BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Famine exposure in utero can 'programme' an individual towards type 2 diabetes and obesity in later life. We sought to identify, (1) whether Bangladeshis exposed to famine during developmental life are programmed towards diabetes and obesity, (2) whether this programming was specific to gestational or postnatal exposure windows and (3) whether epigenetic differences were associated with famine exposure. DESIGN:A historical cohort study was performed as part of a wider cross-sectional survey. Exposure to famine was defined through birth date and historical records and participants were selected according to: (A) exposure to famine in postnatal life, (B) exposure to famine during gestation and (C) unexposed. SETTING:Matlab, a rural area in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS:Young adult men and women (n=190) recruited to a historical cohort study with a randomised subsample included in an epigenetic study (n=143). OUTCOME MEASURES:Primary outcome measures of weight, body mass index and oral glucose tolerance tests (0 and 120 min glucose). Secondary outcome measures included DNA methylation using genome-wide and targeted analysis of metastable epialleles sensitive to maternal nutrition. RESULTS:More young adults exposed to famine in gestation were underweight than those postnatally exposed or unexposed. In contrast, more young adults exposed to famine postnatally were overweight compared to those gestationally exposed or unexposed. Underweight adults exposed to famine in gestation in utero were hyperglycaemic following a glucose tolerance test, and those exposed postnatally had elevated fasting glucose, compared to those unexposed. Significant differences in DNA methylation at seven metastable epialleles (VTRNA2-1, PAX8, PRDM-9, near ZFP57, near BOLA, EXD3) known to vary with gestational famine exposure were identified. CONCLUSIONS:Famine exposure in developmental life programmed Bangladeshi offspring towards diabetes and obesity in adulthood but gestational and postnatal windows of exposure had variable effects on phenotype. DNA methylation differences were replicated at previously identified metastable epialleles sensitive to periconceptual famine exposure.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is one of the major public health concerns worldwide particularly in developing countries, including Bangladesh. Thus far, there are no well-validated clinical guidelines for the prevention of MDR-TB. This study aims to evaluate the improvement in nurses' practice using the newly developed Nursing Practice Guidelines for the Prevention of MDR-TB (NPG: MDR-TB) among hospitalized adult patients in Bangladesh. The guidelines were developed, disseminated and evaluated among 64 nurses by assessing nursing practice for the prevention of MDR-TB during pre- and postimplementation of the guidelines. Significant differences between pretest and post-test mean scores of nursing practice for the prevention of MDR-TB in case finding and case holding were found in three levels of wards, including Level 0 (non-TB), Level 1 (TB) and Level 2 (MDR-TB) (P < 0.001). This indicated that the guidelines might be applicable to reduce the development of MDR-TB in hospitals. However, this was a preliminary study with a limited time frame. Further evaluation is, therefore, needed.

