• 【亚洲和澳大利亚学生的饮酒预期,拒绝饮酒自我效能感和饮酒行为。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.019 复制DOI
    作者列表:Oei TP,Jardim CL
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of alcohol expectancies (AE) and drinking refusal self-efficacy (DRSE) in predicting alcohol consumption in Caucasians has been well studied. However, the role of AE and DRSE in Asian students is still not well understood. This study reported on this using Caucasian (n=98) and Asian (n=92) student samples. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to measure their hazardous alcohol consumption, and the drinking expectancy profile (DEP) to assess their alcohol related expectancies and ability to resist drinking in certain situations. Results showed that Caucasians reported significantly higher confidence, higher sexual interest, and higher tension reduction expectancies than Asians. Conversely, Asians significantly expected cognitive enhancement and negative consequences more than Caucasians. Relative to Caucasians, the Asian sample also reported that they would be more able to refuse alcohol when under social pressure. Results from regression analyses showed that for the Caucasian sample, AE, DRSE and their interactions were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. For the Asian group, the only significant effect to emerge was that DRSE was negatively related to alcohol consumption. The clinical implications of the differential pattern of results between the samples are discussed in terms of self-efficacy and negative consequences of alcohol consumption, especially when dealing with university aged individuals.
    背景与目标: : 酒精预期 (AE) 和拒绝饮酒自我效能 (DRSE) 对预测白种人饮酒的影响已经得到了很好的研究。然而,AE和DRSE在亚洲学生中的作用仍然不是很清楚。这项研究使用高加索人 (n = 98) 和亚洲 (n = 92) 的学生样本进行了报道。参与者完成了酒精使用障碍识别测试 (AUDIT) 以测量其危险的酒精消耗量,并完成了预期饮酒状况 (DEP) 以评估其与酒精相关的期望值和在某些情况下抵抗饮酒的能力。结果显示,与亚洲人相比,白种人的自信心,性兴趣和减轻压力的预期更高。相反,亚洲人比白种人更期望认知能力增强和负面后果。相对于高加索人,亚洲样本还报告说,在社会压力下,他们将更有能力拒绝饮酒。回归分析的结果表明,对于高加索人样本,AE,DRSE及其相互作用是饮酒的重要预测指标。对于亚洲集团而言,唯一出现的重大影响是DRSE与酒精消费呈负相关。从自我效能和饮酒的负面影响方面讨论了样本之间结果差异模式的临床意义,尤其是在与大学年龄的人打交道时。
  • 【支持向量机虚拟筛选的药效团核。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1021/ci060138m 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mahé P,Ralaivola L,Stoven V,Vert JP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We introduce a family of positive definite kernels specifically optimized for the manipulation of 3D structures of molecules with kernel methods. The kernels are based on the comparison of the three-point pharmacophores present in the 3D structures of molecules, a set of molecular features known to be particularly relevant for virtual screening applications. We present a computationally demanding exact implementation of these kernels, as well as fast approximations related to the classical fingerprint-based approaches. Experimental results suggest that this new approach is competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms based on the 2D structure of molecules for the detection of inhibitors of several drug targets.
    背景与目标: : 我们介绍了一系列正定核,这些核专门针对使用核方法操纵分子的3D结构进行了优化。内核基于分子3D结构中存在的三点药效团的比较,这是一组已知与虚拟筛选应用特别相关的分子特征。我们提出了对这些内核的计算要求很高的精确实现,以及与经典的基于指纹的方法相关的快速逼近。实验结果表明,这种新方法与基于分子2D结构的最新算法具有竞争力,可用于检测几种药物靶标的抑制剂。
  • 【建模和分析不支持通过电力线电晕充电会增加空气传播颗粒的肺沉积的假设。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncl138 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jeffers D
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The National Radiological Protection Board's advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation has recommended further study on the effects of electric charge on the deposition of 0.005-1 microm particles in the lung. Estimates have been made regarding the integrated ion exposure within the corona plume generated by a power line and by ionisers in an intensive care unit. Changes in the charge state of particles with sizes in the range 0.02-13 mum have been calculated for these exposures. The corona plume increases the charge per particle of 0.02 and 0.1 microm particles by the order of 0.1. The ionisers in the intensive care unit produced negative ions-as do power lines under most conditions. Bacteria can carry in the order of 1000 charges (of either sign) and it is shown that the repulsion between such a negatively charged bacterium and negative ions prevents further ion deposition by diffusion charging. Positively charged bacteria can, however, be discharged by the ions which are attracted to them. The data provide no support for the hypothesis that ion exposure, at the levels considered, can increase deposition in the lung.
