BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Millions of people worldwide use over-the-counter analgesics on a regular basis; yet little is known about how decisions to self-medicate are made. This study used the theory of planned behavior to explore the influence of beliefs about medicines (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire) and individual pain experience as predictors of intent to self-medicate. Both emerged as significant predictors of intent to self-medicate. Furthermore, intent to self-medicate significantly predicted reported use of analgesics. These findings indicate that use of over-the-counter pain medication is more likely when the value of the pain relief is greater than concerns about harm.

背景与目标： : 全世界有数百万人定期使用非处方止痛药; 然而，对于如何做出自我药物的决定知之甚少。这项研究使用计划行为理论来探索对药物的信念 (关于药物的信念问卷) 和个人疼痛体验的影响，以此作为自我治疗意图的预测指标。两者都成为自我治疗意图的重要预测指标。此外，自我药物治疗的意图显著预测了镇痛药的使用。这些发现表明，当缓解疼痛的价值大于对伤害的担忧时，使用非处方止痛药的可能性更大。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The goal of the study was to elucidate the relationship between serum circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and body weight reduction via lifestyle modification and behavior therapy in obese non-diabetic patients with chronic schizophrenia. Thirty-three obese non-diabetic subjects with schizophrenia treated with stable antipsychotic medication in a day-care unit for at least 3 months were recruited. Thirty age-, body weight-matched subjects without psychiatric disorders were enrolled as controls. All participants underwent a 10-week weight reduction program, including lifestyle modification, psychosocial treatment, behavior therapy and exercise in the day-care unit. Blood biochemistry, serum BDNF, adipokine (adiponectin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and oral glucose tolerance test were evaluated before and after the program. Serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia compared to control subjects. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased following the weight reduction program. Elevations in serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with body weight and body mass index reduction. Altogether, our results demonstrate that a non-pharmacological weight reduction program effectively reduces body weight with significant elevation of serum BDNF levels in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia.

背景与目标： : 该研究的目的是阐明肥胖的非糖尿病慢性精神分裂症患者血清循环脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF) 与通过改变生活方式和行为疗法减轻体重之间的关系。招募了33名肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者，他们在日托病房接受了稳定的抗精神病药物治疗至少3个月。纳入了30名年龄，体重匹配的无精神疾病的受试者作为对照。所有参与者都接受了为期10周的减肥计划，包括改变生活方式，心理社会治疗，行为治疗和在日托单元进行锻炼。方案前后分别进行血生化、血清BDNF、脂肪因子 (脂联素) 、炎症标志物 (C-反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α 和interleukin-6) 及口服葡萄糖耐量试验。与对照组相比，精神分裂症患者的血清BDNF浓度显着降低。减肥计划后，血清BDNF水平显着增加。血清BDNF水平升高与体重和体重指数降低呈正相关。总之，我们的结果表明，在肥胖的非糖尿病精神分裂症患者中，非药物减肥计划可有效降低体重，并显着提高血清BDNF水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Do free will beliefs influence moral judgments? Answers to this question from theoretical and empirical perspectives are controversial. This study attempted to replicate past research and offer theoretical insights by analyzing World Values Survey data from residents of 46 countries (n = 65,111 persons). Corroborating experimental findings, free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors and support for severe criminal punishment. Further, the link between free will beliefs and intolerance of unethical behavior was moderated by variations in countries' institutional integrity, defined as the degree to which countries had accountable, corruption-free public sectors. Free will beliefs predicted intolerance of unethical behaviors for residents of countries with high and moderate institutional integrity, but this correlation was not seen for countries with low institutional integrity. Free will beliefs predicted support for criminal punishment regardless of countries' institutional integrity. Results were robust across different operationalizations of institutional integrity and with or without statistical control variables.