背景与目标： 耐多药结核病 (mdr-tb) 是全世界主要的公共卫生问题之一，特别是在包括孟加拉国在内的发展中国家。到目前为止，尚无有效的预防耐多药结核病的临床指南。本研究旨在使用新开发的孟加拉国住院成人患者预防耐多药结核病护理实践指南 (NPG: mdr-tb) 评估护士实践的改善。通过评估指南实施前后预防耐多药结核病的护理实践，在64名护士中制定，传播和评估了指南。在三个级别的病房中发现了预防mdr-tb的护理实践在病例发现和病例持有方面的前测和后测平均得分之间的显着差异，包括0级 (非TB)，1级 (TB) 和2级 (mdr-tb) (P <0.001)。这表明该指南可能适用于减少医院耐多药结核病的发展。然而，这是一项时间有限的初步研究。因此，需要进一步评估。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the quality of life (QOL) of fistula patients in Bangladesh who have undergone ileal conduit (IC) urinary diversion operations, and to assess whether the risks and ethical challenges involved, outweigh the reality of leaving a woman with urinary incontinence for the rest of her life. DESIGN:Observational study. SETTING:LAMB Hospital, Bangladesh. POPULATION:Seventeen women who had undergone IC between February 2012 and March 2016: 14 women previously had irreparable obstetric fistulas and three had bladder exstrophy. METHODS:Demographic, obstetric, IC-related, stigma and discrimination information were collected by questionnaire. Univariate analysis was done using the two-sided t-test for comparison of differences before and after IC surgery. MAIN OUTCOME METHODS:Change in stigma and discrimination scores. Health-related QOL assessed using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS:Of the 17 women, 14 (82.3%) felt they were cured of their fistula disease. Three complained of occasional leakage due to insufficient seal of the bag, mainly at night, and all but one experienced no limits to their daily activities. Stigma and discrimination scores were significantly lower after having the IC surgery. The mean difference from when the woman had a fistula to when she had an IC for stigma score was 3.17 (1.12-4.16, P < 0.001), and for discrimination score was 3 (1.9-4.1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:Overall, there has been improved QOL following IC among the women in this study and all would recommend IC to women in the same situation. They remain chronic patients with some physical symptoms, but are well re-integrated back into their communities. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT:Improved QOL following ileal conduit in women with persistent fistula related disorder in Bangladesh.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine was introduced in Bangladesh through the arrangement of a demonstration project in Gazipur district in 2016, targeting grade five female students and non-school going girls (age range 10-12 years). HPV vaccination is expected to be eventually included in the nationwide immunization program if the demonstration project is successful. However, introduction and implementation of such a vaccination program raises various ethical concerns. This review paper illustrates a step by step assessment of the ethical concerns surrounding the HPV vaccination implementation in Bangladesh considering specific elements in administering and conducting the program as well as the intended results. Policy-makers, vaccine implementers, vaccine recipients, and an ethics specialist in Bangladesh were interviewed. Electronic database and websites have also been reviewed for relevant published literature and government statements. This program imparted inadequate knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer to the recipients and participants. There was lack of autonomous and informed choice of the girls and their parents about taking the vaccine. The program did not have any follow-up plan for the adverse effects in the long run. The impact of a female-only strategy in the larger societal context was overlooked. There was lack of awareness among the implementers about safeguarding the ethical issues pertaining to HPV vaccination. CONCLUSION:Adolescent health education imparted in the scope of the vaccination program should contain adequate information about HPV, its mode of transmission, risk factors along with the importance of secondary prevention despite primary prevention. Adolescent boys should be given HPV related health education as well. The right of making informed choice should be appreciated and respected. More ethical discussion and debate should be done among the public health professionals of Bangladesh in order to increase awareness about ethical issues related to human health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human infections with Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh are associated with markedly different patterns of transmission and pathogenicity. To compare the 2 strains, we conducted an in vivo study in which 2 groups of ferrets were oronasally exposed to either the Malaysia or Bangladesh strain of Nipah virus. Viral shedding and tissue tropism were compared between the 2 groups. Over the course of infection, significantly higher levels of viral RNA were recovered from oral secretions of ferrets infected with the Bangladesh strain. Higher levels of oral shedding of the Bangladesh strain of Nipah virus might be a key factor in onward transmission in outbreaks among humans.

