approaches, strong support for the divergence of four principal clades of eutherian mammals was achieved. Minimum divergence dates of the earliest nodes in the placental mammal phylogeny were estimated with a quartet-based maximum-likelihood method that accommodates rate variation among lineages using conservative fossil calibrations from nine different nodes in the eutherian tree. These minimum estimates resolve the earliest placental mammal divergence nodes at periods between 64 and 104 million years ago, in essentially every case predating the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The pattern and timing of these divergences allow a geographic interpretation of the primary branching events in eutherian history, likely originating in the southern supercontinent Gondwanaland coincident with its breakup into Africa and South America 95-105 million years ago. We propose an integrated genomic, paleontological, and biogeographic hypothesis to account for these earliest splits on the placental mammal family tree and address current discrepancies between fossil and molecular evidence.
    背景与目标: :早期胎盘哺乳动物分歧的时间和系统发育层次是基于对来自64个物种的18个基因片段(9​​779 bp)的联合DNA序列分析来确定的。使用源自不同理论方法的有根和无根系统发育史,为对以太哺乳动物的四个主要进化枝的分化提供了有力的支持。使用基于四重奏的最大似然法估算胎盘哺乳动物系统发育中最早结点的最小分歧日期,该方法使用来自古生物学树中九个不同结点的保守化石标定来适应谱系间的速率变化。这些最低限度的估计值可以解决最早的胎盘哺乳动物发散点,发生在64到1.04亿年前之间,基本上在每种情况下都早于白垩纪-第三纪(K-T)边界。这些分歧的方式和时机允许对以太坊历史中的主要分支事件进行地理解释,这些事件可能起源于南部超大陆冈瓦纳大陆,与它在95-1.05亿年前进入非洲和南美的分裂相吻合。我们提出了一个综合的基因组学,古生物学和生物地理学假设,以解释胎盘哺乳动物家谱上的这些最早的分裂,并解决化石和分子证据之间的当前差异。
  • 【蝴蝶鱼的分子系统发育(Chaetodontidae):全球珊瑚礁鱼类家族的分类学和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018 复制DOI
    作者列表:Fessler JL,Westneat MW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Marine butterflyfishes (10 genera, 114 species) are conspicuously beautiful and abundant animals found on coral reefs worldwide, and are well studied due to their ecological importance and commercial value. Several phylogenies based on morphological and molecular data exist, yet a well-supported molecular phylogeny at the species level for a wide range of taxa remains to be resolved. Here we present a molecular phylogeny of the butterflyfishes, including representatives of all genera (except Parachaetodon) and at least one representative of all commonly cited subgenera of Chaetodon (except Roa sensuBlum, 1988). Genetic data were collected for 71 ingroup and 13 outgroup taxa, using two nuclear and three mitochondrial genes that total 3332 nucleotides. Bayesian inference, parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods produced a well-supported phylogeny with strong support for a monophyletic Chaetodontidae. The Chaetodon subgenera Exornator and Chaetodon were found to be polyphyletic, and the genus Amphichaetodon was not the basal sister group to the rest of the family as had been previously proposed. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of data from 5 genes resolved some clades in agreement with previous phylogenetic studies, however the topology of relationships among major butterflyfish groups differed significantly from previous hypotheses. The analysis recovered a clade containing Amphichaetodon, Coradion, Chelmonops, Chelmon, Forcipiger, Hemitaurichthys, Johnrandallia, and Heniochus. Prognathodes was resolved as the sister to all Chaetodon, as in previous hypotheses, although the topology of subgeneric clades differed significantly from hypotheses based on morphology. We use the species-level phylogeny for the butterflyfishes to resolve long-standing questions regarding the use of subgenera in Chaetodon, to reconstruct molecular rates and estimated dates of diversification of major butterflyfish clades, and to examine global biogeographic patterns.