    背景与目标: : 国家放射防护委员会的非电离辐射咨询小组建议进一步研究电荷对肺中0.005-1微米颗粒沉积的影响。已经对由电力线和重症监护病房中的离子发生器产生的电晕羽流中的综合离子暴露进行了估计。对于这些暴露,已经计算了尺寸在0.02-13微米范围内的颗粒的电荷状态变化。电晕羽流使0.02和0.1微米颗粒的每个颗粒的电荷增加0.1数量级。重症监护病房中的离子发生器会产生负离子-在大多数情况下,电源线也是如此。细菌可以以1000电荷的顺序携带 (任一符号),并且显示出这种带负电荷的细菌与负离子之间的排斥防止通过扩散电荷进一步的离子沉积。但是,带正电的细菌可以被吸引到它们的离子排出。这些数据没有支持这样的假设,即离子暴露在所考虑的水平上会增加肺中的沉积。
  • 【支持向量机在细胞色素p450酶底物和抑制剂的计算机预测中的应用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2174/156802606778108942 复制DOI
    作者列表:Yap CW,Xue Y,Li ZR,Chen YZ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cytochrome P450 enzymes are responsible for phase I metabolism of the majority of drugs and xenobiotics. Identification of the substrates and inhibitors of these enzymes is important for the analysis of drug metabolism, prediction of drug-drug interactions and drug toxicity, and the design of drugs that modulate cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism. The substrates and inhibitors of these enzymes are structurally diverse. It is thus desirable to explore methods capable of predicting compounds of diverse structures without over-fitting. Support vector machine is an attractive method with these qualities, which has been employed for predicting the substrates and inhibitors of several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes as well as compounds of various other pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. This article introduces the methodology, evaluates the performance, and discusses the underlying difficulties and future prospects of the application of support vector machines to in silico prediction of cytochrome P450 substrates and inhibitors.
    背景与目标: : 细胞色素P450酶负责大多数药物和异源生物的I期代谢。鉴定这些酶的底物和抑制剂对于分析药物代谢,预测药物-药物相互作用和药物毒性以及设计调节细胞色素P450介导的代谢的药物非常重要。这些酶的底物和抑制剂在结构上是多种多样的。因此,需要探索能够预测具有不同结构的化合物而不会过度拟合的方法。支持向量机是一种具有这些品质的有吸引力的方法,已用于预测几种细胞色素P450同工酶以及其他各种药效学,药代动力学和毒理学特性的化合物的底物和抑制剂。本文介绍了该方法,评估了性能,并讨论了支持向量机在细胞色素P450底物和抑制剂的计算机预测中的潜在困难和未来前景。
  • 【填写健康相关问卷对初级保健咨询行为的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/1472-6963-6-101 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jeffery A,Jinks C,Jordan K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Surveys of the population are commonly used to obtain information on health status. Increasingly, researchers are linking self-reported health status information to primary care consultation data. However, it is not known how participating in a health-related survey affects consultation behaviour. The objective of this study was to assess whether completion of a health-related questionnaire changes primary care consultation behaviour. METHODS:Participants were 3402 adults aged 50 and over from the general population in North Staffordshire, UK, who completed a health-related postal survey received in April 2003. The survey was predominantly about occurrence and severity of knee pain in the last year. Primary care attendance for the three months following response was compared to three control periods: i) the three months prior to the survey, ii) the same time period in the previous year and iii) the same time period in the following year. Comparisons were made on consultations for any problem, consultations for musculoskeletal disorders and consultations for knee problems. RESULTS:The percentage of subjects consulting for any condition was marginally higher for the three months directly after receipt of the questionnaire but the difference was only statistically significant in comparison to the three months before the survey (64% v. 62%, p = 0.05). There was little difference in consultation prevalence for musculoskeletal problems immediately after the survey compared to the three control periods. There was an increase of 37% in knee disorder consultations for the three months after the survey compared to the three months directly before the survey (p = 0.02). However, consultation prevalence for knee problems was identical for the three months after the survey to the same time periods in the years prior to and following the survey (both p = 0.94). CONCLUSION:The results from this study suggests that questionnaires related to physical health do not affect the standard consulting behaviour of patients, even for the symptom under investigation. This should reassure researchers who wish to link self-reported health status and medical care utilisation and clinicians whose patients are involved in such research.