背景与目标： : 自由意志信仰会影响道德判断吗？从理论和实证的角度回答这个问题是有争议的。本研究试图通过分析来自46个国家 (n = 65,111人) 的居民的世界价值调查数据来复制过去的研究并提供理论见解。证实了实验结果，自由意志信念预测了对不道德行为的不容忍以及对严厉刑事处罚的支持。此外，自由意志信念与对不道德行为的不容忍之间的联系受到国家机构完整性差异的调节，机构完整性的定义是国家对公共部门负责的程度，无腐败。自由意志信念预测了机构完整性高和中等国家的居民对不道德行为的不容忍，但是对于机构完整性低的国家却没有这种相关性。自由意志信念预测，无论国家的机构完整性如何，都将支持刑事处罚。在机构完整性的不同操作中，无论有无统计控制变量，结果都是稳健的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously demonstrated that dark materials (DM) in acidified molasses are effectively adsorbed to Amberlite XAD7HP resin and are eluted from the resin with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. In this paper, we have characterized the self-assembly behavior of molasses DM by using dynamic and static light scattering in combination with isoelectric focusing and infrared absorption spectroscopy in order to better understand the resin adsorption mechanism. One of DM derivatives, X-G2, contained carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and had a weight-average molar mass of 9.39 × 10(3) to 4.42 × 10(4) at pH 2.1-11.5. The aggregates retained their spherical shape over the full pH range and the large gyration radius (66.4-80.0 nm) indicated that the inner structure was loosely packed. Furthermore, X-G2 had an isoelectric point of 1.8, and its density increased sharply at pH 5.9 and then approached a nearly constant value under alkaline conditions. In summary, the self-assembly processes of DM are controlled by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The aggregates adsorb to the resin through hydrophobic interactions and are eluted when excess carboxylate anions are generated.

背景与目标： : 我们先前已经证明，酸化糖蜜中的深色物质 (DM) 有效地吸附在Amberlite XAD7HP树脂上，并用0.1 M氢氧化钠从树脂中洗脱。在本文中，我们通过使用动态和静态光散射结合等电聚焦和红外吸收光谱来表征糖蜜DM的自组装行为，以便更好地了解树脂的吸附机理。X-G2，DM衍生物之一含有羧基和羟基，在pH 2.1-11.5下的重均摩尔质量为9.39 × 10(3) 至4.42 × 10(4)。聚集体在整个pH范围内保持其球形形状，并且大的回转半径 (66.4-80.0 nm) 表明内部结构松散堆积。此外，X-G2的等电点为1.8，其密度在pH 5.9时急剧增加，然后在碱性条件下接近几乎恒定的值。总之，DM的自组装过程受分子间氢键和疏水相互作用控制。聚集体通过疏水相互作用吸附到树脂上，并在产生过量的羧酸根阴离子时洗脱。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Understanding situations that increase HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires consideration of the context in which risky behaviors occur. Relationships are one such context. This study examines the presence and predictors of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the past 3 months among 566 MSM couples. A majority of couples allowed sex with outside partners. Overall, 65% of the sample engaged in UAI with primary partner, including nearly half of discordant couples. Positive relationship factors, such as attachment and intimacy, were associated with an increased likelihood of UAI with primary partner. Meanwhile, 22% of the sample engaged in at least one episode of UAI with an outside partner, half of whom were discordant or unknown HIV status outside partners. Higher levels of HIV-specific social support, equality, and sexual agreement investment were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner. HIV-positive men in discordant relationships had two and one half times the odds of having UAI with a discordant or unknown HIV status outside partner as their HIV-negative partners. Many MSM in relationships, including some in serodiscordant ones, engage in UAI with primary partners. Potential explanations include relationship closeness, relationship length, and agreement type. In addition, relationship context appears to have a differential impact upon UAI with primary and outside partners, implying that prevention messages may need to be tailored for different types of couples. Prevention efforts involving MSM couples must take into account relationship characteristics as couples balance safer sex and HIV risk with intimacy and pleasure.