    背景与目标: :蝴蝶鱼(10属114种)是在全世界的珊瑚礁上发现的美丽而丰富的动物,由于其生态重要性和商业价值而受到了充分研究。存在基于形态学和分子数据的几种系统发育,但是在物种水平上为广泛的分类单元提供良好支持的分子系统发育仍有待解决。在这里,我们介绍了蝶类鱼类的分子系统发育,包括所有属的代表(Parachaetodon除外)和Chaetodon的所有普遍引用的亚属的至少一位代表(Roa sensuBlum,1988)。使用两个核和三个线粒体基因,总计3332个核苷酸,收集了71个内群和13个外群类群的遗传数据。贝叶斯推断,简约和最大似然方法产生了系统支持的系统发育,并为单系phyl科提供了强有力的支持。 Chaetodon亚属Exornator和Chaetodon被发现是多系的,而Amphichaetodon属不是该家族其他成员的基础姐妹群体。对来自5个基因的数据进行的分子系统发育分析与先前的系统发育研究一致地解析了一些进化枝,但是主要蝴蝶鱼群之间的关系拓扑与先前的假设有显着差异。分析回收了包含两栖类、,类,切尔蒙诺普斯,切尔蒙,Forcipiger,Hemitaurichthys,Johnrandallia和Heniochus的进化枝。与以前的假设一样,Prognathodes被确定为所有Chaetodon的姐妹,尽管亚属进化枝的拓扑结构与基于形态的假设有显着差异。我们使用蝶类的种系系统发育来解决有关在Chaetodon中使用亚属的长期存在的问题,以重建主要蝶类进化枝的分子速率和多样化日期的估计,并研究全球生物地理格局。
  • 【大鼠消化道的微生物生物地理学和核心微生物区系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/srep45840 复制DOI
    作者列表:Li D,Chen H,Mao B,Yang Q,Zhao J,Gu Z,Zhang H,Chen YQ,Chen W
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :As a long-standing biomedical model, rats have been frequently used in studies exploring the correlations between gastrointestinal (GI) bacterial biota and diseases. In the present study, luminal and mucosal samples taken along the longitudinal axis of the rat digestive tract were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based analysis to determine the baseline microbial composition. Results showed that the community diversity increased from the upper to lower GI segments and that the stratification of microbial communities as well as shift of microbial metabolites were driven by biogeographic location. A greater proportion of lactate-producing bacteria (such as Lactobacillus, Turicibacter and Streptococcus) were found in the stomach and small intestine, while anaerobic Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, fermenting carbohydrates and plant aromatic compounds, constituted the bulk of the large-intestinal core microbiota where topologically distinct co-occurrence networks were constructed for the adjacent luminal and mucosal compartments. When comparing the GI microbiota from different hosts, we found that the rat microbial biogeography might represent a new reference, distinct from other murine animals. Our study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the rat GI microbiota landscape for the research community, laying the foundation for better understanding and predicting the disease-related alterations in microbial communities.
    背景与目标: :作为一种长期存在的生物医学模型,大鼠经常被用于研究胃肠道(GI)细菌菌群与疾病之间关系的研究。在本研究中,沿大鼠消化道纵轴采集的腔和粘膜样品经过基于16S rRNA基因测序的分析,以确定基线微生物组成。结果表明,群落多样性从上消化道段到下消化道段增加,并且微生物群落的分层以及微生物代谢产物的移动是由生物地理学位置决定的。在胃和小肠中发现了较大比例的产乳酸细菌(如乳酸杆菌,轮状杆菌和链球菌),而厌氧的乳酸杆菌科和瘤胃菌科则发酵碳水化合物和植物芳香化合物,构成了大肠核心微生物群的大部分。为相邻的腔和粘膜区室构建了拓扑学上截然不同的共现网络。当比较来自不同宿主的胃肠道微生物群时,我们发现大鼠微生物的生物地理学可能代表了一个新的参考,不同于其他鼠类动物。我们的研究为研究界首次提供了大鼠胃肠微生物群景观的全面表征,为更好地了解和预测微生物群落中与疾病相关的变化奠定了基础。
  • 【夏威夷大岛沿海水域浮游和底栖蓝细菌的生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/1574-6941.12337 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chamberlain SD,Kaplan KA,Modanu M,Sirianni KM,Annandale S,Hewson I
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cyanobacteria are biogeochemically significant constituents of coral reef ecosystems; however, little is known about biotic and abiotic factors influencing the abundance and composition of cyanobacterial communities in fringing coral reef waters. To understand the patterns of cyanobacterial biogeography in relation to coastal environmental factors, we examined the diversity of planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria at 12 sites along the west coast of Hawaii's Big Island. We found distinct cyanobacterial communities in sediments compared to the water column. In both sediments and water, community structure was strongly related to overall biomass (chlorophyll a concentration), although both these communities corresponded to different sets of biotic/abiotic variables. To examine the influence of freshwater input on planktonic cyanobacterial communities, we conducted a mesocosm experiment where seawater was amended with freshwater from two sources representing high- and low-human population influence. Planktonic cyanobacterial abundance decreased over time in mesocosms, although chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased with time, indicating cyanobacteria were likely outcompeted by other phytoplankton in incubations. Our results show that cyanobacterial community structure may be affected by runoff from terrestrial habitats, but that the composition of cyanobacterial communities inhabiting these locations is also structured by factors not measured in this study.