背景与目标： : 马来西亚和孟加拉国的人感染Nipah病毒与明显不同的传播和致病性有关。为了比较这两种菌株，我们进行了一项体内研究，其中两组雪貂口服暴露于马来西亚或孟加拉国尼帕病毒株。比较两组之间的病毒脱落和组织嗜性。在感染过程中，从感染孟加拉国菌株的雪貂的口腔分泌物中回收了明显更高水平的病毒RNA。孟加拉国Nipah病毒株的口服脱落水平较高可能是人类爆发后继续传播的关键因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To test whether social ties play any roles in mitigating depression and anxiety, as well as in fostering mental health among young men living in a poor urban community. SETTING:A cohort of all young men living in an urban slum in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS:All men aged 18-29 years (n=824) living in a low-income urban community at the time of the survey. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Unspecified psychological morbidity measured using the General Health Questionnaire, 12-item (GHQ-12), where lower scores suggest better mental status. RESULTS:The GHQ scores (mean=9.2, SD=4.9) suggest a significant psychological morbidity among the respondents. However, each additional friend is associated with a 0.063 SD lower GHQ score (95% CI -0.106 to -0.021). Between centrality measuring the relative importance of the respondent within his social network is also associated with a 0.103 SD lower GHQ score (95% CI -0.155 to -0.051), as are other measures of social network ties. Among other factors, married respondents and recent migrants also report a better mental health status. CONCLUSIONS:Our results underscore the importance of social connection in providing a buffer against stress and anxiety through psychosocial support from one's peers in a resource-constraint urban setting. Our findings also suggest incorporating a social network and community ties in designing mental health policies and interventions.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Groundwater with an excessive level of Arsenic (As) is a threat to human health. In Bangladesh, out of 64 districts, the groundwater of 50 and 59 districts contains As exceeding the Bangladesh (50 μg/L) and WHO (10 μg/L) standards for potable water. This review focuses on the occurrence, origin, plausible sources, and mobilization mechanisms of As in the groundwater of Bangladesh to better understand its environmental as well as public health consequences. High As concentrations mainly was mainly occur from the natural origin of the Himalayan orogenic tract. Consequently, sedimentary processes transport the As-loaded sediments from the orogenic tract to the marginal foreland of Bangladesh, and under the favorable biogeochemical circumstances, As is discharged from the sediment to the groundwater. Rock weathering, regular floods, volcanic movement, deposition of hydrochemical ore, and leaching of geological formations in the Himalayan range cause As occurrence in the groundwater of Bangladesh. Redox and desorption processes along with microbe-related reduction are the key geochemical processes for As enrichment. Under reducing conditions, both reductive dissolution of Fe-oxides and desorption of As are the root causes of As mobilization. A medium alkaline and reductive environment, resulting from biochemical reactions, is the major factor mobilizing As in groundwater. An elevated pH value along with decoupling of As and HCO3- plays a vital role in mobilizing As. The As mobilization process is related to the reductive solution of metal oxides as well as hydroxides that exists in sporadic sediments in Bangladesh. Other mechanisms, such as pyrite oxidation, redox cycling, and competitive ion exchange processes, are also postulated as probable mechanisms of As mobilization. The reductive dissolution of MnOOH adds dissolved As and redox-sensitive components such as SO42- and oxidized pyrite, which act as the major mechanisms to mobilize As. The reductive suspension of Mn(IV)-oxyhydroxides has also accelerated the As mobilization process in the groundwater of Bangladesh. Infiltration from the irrigation return flow and surface-wash water are also potential factors to remobilize As. Over-exploitation of groundwater and the competitive ion exchange process are also responsible for releasing As into the aquifers of Bangladesh.