    背景与目标:
  • 【中国昆明女性青少年性工作者的脆弱性,健康需求和高风险性行为的预测因素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050690 复制DOI
    作者列表:Zhang XD,Temmerman M,Li Y,Luo W,Luchters S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study assessed social and behavioural predictors for sexual risk taking and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV among adolescent female sex workers (FSWs) from Kunming, China. Additionally, health services needs and use were assessed. METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. Using snowball and convenience sampling, self-identified FSWs were recruited from four urban areas in Kunming. Women consenting to participate were administered a semi-structured questionnaire by trained interviewers identified from local peer-support organisations. Following interview, a gynaecological examination and biological sampling to identify potential STIs were undertaken. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS:Adolescent FSWs had a mean age of 18.2 years and reported numerous non-paying sexual partners with very low rate of consistent condom use (22.2%). Half (50.3%) the respondents had sex while feeling drunk at least once in the past week, of whom 56.4% did not use condom protection. STI prevalence was high overall (30.4%) among this group. Younger age, early sexual debut, being isolated from schools and family, short duration in sex work, and use of illicit drugs were found to be strong predictors for unprotected sex and presence of an STI. Conversely, having access to condom promotion, free HIV counselling and testing, and peer education were associated with less unprotected sex. The majority reported a need for health knowledge, free condoms and low-cost STI diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS:There is an urgent need to improve coverage, accessibility and efficiency of existing interventions targeting adolescent FSWs.
    背景与目标:
  • 【青少年神经性厌食症的增强认知行为疗法: 家庭疗法的替代方法?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.brat.2012.09.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Dalle Grave R,Calugi S,Doll HA,Fairburn CG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific form of family therapy (family-based treatment) is the leading treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. As this treatment has certain limitations, alternative approaches are needed. "Enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) is a potential candidate given its utility as a treatment for adults with eating disorder psychopathology. The aim of the present study was to establish, in a representative cohort of patients with marked anorexia nervosa, the immediate and longer term outcome following CBT-E. Forty-nine adolescent patients were recruited from consecutive referrals to a community-based eating disorder clinic. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks from a single therapist. Two-thirds completed the full treatment with no additional input. In these patients there was a substantial increase in weight together with a marked decrease in eating disorder psychopathology. Over the 60-week post-treatment follow-up period there was little change despite minimal subsequent treatment. These findings suggest that CBT-E may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to family-based treatment.