    背景与目标: :蓝细菌是珊瑚礁生态系统的生物地球化学重要组成部分;然而,关于在珊瑚礁边缘水域影响蓝藻群落数量和组成的生物和非生物因素知之甚少。为了了解与沿海环境因素相关的蓝细菌生物地理格局,我们检查了夏威夷大岛西海岸12个地点的浮游和底栖蓝细菌的多样性。与水柱相比,我们在沉积物中发现了独特的蓝细菌群落。在沉积物和水中,群落结构都与总生物量(叶绿素a浓度)密切相关,尽管这两个群落对应于不同的生物/非生物变量集。为了检验淡水输入对浮游蓝藻群落的影响,我们进行了中观实验,其中海水被来自代表高人口和低人口影响的两个来源的淡水修正。尽管中叶的浮游藻类蓝细菌丰度随着时间的推移而降低,但是叶绿素a的浓度随时间显着增加,这表明在孵化中蓝藻细菌的竞争能力可能超过其他浮游植物。我们的结果表明,蓝细菌群落结构可能受到陆地生境径流的影响,但是居住在这些位置的蓝细菌群落的组成也受到本研究中未测量的因素的影响。
  • 【对广泛存在的,高度流动的物种(Odocoileus hemionus)的遗传结构进行全范围分析,揭示了历史生物地理学的重要性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/mec.12803 复制DOI
    作者列表:Latch EK,Reding DM,Heffelfinger JR,Alcalá-Galván CH,Rhodes OE Jr
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Highly mobile species that thrive in a wide range of habitats are expected to show little genetic differentiation across their range. A limited but growing number of studies have revealed that patterns of broad-scale genetic differentiation can and do emerge in vagile, continuously distributed species. However, these patterns are complex and often shaped by both historical and ecological factors. Comprehensive surveys of genetic variation at a broad scale and at high resolution are useful for detecting cryptic spatial genetic structure and for investigating the relative roles of historical and ecological processes in structuring widespread, highly mobile species. In this study, we analysed 10 microsatellite loci from over 1900 samples collected across the full range of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), one of the most widely distributed and abundant of all large mammal species in North America. Through both individual- and population-based analyses, we found evidence for three main genetic lineages, one corresponding to the 'mule deer' morphological type and two to the 'black-tailed deer' type. Historical biogeographic events likely are the primary drivers of genetic divergence in this species; boundaries of the three lineages correspond well with predictions based on Pleistocene glacial cycles, and substructure within each lineage demonstrates island vicariance. However, across large geographic areas, including the entire mule deer lineage, we found that genetic variation fit an isolation-by-distance pattern rather than discrete clusters. A lack of genetic structure across wide geographic areas of the continental west indicates that ecological processes have not resulted in restrictions to gene flow sufficient for spatial genetic structure to emerge. Our results have important implications for our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms of divergence, as well as for taxonomy, conservation and management.