背景与目标： : 砷 (As) 含量过高的地下水对人类健康构成威胁。在孟加拉国，在64个地区中，有50个和59个地区的地下水含量超过了孟加拉国 (50 μ g/L) 和世卫组织 (10 μ g/L) 的饮用水标准。本文的重点是孟加拉国地下水中As的发生，起源，合理的来源和动员机制，以更好地了解其对环境和公共卫生的影响。高As浓度主要来自喜马拉雅造山带的自然起源。因此，在有利的生物地球化学环境下，沉积过程将满载的沉积物从造山带运输到孟加拉国的边缘前陆，从沉积物中排放到地下水。喜马拉雅山脉的岩石风化，定期洪水，火山运动，水化学矿石的沉积以及地质构造的浸出是孟加拉国地下水的发生。氧化还原和解吸过程以及与微生物相关的还原是As富集的关键地球化学过程。在还原条件下，Fe氧化物的还原溶解和As的解吸都是As动员的根本原因。生化反应产生的中等碱性和还原性环境是动员地下水的主要因素。Ph值升高以及As和HCO3-的解耦在动员As中起着至关重要的作用。As的动员过程与孟加拉国零星沉积物中存在的金属氧化物和氢氧化物的还原溶液有关。其他机制，例如黄铁矿氧化，氧化还原循环和竞争性离子交换过程，也被认为是as动员的可能机制。MnOOH的还原溶解增加了溶解的As和对氧化还原敏感的成分，例如SO42-和氧化的黄铁矿，它们是动员as的主要机制。Mn(IV)-氧氢氧化物的还原悬浮液也加速了孟加拉国地下水中As的动员过程。灌溉回流和表面冲洗水的渗透也是迁移As的潜在因素。地下水的过度开采和竞争性离子交换过程也导致As释放到孟加拉国的含水层中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We evaluated the usefulness of enumeration of fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes in making an early diagnosis of Shigella infection, where Shigella is a leading cause of invasive diarrhea. Stool specimens from 561 invasive diarrhea patients were submitted for microscopic examination. A presumptive diagnosis of shigellosis based on microscopic examination was made in 389 of them; 227 had stool cultures positive for Shigella spp (Shigella patients). One hundred sixty-two patients with no detectable Shigella infection (non-Shigella invasive diarrhea cases) served as a comparison group. Two hundred twenty-seven randomly selected Shigella patients and 227 non-Shigella infectious diarrhea cases from the surveillance system database of the hospital constituted another group for comparative evaluation. The stool specimens of the patients were examined under the microscope, and isolation, biochemical characterization and serotyping of Shigella were performed. In comparison with non-Shigella invasive diarrhea cases, the presence of >50 WBC/hpf in association with any number of RBC in the fecal sample had a modest sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 59%, positive predictive value of 70%, negative predictive value of 56%, accuracy of 64%, and positive likelihood ratio of 1.6 in predicting shigellosis. Comparison between Shigella and non-Shigella infectious diarrhea patients revealed the presence of >20 WBC/hpf was a less accurate predictor of shigellosis (sensitivity 51%, specificity 88%, positive predictive value 81%, negative predictive value 64%, accuracy 69%, and positive likelihood ratio 4.1). Direct microscopical examination of stool specimens for the presence of WBC and RBC may facilitate the early diagnosis of shigellosis, and may be a cheap alternative to stool culture in this setting.

背景与目标： : 我们评估了粪便白细胞和红细胞计数对志贺氏菌感染的早期诊断的有用性，志贺氏菌是侵袭性腹泻的主要原因。将561例侵袭性腹泻患者的粪便标本进行显微镜检查。根据显微镜检查对其中389进行了志贺氏菌病的推定诊断; 227的粪便培养对志贺氏菌属 (志贺氏菌患者) 呈阳性。一百六十二例未检测到志贺氏菌感染的患者 (非志贺氏菌侵袭性腹泻病例) 作为对照组。从医院的监测系统数据库中随机抽取了27例志贺菌患者和227例非志贺菌感染腹泻病例，构成了另一组进行比较评估。在显微镜下检查患者的粪便标本，并进行志贺菌隔离，生化鉴定和血清分型。与非志贺氏菌侵袭性腹泻病例相比，粪便样本中> 50 WBC/hpf与任何数量的RBC相关的存在具有适度的67% 敏感性，59% 特异性，70% 阳性预测值，56% 阴性预测值，64% 准确性，和1.6预测志贺氏菌病的正似然比。志贺菌和非志贺菌感染腹泻患者之间的比较表明，> 20 WBC/hpf的存在是志贺氏菌病的较不准确的预测指标 (敏感性51%，特异性88%，阳性预测值81%，阴性预测值64%，准确性69% 和阳性似然比4.1)。对粪便标本进行直接显微镜检查以了解WBC和RBC的存在可能有助于志贺菌病的早期诊断，并且在这种情况下可能是粪便培养的廉价替代方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The majority of the world's 1.3 billion tobacco users are men, but female use is increasing. To examine differences in tobacco use and awareness of tobacco marketing by sex, CDC and health officials in Bangladesh, Thailand, and Uruguay (among the first countries to report results) analyzed 2009 data from a newly instituted survey, the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated wide variation among the three countries in tobacco use, product types used, and marketing awareness among males and females. In Bangladesh and Thailand, use of smoked tobacco products was far greater among males (44.7% and 45.6%, respectively) than females (1.5% and 3.1%, respectively). In Uruguay, the difference was smaller (30.7% versus 19.8%). Use of smokeless tobacco products in Bangladesh was approximately the same among males (26.4%) and females (27.9%), but females were significantly more likely to use smokeless tobacco in Thailand (6.3% versus 1.3%), and use in Uruguay by either sex was nearly nonexistent. Males in Bangladesh were twice as likely as females to notice cigarette advertising (68.0% versus 29.3%), but the difference between males and females was smaller in Thailand (17.4% versus 14.5%) and Uruguay (49.0% versus 40.0%). In all three countries, awareness of tobacco marketing was more prevalent among females aged 15--24 years than older women. Comprehensive bans on advertising, sponsorship, and promotion of tobacco products, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), can reduce per capita cigarette consumption if enforced.