    背景与目标: : 一种特殊形式的家庭治疗 (基于家庭的治疗) 是青少年神经性厌食症的主要治疗方法。由于这种治疗有一定的局限性,因此需要其他方法。“增强” 认知行为疗法 (cbt-e) 是一种潜在的候选药物,因为它可用于饮食失调精神病理学的成年人。本研究的目的是在具有明显神经性厌食症的代表性队列中,建立cbt-e后的近期和长期结果。从连续转诊到社区饮食失调诊所招募了49名青少年患者。每位治疗师在40周内接受了40次cbt-e治疗。三分之二的人完成了完整的治疗,没有额外的投入。在这些患者中,体重显着增加,进食障碍心理病理学显着减少。在治疗后60周的随访期内,尽管后续治疗很少,但变化不大。这些发现表明,cbt-e可能被证明是基于家庭的治疗的一种经济有效的替代方法。
  • 【使用手机技术支持年轻的肝移植受者转向成人服务。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1526924817699958 复制DOI
    作者列表:Coad J,Toft A,Claridge L,Ferguson J,Hind J,Jones R,McClean P,McKiernan P,Samyn M,Taylor R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The process and preparation of moving from child to adult services (transition) is a challenging period of time for young people and represents significant changes in care and support systems. The proliferation of mobile phone applications for health purposes suggests that it is an area for further investigation. OBJECTIVE:The review explores the potential to use mobile phone technology to help support young liver transplant recipients moving to adult services. It represents the first review conducted in this specialism and considers a new model of support for young liver patients. METHODS:A systematic rapid review of the published peer-reviewed literature. RESULTS:Two searches were conducted: Search 1: the use of technology to support transition to adult services (6 studies) and Search 2: how best to support liver transplant recipients during transition (6 studies). DISCUSSION:Research shows that to achieve positive transition young people need information about their condition and transition. The process needs to be guided by transition readiness, rather than the young persons' age. Although parents and support networks should be in place and are valued, transition should build upon self-management and independence. Results suggest that there appears to be scope to use mobile phone technology to support transition. This is the first time a review has explored the types of issues or concerns facing liver transplant patients and how these can be addressed through mobile phone technology.
    背景与目标:
  • 【LAS: 支持肿瘤数据管理的软件平台。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s10916-012-9891-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Baralis E,Bertotti A,Fiori A,Grand A
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The rapid technological evolution in the biomedical and molecular oncology fields is providing research laboratories with huge amounts of complex and heterogeneous data. Automated systems are needed to manage and analyze this knowledge, allowing the discovery of new information related to tumors and the improvement of medical treatments. This paper presents the Laboratory Assistant Suite (LAS), a software platform with a modular architecture designed to assist researchers throughout diverse laboratory activities. The LAS supports the management and the integration of heterogeneous biomedical data, and provides graphical tools to build complex analyses on integrated data. Furthermore, the LAS interfaces are designed to ease data collection and management even in hostile environments (e.g., in sterile conditions), so as to improve data quality.
    背景与目标: : 生物医学和分子肿瘤学领域的快速技术发展为研究实验室提供了大量复杂和异构的数据。需要自动化系统来管理和分析这些知识,从而可以发现与肿瘤有关的新信息并改善医学治疗。本文介绍了实验室助理套件 (LAS),这是一个具有模块化体系结构的软件平台,旨在帮助研究人员完成各种实验室活动。LAS支持异构生物医学数据的管理和集成,并提供图形工具来对集成数据进行复杂分析。此外,LAS接口被设计成即使在恶劣的环境中 (例如,在无菌条件下) 也易于数据收集和管理,从而提高数据质量。
  • 【氧化锆植入物的组织学行为: 大鼠实验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2012.09.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mai R,Kunert-Keil C,Grafe A,Gedrange T,Lauer G,Dominiak M,Gredes T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :New biomaterials including surface modifications should undergo in vitro and in vivo evaluation before clinical trials. The objective of our in vivo study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of one of the newly fabricated zirconia implant surfaces, called "mds". For this purpose, the osseointegration of these implants was analyzed after implantation in surgically created defects in the cranium of adult male rats. After a healing period of 28 and 56 days, respectively, bone tissue specimens containing the implants were processed and histologically analyzed. For this purpose, sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin and Masson Goldner trichrome. No signs of cellular inflammatory infiltrate were found in any of the animals. After 28 days, slices showed pronounced development of blood vessels and bone regeneration. After 56 days of healing, direct bridging of the bone defects was detectable with distinctly visible kit lines. There were cell rich areas of connective tissue/bone marrow between zirconia discs and bearing bone. Histomorphometric analysis presented a regenerated bone mean value of 36.3% after 28 days of healing. After 56 days of healing, a 1.6 fold increased bone mean value was observed (58.2%). Using the same analysis, 1% and 39.9% of bone-implant-contact was visible after both healing periods, respectively. On average, connective tissue/marrow spaces occupied 99% of implant-contact-area after 28 days of healing. This area was reduced to 60.1% after 56 days. Within the limits of the animal investigation presented, it was concluded that the tested surface modification of zirconia implants were biocompatible and osseoconductive.