    背景与目标: :在各种生境中繁衍的高度活动的物种预计在其整个范围内几乎没有遗传分化。数量有限但数量不断增长的研究表明,大规模的遗传分化模式可以而且确实出现在易变的,连续分布的物种中。但是,这些模式很复杂,并且经常受历史和生态因素的影响。对大规模和高分辨率的遗传变异进行全面调查,对于检测隐秘的空间遗传结构以及调查历史和生态过程在构造广泛的,高度活动的物种中的相对作用是有用的。在这项研究中,我们分析了从整个range鹿(Odocoileus hemionus)(北美洲所有大型哺乳动物中分布最广,种类最多的一种)中收集的1900多个样本中的10个微卫星基因座。通过基于个体和群体的分析,我们发现了三个主要遗传谱系的证据,一个对应于“ m鹿”形态类型,而两个对应于“黑尾鹿”类型。历史的生物地理事件可能是该物种遗传差异的主要驱动力;这三个世系的边界与基于更新世冰川周期的预测非常吻合,并且每个世系内的亚结构都表明了岛屿的变异。但是,在包括整个m鹿世系在内的广大地理区域中,我们发现遗传变异符合按距离隔离的模式,而不是离散的群集。整个西部大陆广泛的地理区域缺乏遗传结构,这表明生态过程并未导致对足以导致空间遗传结构出现的基因流动的限制。我们的结果对我们理解差异的进化机制以及分类学,保护和管理具有重要的意义。
  • 【银色叶猴物种群(Trachypithecus cristatus)的线粒体系统发育,分类学和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Roos C,Nadler T,Walter L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :With a distribution ranging from mainland Southeast Asia to the Sunda region, the silvered langur species group is the most widely distributed species complex of the genus Trachypithecus. However, the systematic classification of its members and the phylogenetic relationships among them are less understood, leading to different classification schemes and proposed distribution zones. To address these issues, we sequenced a 573 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 115 silvered langurs (68 individuals from known origin). According to our data, five monophyletic clades were detected, which refer to the five taxa auratus, cristatus, germaini, margarita and mauritius. The phylogenetic relationships among them are not well resolved, indicating a radiation-like splitting event, which was estimated to have occurred about 0.95-1.25 mya. Within T. cristatus, two major clades were detected, with one comprising specimens from Sumatra, Borneo and the Natuna archipelago, and the other solely individuals from the Malaysian peninsula. According to our findings, we propose to rank all five taxa as distinct species. While T. auratus, T. germaini, T. margarita and T. mauritius seem to be monotypic, T. cristatus should be split into two subspecies, with the Malaysian form being described as new form here. From a phylogeographic perspective, the species group most likely originated on Java. During the early Pleistocene, its range was expanded to the Malaysian peninsula and to the Southeast Asian mainland. Later on, the Malaysian form colonised further regions of the Sunda region, including Sumatra, Borneo and the Natuna archipelago.