背景与目标： : 了解与男性发生性关系的男性 (MSM) 中增加艾滋病毒风险的情况，需要考虑发生危险行为的背景。关系就是这样一种背景。这项研究调查了566对MSM夫妇在过去3个月中无保护的肛门性交 (UAI) 的存在和预测因素。大多数夫妇允许与外部伴侣发生性关系。总体而言，65% 的样本与主要伴侣进行了UAI，包括近一半的不和谐夫妇。积极的关系因素，例如依恋和亲密关系，与主要伴侣发生UAI的可能性增加有关。同时，样本的22% 与外部伴侣进行了至少一次UAI发作，其中一半是外部伴侣不和谐或未知的HIV状态。较高水平的HIV特异性社会支持，平等和性协议投资与参与UAI的可能性降低显着相关。处于不和谐关系中的HIV阳性男性与不和谐或未知HIV状态的UAI作为其HIV阴性伴侣的可能性是UAI的两倍半。许多处于关系中的MSM，包括一些处于不和谐关系中的MSM，都与主要合作伙伴进行UAI。潜在的解释包括关系密切，关系长度和协议类型。此外，关系背景似乎对与主要和外部伴侣的UAI产生了不同的影响，这意味着可能需要为不同类型的夫妇量身定制预防信息。涉及MSM夫妇的预防工作必须考虑到关系特征，因为夫妇在更安全的性行为和艾滋病毒风险与亲密关系和愉悦之间取得平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Suicide is known as a major health concern worldwide. There is evidence for the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in suicide behavior. Therefore, this factor has been proposed as a biomarker for suicide behavior. Clinical studies have measured BDNF concentrations at central and peripheral levels. As a consequence, the aim of this study was to assess BDNF levels in blood plasma and serum to see whether there is a difference in concentrations in patients with suicide behavior when compared to those in controls, using a meta-analysis approach. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search strategy was performed using three databases: PubMed, EBSCO and ScienceDirect. The meta-analysis included a total of nine case-control studies, six measured the BDNF level in serum and three in plasma in suicide behavior. RESULTS:A decrease in BDNF levels in plasma was observed (d = -0.73, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.03 pg/ml). In the case of serum concentrations, no BDNF differences were encountered between cases and controls (d = 0.09, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.13 ng/ml, p(Q) = .92). CONCLUSIONS:According to the results found in the present meta-analysis, the plasma BDNF level could be suggest as a potential biomarker in suicide behavior. However, since the number of studies included in the analysis is limited, a larger number is necessary to determine conclusively the role of BDNF as a biomarker in suicide behavior.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this paper, the effects of the heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain growth of SCM435 steel were studied and analyzed in terms of the average, macro-axis and minor-axis size of the grains. The results indicated that the classical Sellars model was highly consistent for describing the growth stage of the new austenite but poorly described the initial nucleation-growth stage and stability stage of the austenite. A new model that expresses the average austenite grain growth of SCM435 steel was developed, and the values calculated based on this model were highly consistent with the actual measured values. The standard deviation and expected grain-size expressions increased as the heating temperature and holding time increased. The macro-axis and minor-axis size of the grains were linearly correlated with the average size, and the ratio of the macro-axis to the minor-axis size remained generally constant during grain growth. Furthermore, this paper provides a new way of thinking about heredity in materials science from the perspective of mathematical characteristics.

背景与目标： : 本文从晶粒的平均尺寸，宏观轴尺寸和短轴尺寸出发，研究和分析了加热温度和保温时间对SCM435钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响。结果表明，经典的Sellars模型在描述新奥氏体的生长阶段方面高度一致，但对奥氏体的初始成核生长阶段和稳定阶段的描述却很差。建立了一种新的表达SCM435钢平均奥氏体晶粒长大的模型，基于该模型计算的值与实际测量值高度吻合。标准偏差和预期晶粒尺寸表达式随着加热温度和保温时间的增加而增加。晶粒的大轴和短轴尺寸与平均尺寸线性相关，并且在晶粒生长过程中，大轴与短轴尺寸的比率大致保持恒定。此外，本文从数学特征的角度为材料科学中的遗传问题提供了一种新的思路。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:This study aimed to investigate the behavior patterns of typical noise sources in critical care wards and relate their patterns to health care environment in which the sources adapt themselves in several different forms. METHODS:An effective observation approach was designed for noise behavior in the critical care environment. Five descriptors have been identified for the behavior observations, namely, interval, frequency, duration, perceived loudness, and location. Both the single-bed and the multiple-bed wards at the selected Critical Care Department were randomly observed for 3 inconsecutive nights, from 11:30 pm to 7:00 am the following morning. The Matlab distribution fitting tool was applied afterward to plot several types of distributions and estimate the corresponding parameters. RESULTS:The lognormal distribution was considered the most appropriate statistical distribution for noise behaviors in terms of the interval and duration patterns. The turning of patients by staff was closely related to the increasing occurrences of noises. Among the observed noises, talking was identified with the highest frequency, shortest intervals, and the longest durations, followed by monitor alarms. The perceived loudness of talking in the nighttime wards was classified into 3 levels (raised, normal, and low). Most people engaged in verbal communication in the single-bed wards that occurred around the Entrance Zone, whereas talking in the multiple-bed wards was more likely to be situated in the Staff Work Zone. As expected, more occurrences of noises along with longer duration were observed in multiple-bed wards rather than single-bed wards. "Monitor plus ventilator alarms" was the most commonly observed combination of multiple noises.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio basin constitutes the principal coal field of Greece. Approximately 50% of the total power production of Greece is generated by five power stations operating in the area. Lignite samples, together with the corresponding fly ash and bottom ash were collected, over a period of 3 months, from the power plant of Amyntaio and analyzed for their content in 16 trace elements. The results indicate that Y, Nb, U, Rb, Zr, Ni, Pb, Ba, Zn, Sr, Cu, and Th demonstrate an organic affinity during the combustion of lignite, while V has an inorganic affinity. Three elements (Co, Cr, and Sc) show an intermediate affinity.