    背景与目标: : 包括表面修饰在内的新型生物材料应在临床试验之前进行体外和体内评估。我们体内研究的目的是评估一种新制造的氧化锆植入物表面 (称为 “mds”) 的生物相容性。为此,在成年雄性大鼠颅骨的手术缺陷中植入后,分析了这些植入物的骨整合。分别经过28天和56天的愈合后,对包含植入物的骨组织标本进行处理并进行组织学分析。为此,将切片用苏木精/伊红和Masson Goldner三色染色。在任何动物中均未发现细胞炎性浸润的迹象。28天后,切片显示出明显的血管发育和骨骼再生。愈合56天后,用明显可见的kit线可检测到骨缺损的直接桥接。氧化锆盘和轴承骨之间有结缔组织/骨髓的细胞丰富区域。组织形态计量学分析显示愈合28天后的再生骨平均值为36.3%。愈合56天后,观察到1.6倍增加的骨平均值 (58.2%)。使用相同的分析,在两个愈合时期后分别可见骨-植入物-接触的1% 和39.9%。平均而言,愈合28天后,结缔组织/骨髓空间占据了植入物接触区域的99%。56天后,该区域减少到60.1%。在提出的动物研究范围内,得出的结论是,经测试的氧化锆植入物的表面改性具有生物相容性和骨传导性。
  • 【产后前3周的产妇精神卫生: 护理人员支持的影响和分娩的主观体验-纵向路径模型。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/0167482X.2012.730584 复制DOI
    作者列表:Gürber S,Bielinski-Blattmann D,Lemola S,Jaussi C,von Wyl A,Surbek D,Grob A,Stadlmayr W
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Acute stress reactions (ASR) and postpartum depressive symptoms (PDS) are frequent after childbirth. The present study addresses the change and overlap of ASR and PDS from the 1- to 3-week postpartum and examines the interplay of caregiver support and subjective birth experience with regard to the development of ASR/PDS within a longitudinal path model. METHOD:A total of 219 mothers completed questionnaires about caregiver support and subjective birth experience (Salmon's Item List) at 48-6-h postpartum. ASR and PDS were measured for 1- and 3-week postpartum. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) was used to assess ASR, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess PDS. RESULTS:ASR was frequent 1-week postpartum (44.7%) and declined till week 3 (24.8%, p <.001), while the prevalence of PDS was continuous (14.2% week 1; 12.6% week 3; p = .380). Favorable reports of caregiver support were related to better subjective childbirth experience, which was related to lower ASR and PDS (controlled for age, mode of delivery, parity, EDA and duration of childbirth). CONCLUSION:High quality of intrapartum care and positive birth experiences facilitate psychological adjustment in the first 3-week postpartum.
    背景与目标:
  • 【验证同种异体BMT中院内非专业护理伙伴支持对患者生存的积极影响: 一项前瞻性研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/bmt.2012.208 复制DOI
    作者列表:Foster LW,McLellan L,Rybicki L,Dabney J,Copelan E,Bolwell B
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This prospective study validates the finding from retrospective research that having an inpatient lay care-partner (CP) is associated with better survival following allogeneic BMT. Compared with patients without a CP (n=76), patients with a CP (n=88) have significantly better OS (P=0.017) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (P=0.020). Four-year and median survivals were 42% and 36 months among patients with CPs, compared with 26% and 10 months among those without CPs. Four-year survival and median RFS were 39% and 25 months among those with CPs, compared with 23% and 7 months among those without CPs. Further, better survival and RFS were associated with CP visit duration of >3 h per day (P=0.005 and P=0.007, respectively) and with CP frequency of visits >75% of inpatient days (P=0.004 and P=0.010, respectively). A CP support program should encourage not only presence of a CP but also duration and frequency of CP visits associated with better patient survival.