    背景与目标: 银叶猴种群分布在东南亚大陆到the他地区,是曲枝属中分布最广泛的种群。但是,对其成员的系统分类及其之间的系统发育关系了解甚少,从而导致了不同的分类方案和建议的分布区域。为了解决这些问题,我们对来自115个银叶猴(来自已知来源的68个个体)的线粒体细胞色素b基因的573 bp长片段进行了测序。根据我们的数据,检测到五个单系进化枝,它们分别代表五个类群,金龟子,生殖器,玛格丽塔和毛里求斯。它们之间的系统发育关系尚未得到很好的解决,这表明发生了类似辐射的分裂事件,据估计该事件已发生在0.95-1.25 mya左右。在T. cristatus内,检测到两个主要进化枝,其中一个包含苏门答腊,婆罗洲和纳图纳群岛的标本,另外一个仅来自马来西亚半岛。根据我们的发现,我们建议将所有五个分类单元分类为不同的物种。尽管金黄色T.geraini,T.germaini,T.margarita和T. mauritius似乎是单型的,但应将T. cristatus分为两个亚种,这里将马来西亚形式称为新形式。从种系学的角度来看,物种群最有可能起源于Java。在更新世早期,它的范围扩展到了马来西亚半岛和东南亚大陆。后来,马来西亚人在苏打达地区进一步殖民,包括苏门答腊,婆罗洲和纳图纳群岛。
  • 【海洋环流模型有助于预测远洋黄腹海蛇的全球生物地理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0436 复制DOI
    作者列表:Brischoux F,Cotté C,Lillywhite HB,Bailleul F,Lalire M,Gaspar P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :It is well recognized that most marine vertebrates, and especially tetrapods, precisely orient and actively move in apparently homogeneous oceanic environments. Here, we investigate the presumptive role of oceanic currents in biogeographic patterns observed in a secondarily marine tetrapod, the yellow-bellied sea snake (Hydrophis [Pelamis] platurus). State-of-the-art world ocean circulation models show how H. platurus, the only pelagic species of sea snake, can potentially exploit oceanic currents to disperse and maintain population mixing between localities that spread over two-thirds of the Earth's circumference. The very close association of these snakes with surface currents seems to provide a highly efficient dispersal mechanism that allowed this species to range extensively and relatively quickly well beyond the central Indo-Pacific area, the centre of origin, abundance and diversity of sea snakes. Our results further suggest that the pan-oceanic population of this species must be extraordinarily large.
    背景与目标: :众所周知,大多数海洋脊椎动物,特别是四足动物,都在明显均质的海洋环境中精确定向并活动。在这里,我们研究了洋流在次生海洋四足动物黄腹海蛇(Hydrophis [Pelamis] platurus)中观察到的生物地理模式中的推定作用。世界上最先进的海洋环流模型显示出,海蛇是唯一的远洋物种H. platurus如何潜在地利用洋流来分散并维持分布在地球周长三分之二的各地区之间的人口混合。这些蛇与地表流的密切联系似乎提供了一种高效的扩散机制,使该物种能够广泛而相对迅速地分布在印度洋-太平洋中部地区,海蛇的起源中心,丰富度和多样性之外。我们的结果进一步表明,该物种的泛洋种群必须非常大。
  • 【热带珊瑚鱼的生物地理学:地方性和时空性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/brv.12323 复制DOI
    作者列表:Cowman PF,Parravicini V,Kulbicki M,Floeter SR
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The largest marine biodiversity hotspot straddles the Indian and Pacific Oceans, driven by taxa associated with tropical coral reefs. Centred on the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), this biodiversity hotspot forms the 'bullseye' of a steep gradient in species richness from this centre to the periphery of the vast Indo-Pacific region. Complex patterns of endemism, wide-ranging species and assemblage differences have obscured our understanding of the genesis of this biodiversity pattern and its maintenance across two-thirds of the world's oceans. But time-calibrated molecular phylogenies coupled with ancestral biogeographic estimates have provided a valuable framework in which to examine the origins of coral reef fish biodiversity across the tropics. Herein, we examine phylogenetic and biogeographic data for coral reef fishes to highlight temporal patterns of marine endemism and tropical provinciality. The ages and distribution of endemic lineages have often been used to identify areas of species creation and demise in the marine tropics and discriminate among multiple hypotheses regarding the origins of biodiversity in the IAA. Despite a general under-sampling of endemic fishes in phylogenetic studies, the majority of locations today contain a mixture of potential paleo- and neo-endemic fishes, pointing to multiple historical processes involved in the origin and maintenance of the IAA biodiversity hotspot. Increased precision and sampling of geographic ranges for reef fishes has permitted the division of discrete realms, regions and provinces across the tropics. Yet, such metrics are only beginning to integrate phylogenetic relatedness and ancestral biogeography. Here, we integrate phylogenetic diversity with ancestral biogeographic estimation of lineages to show how assemblage structure and tropical provinciality has changed through time.