背景与目标： : Kozani-Ptolemais-Amyntaio盆地构成了希腊的主要煤田。希腊约50% 的总发电量是由该地区运营的五个发电站产生的。在3个月的时间内，从Amyntaio电厂收集了褐煤样品以及相应的粉煤灰和底灰，并分析了其在16种微量元素中的含量。结果表明，Y，Nb，U，Rb，Zr，Ni，Pb，Ba，Zn，Sr，Cu和Th在褐煤燃烧过程中表现出有机亲和力，而V具有无机亲和力。三个元素 (Co，Cr和Sc) 显示出中间亲和力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A methodology of studying of ingestive behavior by non-invasive monitoring of swallowing (deglutition) and chewing (mastication) has been developed. The target application for the developed methodology is to study the behavioral patterns of food consumption and producing volumetric and weight estimates of energy intake. Monitoring is non-invasive based on detecting swallowing by a sound sensor located over laryngopharynx or by a bone-conduction microphone and detecting chewing through a below-the-ear strain sensor. Proposed sensors may be implemented in a wearable monitoring device, thus enabling monitoring of ingestive behavior in free-living individuals. In this paper, the goals in the development of this methodology are two-fold. First, a system comprising sensors, related hardware and software for multi-modal data capture is designed for data collection in a controlled environment. Second, a protocol is developed for manual scoring of chewing and swallowing for use as a gold standard. The multi-modal data capture was tested by measuring chewing and swallowing in 21 volunteers during periods of food intake and quiet sitting (no food intake). Video footage and sensor signals were manually scored by trained raters. Inter-rater reliability study for three raters conducted on the sample set of five subjects resulted in high average intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.996 for bites, 0.988 for chews and 0.98 for swallows. The collected sensor signals and the resulting manual scores will be used in future research as a gold standard for further assessment of sensor design, development of automatic pattern recognition routines and study of the relationship between swallowing/chewing and ingestive behavior.