    背景与目标: : 这项前瞻性研究证实了回顾性研究的发现,即拥有住院非专业护理伴侣 (CP) 与同种异体BMT后更好的生存率相关。与没有CP的患者 (n = 76) 相比,具有CP的患者 (n = 88) 具有明显更好的OS (P = 0.017) 和无复发生存率 (RFS) (P = 0.020)。CPs患者的4年和中位生存期分别为42% 和36个月,而无CPs的患者为26% 和10个月。患有CPs的患者的四年生存率和中位RFS分别为39% 和25个月,而没有CPs的患者为23% 和7个月。此外,更好的生存率和RFS与每天> 3 h的CP访视时间 (分别为P = 0.005和P = 0.007) 和CP访视频率> 住院天数的75% (分别为P = 0.004和P = 0.010) 相关。CP支持计划不仅应鼓励CP的存在,而且还应鼓励CP就诊的持续时间和频率与更好的患者生存率相关。
  • 【为考虑器官捐赠选择的家庭提供支持: 一种创新的培训方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jacoby L,Crosier V,Pohl H
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Families must make decisions about organ donation for a loved one during intensely emotional circumstances in the hospital, where support from others is crucial to their coping. Research about families' experiences during the decision-making process regarding donating their loved ones' organs has shown that quality of hospital care and receiving psychosocial support are important factors influencing their decision. Typically, a donation coordinator from the local organ procurement organization approaches the family about the option of donation, whereas the role of medical and nursing staff is to convey diagnostic and prognostic information to the family. Currently, no requirement is in place for training of professional staff in communication skills for approaching and interacting with families about organ donation. This article discusses a simulated training method in empathic communication used for supporting families who are approached about organ donation. This innovative method can be adapted to and should be tested with professional audiences.
    背景与目标: : 家庭必须在医院里情绪激动的情况下决定为亲人捐赠器官,而其他人的支持对他们的应对至关重要。对家庭在捐赠亲人器官的决策过程中的经历的研究表明,医院护理质量和接受社会心理支持是影响其决策的重要因素。通常,来自当地器官采购组织的捐赠协调员会向家人介绍捐赠的选择,而医疗和护理人员的作用是向家人传达诊断和预后信息。目前,没有要求对专业人员进行沟通技能培训,以便就器官捐赠问题与家人接触和互动。本文讨论了一种在移情交流中进行模拟训练的方法,该方法用于支持与器官捐赠有关的家庭。这种创新方法可以适应专业观众,也应该接受专业观众的测试。
  • 【食品加工行为的灵活表达: 巴巴多斯野生加勒比grackles中扣篮率的决定因素。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.05.005 复制DOI
    作者列表:Morand-Ferron J,Lefebvre L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally low frequency of the behaviour in the wild with the high rates obtained in previous experiments, we tested three conditions where dunking varied between 0 and 70%. Dunking was very rare when it had been made unnecessary by pre-soaking the food, water was far from the dry items offered and only one food item was given, focusing all competitive interactions and theft attempts on a single individual. In contrast, dunking rate was high when food was not pre-soaked, water was close to dry food and more than one item (and hence target for competition and theft) was given. These experiments confirm that dunking rates, like other proto-tool-like food-processing techniques, depend on the costs and benefits of the situation where they are used.