    背景与目标: :最大的海洋生物多样性热点横跨印度洋和太平洋,受热带珊瑚礁相关的生物分类所驱动。以印度-澳大利亚群岛(IAA)为中心,这个生物多样性热点形成了从该中心到广阔的印度太平洋地区外围物种丰富度陡峭梯度的“牛眼”。特有的复杂模式,种类繁多的物种和不同的组合使我们对这种生物多样性模式的起源及其在世界三分之二的海洋中的维持状态的理解模糊了。但是,经过时间校准的分子系统发育,再加上祖先的生物地理估计,已经提供了一个有价值的框架,可以用来检查整个热带地区珊瑚礁鱼生物多样性的起源。在这里,我们检查了珊瑚礁鱼类的系统发育和生物地理数据,以突出海洋特有性和热带省份的时间格局。地方血统的年龄和分布经常被用来确定海洋热带地区物种创造和灭绝的区域,并在有关IAA中生物多样性起源的多种假设之间进行区分。尽管在系统发育研究中普遍没有对特有鱼类进行采样,但今天的大多数地区都包含潜在的古特有和新特有鱼类,这表明IAA生物多样性热点的起源和维护涉及多个历史过程。珊瑚礁鱼类精确度的提高和地理范围的采样,使热带地区的离散领域,地区和省份得以划分。然而,这些指标才刚刚开始整合系统发育相关性和祖先生物地理学。在这里,我们将系统发育多样性与谱系的祖先生物地理估计相结合,以显示集合结构和热带省份如何随时间变化。
  • 【陆地蜗牛亚科鳞翅目(Gastropoda:Hygromiidae)的分子系统发育和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106570 复制DOI
    作者列表:Caro A,Neiber MT,Gómez-Moliner BJ,Madeira MJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The subfamily Leptaxinae is included within the highly diverse land snail family Hygromiidae. In the absence of clear diagnostic morphological differences, the subfamily status is currently based solely on molecular information and includes three disjunctly distributed tribes, Leptaxini, Cryptosaccini and Metafruticicolini. However, the phylogenetic relationships among these tribes are not fully resolved and the clustering of some of the genera to the tribes is not statistically supported. To resolve the relationships within Leptaxinae and their position within Hygromiidae, we reconstructed their phylogeny using a multi-locus approach with two mitochondrial genes and eight nuclear markers. The phylogeny was further calibrated and an analysis of ancestral area estimation was carried out to infer the biogeographic history of the group. We elevated Metafruticicolini to subfamily level (Metafruticicolinae) and we restricted Leptaxinae to Cryptosaccini and Leptaxini. The Lusitanian genus Portugala was moved to Leptaxini, previously containing only the Macaronesian genus Leptaxis. Within Cryptosaccini, a new genus strictly confined to the Sierra de la Cabrera (Spain) is described, Fractanella gen. nov. According to our results, Leptaxinae originated in the Early Miocene in the Iberian Peninsula, from which the Macaronesian Islands were colonized. Due to the old split recovered for the divergence between Macaronesian and Iberian lineages, we hypothesize that this colonization may have occurred via the once emerged seamounts located between the archipelagos and the European and African continents, although this could also have occurred through the oldest now emerged islands of Macaronesia. In the Iberian Peninsula, the climatic shift that began during the Middle Miocene, changing progressively from subtropical climate towards the present-day Mediterranean climate, was identified as an important factor shaping the subfamily's diversification, along with Pleistocene climatic fluctuations.