背景与目标： : 世界上13亿的烟草使用者大多数是男性，但女性的使用正在增加。为了检查按性别划分的烟草使用和烟草营销意识的差异，孟加拉国，泰国和乌拉圭的疾病预防控制中心和卫生官员 (在第一批报告结果的国家中) 分析了一项新调查的2009数据，即全球成人烟草调查 (GATS)。该报告总结了该分析的结果，表明这三个国家在烟草使用，使用的产品类型以及男性和女性的营销意识方面存在很大差异。在孟加拉国和泰国，男性 (分别为44.7% 和45.6%) 的烟熏烟草产品的使用量远远高于女性 (分别为1.5% 和3.1%)。在乌拉圭，差异较小 (30.7% 与19.8%)。在孟加拉国，男性 (26.4%) 和女性 (27.9%) 对无烟烟草产品的使用大致相同，但在泰国 (6.3% 与1.3%)，女性使用无烟烟草的可能性明显更高，在乌拉圭，无论男女都几乎不存在。孟加拉国的男性注意到香烟广告的可能性是女性的两倍 (68.0% 对29.3%)，但泰国 (17.4% 对14.5%) 和乌拉圭 (49.0% 对40.0%) 的男性和女性之间的差异较小。在这三个国家，15-24岁的女性对烟草营销的认识比老年女性更普遍。世卫组织建议全面禁止广告，赞助和促销烟草产品，如果得到执行，可以减少人均卷烟消费量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The burden of maternal undernutrition and low birth weight (LBW) incurs enormous economic costs due to their adverse consequences. Women's empowerment is believed to be one of the key factors for attaining maternal and child health and nutritional goals. Our objective was to investigate the association of women's empowerment with maternal undernutrition and LBW. METHODS:We used nationally representative data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey for 2011 and 2014. We analysed 27357 women and 9234 mother-child pairs. A women's empowerment index (WEI) was constructed using principal component analysis with five groups of indicators: a) education, b) access to socio-familial decision making, c) economic contribution and access to economic decision making, d) attitudes towards domestic violence and e) mobility. We estimated odds ratios as the measure of association between the WEI and the outcome measures using generalized estimating equations to account for the cluster level correlation. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of maternal undernutrition was 20% and LBW was 18%. The WEI was significantly associated with both maternal undernutrition and LBW with a dose-response relationship. The adjusted odds of having a LBW baby was 32% [AOR (95% CI): 0.68 (0.57, 0.82)] lower in the highest quartile of the WEI relative to the lowest quartile. Household wealth significantly modified the effect of the WEI on maternal nutrition; in the highest wealth quintile, the odds of maternal undernutrition was 54% [AOR (95% CI): 0.46 (0.33, 0.64)] lower while in the lowest wealth quintile the odds of undernutrition was only 18% [AOR (95% CI): 0.82 (0.67, 1.00)] lower comparing the highest WEI quartile with the lowest WEI quartile. However, the absolute differences in prevalence of undernutrition between the highest and lowest WEI quartiles were similar across wealth quintiles (6-8%). CONCLUSIONS:This study used a comprehensive measure of women's empowerment and provides strong evidence that low levels of women's empowerment are associated with maternal undernutrition as well as with delivering LBW babies in Bangladesh. Therefore, policies to increase empowerment of women would contribute to improved public health.