背景与目标： : 已经开发了一种通过非侵入性监测吞咽 (吞咽) 和咀嚼 (咀嚼) 来研究进食行为的方法。所开发方法的目标应用是研究食物消费的行为模式以及产生能量摄入的体积和重量估计。监测是非侵入性的，基于通过位于喉咽上方的声音传感器或通过骨传导麦克风检测吞咽，并通过耳下应变传感器检测咀嚼。所提出的传感器可以在可穿戴监测装置中实现，从而能够监测自由生活个体的摄取行为。在本文中，这种方法的发展目标有两个方面。首先，设计了一种系统，该系统包括用于多模式数据捕获的传感器、相关硬件和软件，用于在受控环境中收集数据。其次，开发了一种用于手动对咀嚼和吞咽进行评分的协议，以用作金标准。通过测量21名志愿者在进食和安静坐着 (没有进食) 期间的咀嚼和吞咽来测试多模式数据捕获。视频录像和传感器信号由训练有素的评分者手动评分。对五名受试者的样本集进行的三个评分者之间的信度研究导致咬伤的0.996，咀嚼的0.988和燕子的0.98的平均类内相关系数很高。收集的传感器信号和所得的手动分数将在未来的研究中用作进一步评估传感器设计，开发自动模式识别例程以及研究吞咽/咀嚼与进食行为之间关系的金标准。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:The aim of this study was to seek an association between the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as determined by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, and the outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS:We performed a retrospective review of patients with T2DM who had CRC diagnosed between 1997 and 2001. We defined well-controlled T2DM as HbA1c < 7.5% and poorly controlled T2DM as HbA1c > or = 7.5%. A group of age- and gender-matched patients who had CRC without T2DM were used as controls. Forty clinical factors were reviewed, and those associated with poor clinical outcome in each group were examined by univariate analysis (UA) and by the maximum likelihood analysis of logistic regression to determine the independent predictors of cancer outcome. RESULTS:We identified 155 patients with T2DM and CRC, and 114 control patients who had CRC without T2DM. We found no significant differences in any clinical factor by UA between the patients with well-controlled T2DM and the patients who had CRC without T2DM. Compared to both of those patients groups, in contrast, the patients with poorly controlled T2DM had more right-sided CRCs (P = 0.04, OR = 2, 95% CI = 1-4.1), more advanced CRCs (P = 0.02, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1-4.4), a younger age of presentation (P = 0.05), greater use of exogenous insulin (P = 0.002), and a poorer 5-year survival (P = 0.001) by UA. Logistic regression showed that poorly controlled T2DM independently predicted the early onset of CRC, a more advanced stage at the time of presentation, poorer 5-year survival, and an increased incidence of right-sided CRCs. CONCLUSIONS:In patients with T2DM who have CRC, poor glycemic control is associated with a clinically aggressive course for the cancer.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During development, when inhibitory and excitatory synapses are formed and refined, homeostatic mechanisms act to adjust inhibitory input in order to maintain neural activity within a normal range. As the brain matures, synaptogenesis slows and a relatively stable level of inhibition is achieved. Deficits in inhibitory neurotransmission are associated with increased anxiety-related behavior and drugs that potentiate GABA function, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, are effective anxiolytics. These observations raise the possibility that transient perturbations in the activity of neural circuits during development might induce compensatory changes in inhibition that could persist into adulthood and contribute to changes in anxiety-related behavior. To test this hypothesis, we treated mice continuously during the major period of forebrain synaptogenesis (P14-28) with the GABA-A receptor positive modulator diazepam and assessed anxiety-related behavior in adulthood. Control experiments confirmed anxiolytic effects of the drug following one day of treatment and the development of tolerance following two weeks of treatment. When tested in adulthood, one month after the end of treatment, diazepam-treated mice exhibited significantly increased behavioral inhibition in the open-field, elevated-plus maze, and novel object behavioral paradigms. Levels of benzodiazepine binding sites in amygdala and frontal cortex were specifically decreased in diazepam-treated mice demonstrating that homeostatic adjustments in GABA function persist into adulthood. Our results show that increased GABAergic activity can affect the developmental programming of anxiety-related behavior.

背景与目标： : 在发育过程中，当形成和完善抑制性和兴奋性突触时，稳态机制会调节抑制性输入，以将神经活动维持在正常范围内。随着大脑的成熟，突触发生减慢，并达到相对稳定的抑制水平。抑制性神经传递的缺陷与焦虑相关行为的增加有关，增强大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质GABA功能的药物是有效的抗焦虑药。这些观察结果增加了以下可能性: 发育过程中神经回路活动的瞬时扰动可能会引起抑制的补偿性变化，这种变化可能会持续到成年并导致焦虑相关行为的变化。为了验证这一假设，我们在前脑突触发生 (P14-28) 的主要时期连续使用GABA-A受体阳性调节剂地西epa治疗小鼠，并评估成年期的焦虑相关行为。对照实验证实了药物在治疗一天后的抗焦虑作用，并在治疗两周后产生了耐受性。在成年后 (治疗结束后一个月) 进行测试时，用地西epa处理的小鼠在开阔视野，高架迷宫和新颖的对象行为范式中表现出明显增强的行为抑制作用。在地西epa治疗的小鼠中，杏仁核和额叶皮层中苯二氮卓类结合位点的水平特异性降低，表明GABA功能的稳态调节持续到成年。我们的结果表明，gaba能活性的增加会影响焦虑相关行为的发育程序。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent implantation is widely used for the treatment of coronary stenosis. However, restenosis after stent implantation frequently reported by intravascular ultrasound evaluation. This may occur because of the reduced luminal area after implantation, insufficient stent expansion, or by the elastic recoil of the stent (ERS). Quantitative evaluation of stent expanding should provide further information on how to decrease the incidence of re-stenosis. Many previous studies have observed stent properties in 2D. However, the stent geometry is changed in 3D space, and 3D measurements will provide further information on factors such as the risk for asymmetric ERS. We performed 3D reconstruction using high spatial resolution images obtained with a Micro-CT system to observe the 3D expansion behavior of a test stent and quantitatively evaluate ERS. The expansion behavior of each structural component of the stent varied, as did the ERS and eccentricity. ERS ranged from 2.4% to 9.2% during observation form proximal and distal positions in each component. The greatest difference in ERS between 2D and 3D measurements was 5.2%. 3D measurements provide more information on ERS than 2D measurements. Our result shows the importance of the observation, and the evaluation by three dimensions.