    背景与目标: :鳞翅目亚科被包括在高度多样化的蜗牛家族潮科中。在缺乏明确的诊断形态学差异的情况下,该亚科状态目前仅基于分子信息,包括三个分离分布的部落,Leptaxini,Cryptosaccini和Metafruticicolini。但是,这些部落之间的系统发育关系尚未完全解决,并且某些属与部落之间的聚类在统计上也不受支持。为了解决鳞翅目昆虫内部及其在潮科中的位置的关系,我们使用具有两个线粒体基因和八个核标记的多基因座方法重建了它们的系统发育。进一步校准了系统发育,并进行了祖先面积估计分析,以推断该组的生物地理历史。我们将Metafruticicolini提升到亚科水平(Metafruticicolinae),并将Leptaxinae限制为Cryptosaccini和Leptaxini。 Lusitanian属葡萄牙被移到Leptaxini,以前仅包含Macaronesian属Leptaxis。在隐球菌属中,描述了一种严格限于塞拉山脉(西班牙)的新属Fractanella gen。十一月根据我们的研究结果,鳞翅目起源于伊比利亚半岛的中新世早期,马卡罗尼西亚群岛就是其中的殖民地。由于由于马卡罗尼西亚血统和伊比利亚血统之间的差异而恢复了旧的分裂,我们假设这种殖民化可能是通过位于群岛与欧洲和非洲大陆之间的曾经出现的海山而发生的,尽管这也可能发生在现在出现的最古老的地方马卡罗尼西亚的岛屿。在伊比利亚半岛,中新世中期开始的气候变化,从亚热带气候向当今的地中海气候逐渐变化,被认为是影响该亚科多样化的重要因素,以及更新世的气候波动。
  • 【跨海洋的真核浮游植物Mamiellophyceae谱系的系统发育多样性和生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/1758-2229.12390 复制DOI
    作者列表:Monier A,Worden AZ,Richards TA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High-throughput diversity amplicon sequencing of marine microbial samples has revealed that members of the Mamiellophyceae lineage are successful phytoplankton in many oceanic habitats. Indeed, these eukaryotic green algae can dominate the picoplanktonic biomass, however, given the broad expanses of the oceans, their geographical distributions and the phylogenetic diversity of some groups remain poorly characterized. As these algae play a foundational role in marine food webs, it is crucial to assess their global distribution in order to better predict potential changes in abundance and community structure. To this end, we analyzed the V9-18S small subunit rDNA sequences deposited from the Tara Oceans expedition to evaluate the diversity and biogeography of these phytoplankton. Our results show that the phylogenetic composition of Mamiellophyceae communities is in part determined by geographical provenance, and do not appear to be influenced - in the samples recovered - by water depth, at least at the resolution possible with the V9-18S. Phylogenetic classification of Mamiellophyceae sequences revealed that the Dolichomastigales order encompasses more sequence diversity than other orders in this lineage. These results indicate that a large fraction of the Mamiellophyceae diversity has been hitherto overlooked, likely because of a combination of size fraction, sequencing and geographical limitations.
    背景与目标: 海洋微生物样品的高通量多样性扩增子测序表明,Mamiellophyceae谱系成员在许多海洋生境中都是成功的浮游植物。的确,这些真核绿藻可以主导微微浮游生物量,但是,鉴于海洋广阔,它们的地理分布和某些物种的系统发育多样性仍然很差。由于这些藻类在海洋食物网中起着基础性作用,因此至关重要的是评估它们的全球分布,以便更好地预测丰度和群落结构的潜在变化。为此,我们分析了塔拉海洋探险队沉积的V9-18S小亚基rDNA序列,以评估这些浮游植物的多样性和生物地理分布。我们的结果表明,Mamiellophyceae群落的系统发育组成部分地由地理来源决定,至少在V9-18S可能达到的分辨率下,似乎不受水深的影响-在回收的样品中。系统进化分类的Mamiellophyceae序列显示,与该谱系中的其他顺序相比,Dolichomastigales顺序包含更多的序列多样性。这些结果表明,迄今为止,由于大小比例,测序和地理限制的综合作用,沙门氏菌的大部分多样性都被忽略了。
  • 【跨越拮抗温度-盐度梯度的红海中上层浮游生物的生物地理学。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05378.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ngugi DK,Antunes A,Brune A,Stingl U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Red Sea is a unique marine ecosystem with contrasting gradients of temperature and salinity along its north-to-south axis. It is an extremely oligotrophic environment that is characterized by perpetual year-round water column stratification, high annual solar irradiation, and negligible riverine and precipitation inputs. In this study, we investigated whether the contemporary environmental conditions shape community assemblages by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes of bacteria in surface water samples collected from the northeastern half of this water body. A combined total of 1855 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were recovered from the 'small-cell' and 'large-cell' fractions. Here, a few major OTUs affiliated with Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria accounted for ∼93% of all sequences, whereas a tail of 'rare' OTUs represented most of the diversity. OTUs allied to Surface 1a/b SAR11 clades and Prochlorococcus related to the high-light-adapted (HL2) ecotype were the most widespread and predominant sequence types. Interestingly, the frequency of taxa that are typically found in the upper mesopelagic zone was significantly elevated in the northern transects compared with those in the central, presumably as a direct effect of deep convective mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba and water exchange with the northern Red Sea. Although temperature was the best predictor of species richness across all major lineages, both spatial and environmental distances correlated strongly with phylogenetic distances. Our results suggest that the bacterial diversity of the Red Sea is as high as in other tropical seas and provide evidence for fundamental differences in the biogeography of pelagic communities between the northern and central regions.