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We performed an open, randomized chemotherapy trial comparing the recommended first-, second- and third-line drug regimens, as well as mefloquine, for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Bangladesh in 1996-97. The regimens were chloroquine for 3 days (CQ, Group I), quinine sulphate for 3 days followed by single-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Q3 + SP, Group II), quinine for 7 days (Q7, Group III), and mefloquine 20 mg/kg single dose (MEF, Group IV). Subjects were symptomatic patients, aged > or = 12 years, with parasite density 500-250,000/mm3 and no history of taking antimalarials during the previous week. Drug administration was supervised and subjects were followed clinically and with blood slides in the hospital for 8 days, then as outpatients on days 14, 21 and 28. A total of 413 subjects (149, 145, 49 and 70 in Groups I-IV, respectively) completed the study. Early treatment failures (persistent or worsening clinical manifestations by day 3 confirmed with parasitological examinations) occurred only in the chloroquine group. RII and RIII parasitological failures occurred in 56%, 12%, 8% and 14% in Group I-IV, respectively. There were significantly more clinical and parasitological failures with chloroquine than with Q3 + SP, which we now recommend as a better (but far from ideal) choice for first-line therapy. The alternative compounds show parasitogical evidence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum treatment for malaria in Bangladesh.

背景与目标： 我们进行了一项开放的随机化学疗法试验，比较了1996-97年孟加拉国推荐的一线，二线和三线药物方案以及甲氟喹治疗单纯性恶性疟疾。方案为氯喹3天 (CQ，I组)，硫酸奎宁3天，然后单剂量磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶 (Q3 SP，II组)，奎宁7天 (Q7，III组) 和甲氟喹20 mg/kg单剂量 (MEF，第四组)。受试者为症状患者，年龄> 或 = 12岁，寄生虫密度为500-250,000/mm3，前一周无服用抗疟药史。监督药物管理，对受试者进行临床随访，并在医院用玻片进行8天，然后在第14、21和28天作为门诊患者。共有413名受试者 (i-iv组分别为149、145、49和70名) 完成了研究。早期治疗失败 (经寄生虫学检查证实的第3天持续或恶化的临床表现) 仅发生在氯喹组中。RII和RIII寄生虫学失败分别发生在i-iv组的56%，12%，8% 和14% 中。与Q3 SP相比，氯喹的临床和寄生虫学失败明显更多，我们现在建议将其作为一线治疗的更好 (但远非理想) 选择。替代化合物显示出恶性疟原虫抗性的寄生虫证据。需要进一步研究以确定孟加拉国疟疾的最佳治疗方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antibacterial potential of essential oils and methanol extracts of sweet basil Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) was evaluated for controlling the growth range of food-borne pathogenic bacteria. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the leaves and stems were analyzed by GC-MS. Fifty-seven compounds representing 94.9 and 96.1% of the total leaf and stem oils, respectively, were identified, of which methyl chavicol (36.7 and 29.9%), gitoxigenin (9.3 and 10.2%), trimethoquinol (10.3 and 8.4%), beta-guaiene (3.7 and 4.1%), aciphyllene (3.4 and 3.0%), alizarin (3.2 and 4.4%), naphthaline (2.2 and 3.8%), (-)-caryophyllene (2.0 and 1.9%), and mequinol (1.6 and 1.8%) were the major compounds. The essential oils (10 microL/disc of 1:5, v/v dilution with methanol) and methanol extracts (300 microg/disc) of O. basilicum displayed a great potential of antibacterial activity against Bacillius cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, and Salmonella typhi with their respective zones of inhibition of 11.2-21.1 mm and MIC values of 62.5-500 microg/mL. The results of this study suggest that the natural products derived from O. basilicum may have potential use in the food and/or pharmaceutical industries as antimicrobial agents.