    背景与目标: : 在巴巴多斯的野生加勒比grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) 中,浸泡是将干粮在水中软化以加快食用时间的行为,通常是非常罕见的行为。当在最大程度地减少种内竞争和盗窃风险的条件下将大量干燥物品反复放置在站立的水源附近时,可以通过实验提高其频率。为了使野外行为的正常频率与先前实验中获得的高比率相协调,我们测试了三个条件,其中扣篮在0到70% 之间变化。当预先浸泡食物而变得不必要时,扣篮是非常罕见的,水远离提供的干物品,只提供了一种食物,将所有竞争互动和盗窃企图集中在一个人身上。相反,当未预先浸泡食物,水接近干粮并且给出了多个物品 (因此是竞争和盗窃的目标) 时,扣篮率很高。这些实验证实,与其他类似原始工具的食品加工技术一样,灌篮率取决于使用它们的情况的成本和收益。
  • 【NIDCR R25赠款支持对研究型非密集型牙科学校的课程和文化的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/154405910708600701 复制DOI
    作者列表:Iacopino AM,Pryor ME,Taft TB,Lynch DP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Our objective was to evaluate changes in curriculum and culture within a research non-intensive dental school after implementation of programs supported by the NIH-NIDCR R25 Oral Health Research Curriculum Grant. We designed new curricular elements to foster an appreciation of research/discovery, an interest in academic/research careers, and application of biomedical/clinical advances to patient care. Funding was utilized to develop, implement, and assess a dedicated curricular track of continuous student research/scholarly activity throughout the four years of dental education. This track represented mandatory hours of didactic time exposing students to topics not traditionally included in dental curricula. Additionally, students were provided with customized flexible schedules to participate in elective "hands-on" mentored research/scholarly experiences at local, national, and international sites, including linkages to certificate, MS, and PhD programs. Funding was also used to support a wide array of faculty development activities that provided skill sets required to deliver integrated biomedical/clinical content, research-oriented evidence-based approaches to dental education, and translational case-based teaching methods emphasizing the application of new science/technologies to patient care. We measured changes in student, faculty, and institutional profiles/attitudes using traditional benchmarks, surveys, and focus groups. Comparisons were made between baseline data prior to R25 program initiation and data collected after years 3-4 of program implementation. Significant increases were demonstrated in: (1) student participation in research/scholarship, attendance at national meetings, research awards, publication of manuscripts, pursuit of advanced training/degrees, and expressions of interest in academic/research careers; (2) faculty participation in development activities, publication of manuscripts, and mentoring of students; and (3) increased institutional credibility within the university, supportive infrastructure for research/scholarship, and cultural expectations for academic excellence. Thus, we believe that the R25 programming changed the culture of our dental school, creating a supportive environment for research/scholarship, increasing academic productivity, and altering the attitudes of faculty/students.
    背景与目标: : 我们的目标是在实施nih-nidcr R25口腔健康研究课程补助金支持的计划后,评估非密集型牙科学校课程和文化的变化。我们设计了新的课程元素,以促进对研究/发现的欣赏,对学术/研究职业的兴趣以及将生物医学/临床进展应用于患者护理。在整个牙科教育的四年中,资金用于开发,实施和评估持续的学生研究/学术活动的专用课程。此曲目代表了强制性的教学时间,使学生接触传统上不包括在牙科课程中的主题。此外,还为学生提供了定制的灵活时间表,以参加在本地,国家和国际站点上进行的选修 “动手” 指导的研究/学术经验,包括与证书,MS和博士学位课程的联系。资金还用于支持广泛的教师发展活动,这些活动提供了提供综合生物医学/临床内容所需的技能,以研究为基础的基于证据的牙科教育方法以及强调应用新的案例的基于案例的教学方法。科学/技术用于患者护理。我们使用传统的基准,调查和焦点小组来衡量学生,教师和机构概况/态度的变化。比较了R25计划启动前的基线数据和计划实施3-4年后收集的数据。显着增加的表现是 :( 1) 学生参与研究/奖学金,参加国家会议,研究奖,手稿的出版,追求高级培训/学位以及对学术/研究职业的兴趣表达; (2) 教师参与发展活动,手稿的出版,和指导学生; (3) 提高大学内部的机构信誉,支持研究/奖学金的基础设施以及对学术卓越的文化期望。因此,我们认为,R25编程改变了我们牙科学校的文化,为研究/奖学金创造了支持环境,提高了学术生产力,并改变了教师/学生的态度。

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