    背景与目标: :红海是一个独特的海洋生态系统,沿其南北方向的温度和盐度梯度不同。这是一种极富营养的环境,其特征是全年无休无止的水柱分层,每年高的日照量以及河流和降水输入量可忽略不计。在这项研究中,我们调查了从该水体东北部采集的地表水样品中细菌的焦磷酸测序对16S rRNA基因进行测序,从而研究了当代环境条件是否塑造了群落的集合。从“小单元”和“大单元”馏分中总共回收了1855个操作生物分类单位(OTU)。在这里,少数与蓝细菌和变形细菌有关的主要OTU占所有序列的约93%,而“稀有” OTU的尾部代表了大多数多样性。与表面1a / b SAR11进化枝和Prochlorococcus相关的OTU与高光适应(HL2)生态型有关,是最普遍和主要的序列类型。有趣的是,北部中部断层中部的典型类群的频率与中部相比明显增加,这大概是亚喀巴湾深对流混合以及与北部红壤水交换的直接影响。海。尽管温度是所有主要谱系物种丰富度的最佳预测指标,但空间距离和环境距离都与系统发生距离密切相关。我们的结果表明,红海的细菌多样性与其他热带海一样高,并为北部和中部地区中上层群落的生物地理学的根本差异提供了证据。
  • 【海洋co足类的性状生物地理学-跨尺度分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/ele.12688 复制DOI
    作者列表:Brun P,Payne MR,Kiørboe T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Functional traits, rather than taxonomic identity, determine the fitness of individuals in their environment: traits of marine organisms are therefore expected to vary across the global ocean as a function of the environment. Here, we quantify such spatial and seasonal variations based on extensive empirical data and present the first global biogeography of key traits (body size, feeding mode, relative offspring size and myelination) for pelagic copepods, the major group of marine zooplankton. We identify strong patterns with latitude, season and between ocean basins that are partially (c. 50%) explained by key environmental drivers. Body size, for example decreases with temperature, confirming the temperature-size rule, but surprisingly also with productivity, possibly driven by food-chain length and size-selective predation. Patterns unrelated to environmental predictors may originate from phylogenetic clustering. Our maps can be used as a test-bed for trait-based mechanistic models and to inspire next-generation biogeochemical models.
    背景与目标: :功能特征而不是分类特征决定了个人在其环境中的适应性:因此,预计海洋生物的特征会随着环境的变化而在全球范围内变化。在这里,我们基于大量的经验数据对此类空间和季节变化进行量化,并提出了远洋co足类动物(主要是海洋浮游动物)的主要特征(体型,进食方式,相对后代大小和髓鞘形成)的第一个全球生物地理信息。我们确定了纬度,季节和海盆之间的强烈模式,而主要环境驱动因素部分解释了这种模式(约50%)。例如,体温随温度的降低而减小,这证实了温度的大小规律,但令人惊讶的是,其生产率也受到了影响,这可能是由食物链的长度和对大小的选择引起的。与环境预测因素无关的模式可能源于系统发生聚类。我们的地图可以用作基于特征的机理模型的试验台,并启发下一代生物地球化学模型。

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