背景与目标： : 经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA) 与支架植入术广泛用于治疗冠状动脉狭窄。然而，血管内超声评估经常报告支架植入后的再狭窄。这可能是由于植入后管腔面积减小，支架扩张不足或支架的弹性反冲 (ERS) 引起的。支架扩张的定量评估应提供有关如何减少再狭窄发生率的进一步信息。以前的许多研究都在2D中观察到了支架的特性。但是，支架的几何形状在3D空间中会发生变化，并且3D测量将提供有关诸如不对称ERS风险等因素的进一步信息。我们使用Micro-CT系统获得的高空间分辨率图像进行了3D重建，以观察测试支架的3D扩展行为并定量评估ERS。支架的每个结构组件的膨胀行为以及ERS和偏心率都有所不同。在观察期间，每个组件的近端和远端位置的ERS范围从2.4% 到9.2%。2D和3D测量之间的ERS的最大差异是5.2%。3D测量比2D测量提供更多关于ERS的信息。我们的结果显示了观察的重要性，并通过三个维度进行了评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On an average day in the United States, more than 100 Americans die by suicide; half of these suicides involve the use of firearms. In this ecological study, we used linear regression techniques and recently available state-level measures of suicide attempt rates to assess whether, and if so, to what extent, the well-established relationship between household firearm ownership rates and suicide mortality persists after accounting for rates of underlying suicidal behavior. After controlling for state-level suicide attempt rates (2008-2009), higher rates of firearm ownership (assessed in 2004) were strongly associated with higher rates of overall suicide and firearm suicide, but not with nonfirearm suicide (2008-2009). Furthermore, suicide attempt rates were not significantly related to gun ownership levels. These findings suggest that firearm ownership rates, independent of underlying rates of suicidal behavior, largely determine variations in suicide mortality across the 50 states. Our results support the hypothesis that firearms in the home impose suicide risk above and beyond the baseline risk and help explain why, year after year, several thousand more Americans die by suicide in states with higher than average household firearm ownership compared with states with lower than average firearm ownership.

背景与目标： : 在美国，平均每天有100多名美国人死于自杀; 这些自杀中有一半涉及使用枪支。在这项生态学研究中，我们使用线性回归技术和最近可用的州一级自杀未遂率测量方法来评估家庭枪支拥有率与自杀死亡率之间的良好关系，以及在何种程度上，在考虑了潜在自杀行为的发生率后仍然存在。在控制了州一级的自杀企图率 (2008-2009) 之后，较高的枪支拥有率 (评估2004年) 与较高的总体自杀和枪支自杀率密切相关，但与非枪支自杀无关 (2008-2009)。此外，自杀企图率与枪支拥有率没有显着关系。这些发现表明，枪支拥有率与自杀行为的基本发生率无关，在很大程度上决定了50个州自杀死亡率的变化。我们的结果支持这样的假设，即家庭枪支带来的自杀风险高于和超过基线风险，并有助于解释为什么年复一年，与家庭枪支拥有量低于平均水平的州相比，数千名美国人死于自杀。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Elucidating the molecular and neural basis of complex social behaviors such as communal living, division of labor and warfare requires model organisms that exhibit these multi-faceted behavioral phenotypes. Social insects, such as ants, bees, wasps and termites, are attractive models to address this problem, with rich ecological and ethological foundations. However, their atypical systems of reproduction have hindered application of classical genetic approaches. In this review, we discuss how recent advances in social insect genomics, transcriptomics, and functional manipulations have enhanced our ability to observe and perturb gene expression, physiology and behavior in these species. Such developments begin to provide an integrated view of the molecular and cellular underpinnings of complex social behavior.

背景与目标： : 阐明复杂社会行为 (例如公共生活，分工和战争) 的分子和神经基础，需要表现出这些多方面的行为表型的模型生物。社会昆虫，如蚂蚁、蜜蜂、黄蜂和白蚁，是解决这一问题的有吸引力的模型，具有丰富的生态和行为学基础。然而，它们的非典型繁殖系统阻碍了经典遗传方法的应用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了社会昆虫基因组学，转录组学和功能操作的最新进展如何增强了我们观察和干扰这些物种的基因表达，生理和行为的能力。这样的发展开始提供复杂社会行为的分子和细胞基础的综合视图。