背景与目标： : 甜罗勒的精油和甲醇提取物的抗菌潜力。(唇形科) 用于控制食源性致病菌的生长范围。通过gc-ms分析通过加氢蒸馏从叶和茎中提取的精油。鉴定了分别代表总叶和茎油的94.9和96.1% 的57种化合物，其中甲基恰维酚 (36.7和29.9%)，gitoxigenin (9.3和10.2%)，trimethoquinol (10.3和8.4%)，β-愈创烯 (3.7和4.1%)，紫花烯 (3.4和3.0%)，茜素 (3.2和4.4%)，萘 (2.2和3.8%)，(-)-石竹烯 (2.0和1.9%) 和甲喹醇 (1.6和1.8%) 是主要化合物。青霉的精油 (10微升/盘1:5，甲醇稀释v/v) 和甲醇提取物 (300微克/盘) 对蜡状芽孢杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌，巨大芽孢杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，单核细胞增生李斯特菌，大肠杆菌，志贺氏菌，痢疾杆菌，副溶血性弧菌，拟态弧菌和伤寒沙门氏菌，其各自的11.2 21.1毫米抑制区和MIC值为62.5-500微克/毫升。这项研究的结果表明，源自O. basilicum的天然产物可能在食品和/或制药行业中用作抗菌剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Effects of adult deaths on subsequent health and socioeconomic well-being of rural families of Bangladesh were examined. Data for this study were drawn from the longitudinal Sample Registration System (SRS) operational in two rural areas of the then MCH-FP Extension Project (Rural) of ICDDR,B. In total, deaths of 327 married adults aged 15-59 years, during January 1983-December 1987, were reviewed. The families of the deceased were followed up for five years after death. Factors, such as survival status of children, educational status of children aged 6-12 years, and out-migration status among adolescents aged 12-20 years in those families, was observed and recorded. A control group of 3,350 families experiencing no adult deaths was also followed up for five years. The health and socioeconomic impacts on children in both the groups five years after death of the adult were compared. The findings of the study showed that negative impact was more pronounced among the children of poor families, and the female children were most severely affected. Death of a father or a mother was associated with a higher rate of out-migration (especially marriage) of adolescent daughters. An adult death was associated with a significantly higher mortality risk of children during the five years following death of the adult. These child-mortality risks were significantly higher when an adult female died, and when the index child was a female and/or aged less than five years at the time of death of an adult. The children, aged 6-12 years, in families where a parent had died were significantly more likely to be uneducated and out-of-school after the death of a father or a mother compared to the children in families where neither of the parents had died. This finding remained valid even after controlling for the educational status of the parents who died and of those who did not die. Since the study used a limited number of independent variables and since there is a need to understand the specific reasons why such significant differences occurred, it is recommended to conduct a more in-depth qualitative study to know more clearly the nature and mechanisms of the socioeconomic and health impacts of death of an adult on the family and the society.

背景与目标： 研究了成人死亡对孟加拉国农村家庭随后健康和社会经济福祉的影响。这项研究的数据来自当时ICDDR B的mch-fp扩展项目 (农村) 的两个农村地区运行的纵向样本登记系统 (SRS)。在1983年1月1987年12月中，总共审查了327名年龄在15-59岁之间的已婚成年人的死亡。死者家属在死后接受了五年的随访。观察并记录了这些因素，例如儿童的生存状况，6-12岁儿童的教育状况以及这些家庭中12-20岁青少年的外出迁移状况。还对3,350个未发生成人死亡的家庭组成的对照组进行了为期五年的随访。比较了成年人死亡五年后两组儿童的健康和社会经济影响。研究结果表明，贫困家庭的孩子受到的负面影响更为明显，而女童受到的影响最为严重。父亲或母亲的死亡与青春期女儿的迁出率 (尤其是婚姻) 较高有关。在成人死亡后的五年中，成人死亡与儿童的死亡风险显着增加有关。当成年女性死亡时，以及当成人死亡时，索引儿童是女性和/或年龄小于五岁时，这些儿童死亡风险明显更高。与父母都没有的家庭中的孩子相比，父母去世的家庭中的6-12岁的孩子在父亲或母亲去世后没有受过教育和失学的可能性要大得多。已经死了。即使在控制了去世的父母和未去世的父母的教育状况之后，这一发现仍然有效。由于该研究使用了有限数量的自变量，并且由于需要了解发生这种显着差异的具体原因，建议进行更深入的定性研究，以更清楚地了解成年人死亡对家庭和社会的社会经济和健康影响的性质和机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We assessed the relationship of fecal environmental contamination and environmental enteropathy. We compared markers of environmental enteropathy, parasite burden, and growth in 119 Bangladeshi children (≤ 48 months of age) across rural Bangladesh living in different levels of household environmental cleanliness defined by objective indicators of water quality and sanitary and hand-washing infrastructure. Adjusted for potential confounding characteristics, children from clean households had 0.54 SDs (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06, 1.01) higher height-for-age z scores (HAZs), 0.32 SDs (95% CI = -0.72, 0.08) lower lactulose:mannitol (L:M) ratios in urine, and 0.24 SDs (95% CI = -0.63, 0.16) lower immunoglobulin G endotoxin core antibody (IgG EndoCAb) titers than children from contaminated households. After adjusting for age and sex, a 1-unit increase in the ln L:M was associated with a 0.33 SDs decrease in HAZ (95% CI = -0.62, -0.05). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that environmental contamination causes growth faltering mediated through environmental enteropathy.

背景与目标： : 我们评估了粪便环境污染与环境肠病的关系。我们比较了孟加拉国农村地区119名孟加拉国儿童 (≤ 48个月) 的环境肠病，寄生虫负担和生长的标志物，这些儿童生活在不同水平的家庭环境清洁度中，这些指标由水质，卫生和洗手基础设施的客观指标定义。根据潜在的混杂特征调整后，来自清洁家庭的儿童有0.54 SDs (95% 置信区间 [CI] = 0.06，1.01) 较高的年龄身高z评分 (HAZs)，0.32 SDs (95% CI = -0.72，0.08) 较低的乳果糖: 甘露醇 (L:M) 尿液中的比率，并且0.24 SDs (95% CI = -0.63，0.16) 比受污染家庭的儿童低免疫球蛋白G内毒素核心抗体 (IgG EndoCAb) 滴度。调整年龄和性别后，ln L:M增加1个单位与HAZ SDs降低0.33相关 (95% CI = -0.62，-0.05)。这些结果与以下假设一致: 环境污染导致通过环境肠病介导的生长步履蹒跚。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Background:The prevalence of mental and physical comorbidities is unknown in South Asia, as estimates of mental ill health in patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have predominantly come from studies based in the United States, Europe and Australasia. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises evidence and provides pooled estimates of the prevalence of common mental disorders in adults with non-communicable diseases in South Asia. Methods:We included prevalence studies of depression and anxiety in adults with diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory conditions in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, published from 1990 onwards in international and country-specific databases. Results:Out of 96 included studies, 83 provided data for random effects meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of depression was 44% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 26 to 62) for patients with COPD, 40% (95% CI = 34 to 45) for diabetes, 39% (95% CI = 23 to 56) for stroke, 38% (95% CI = 32 to 45) for hypertension, and 37% (95% CI = 30 to 45) for cancer. The pooled prevalence of anxiety based on 28 studies was 29% (95% CI = 22 to 36). Many quality issues were identified in a critical appraisal of included studies, mostly relating to the sampling frame and selection process, the description of the methods and basic data, and the description of non-responders. Conclusions:Depression and anxiety are prevalent and underdiagnosed in people with physical comorbidities in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.

背景与目标：