• 【癌症模拟模型中吸烟和肥胖背景死亡率的推导。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0272989X12458725 复制DOI
    作者列表:Wang YC,Graubard BI,Rosenberg MA,Kuntz KM,Zauber AG,Kahle L,Schechter CB,Feuer EJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Simulation models designed to evaluate cancer prevention strategies make assumptions on background mortality-the competing risk of death from causes other than the cancer being studied. Researchers often use the U.S. life tables and assume homogeneous other-cause mortality rates. However, this can lead to bias because common risk factors such as smoking and obesity also predispose individuals for deaths from other causes such as cardiovascular disease. METHODS:We obtained calendar year-, age-, and sex-specific other-cause mortality rates by removing deaths due to a specific cancer from U.S. all-cause life tables. Prevalence across 12 risk factor groups (3 smoking [never, past, and current smoker] and 4 body mass index [BMI] categories [<25, 25-30, 30-35, 35+ kg/m(2)]) were estimated from national surveys (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys [NHANES] 1971-2004). Using NHANES linked mortality data, we estimated hazard ratios for death by BMI/smoking using a Poisson regression model. Finally, we combined these results to create 12 sets of BMI and smoking-specific other-cause life tables for U.S. adults aged 40 years and older that can be used in simulation models of lung, colorectal, or breast cancer. RESULTS:We found substantial differences in background mortality when accounting for BMI and smoking. Ignoring the heterogeneity in background mortality in cancer simulation models can lead to underestimation of competing risk of deaths for higher-risk individuals (e.g., male, 60-year old, white obese smokers) by as high as 45%. CONCLUSION:Not properly accounting for competing risks of death may introduce bias when using simulation modeling to evaluate population health strategies for prevention, screening, or treatment. Further research is warranted on how these biases may affect cancer-screening strategies targeted at high-risk individuals.
    背景与目标:
  • 【胎盘脐带血输血: 一种治疗贫血背景下糖尿病和微量白蛋白尿患者的新方法。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bhattacharya N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diabetes mellitus is the commonest endocrine disease in all populations and all age groups. It is a syndrome of disturbed intermediary metabolism caused by inadequate insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, or both. Anemia is a common accompaniment of diabetes, particularly in those with albuminuria justifying tubulointestitial injury or reduced renal function. There are other additional factors present in diabetes, which may contribute to the development of an increased risk of anemia. Cord blood, because of its rich mix of fetal and adult hemoglobin, high platelet and WBC counts, hypo-antigenic nature, altered metabolic profile and high affinity for oxygen, may be an ideal choice for cases of diabetes with severe anemia necessitating blood transfusion. This article presents my team's experience with 78 units of placental umbilical cord whole blood (from 1 April 1999 to April 2005), collected after lower uterine cesarean section (LUCS) from consenting mothers (56 ml-138, ml mean 82 ml +/- 5.6 ml SD, median 84 ml, mean packed cell volume 49.7 +/- 4.2 SD, mean percent hemoglobin concentration 16.6 g/dl +/- 1.5 g/dl SD) and transfused to diabetes patients with microalbuminuria and severe anemia necessitating transfusion. After collection, the blood was transfused, in most cases immediately after completion of the essential norms of transfusion. In rare cases, it was kept in the refrigerator and transfused within 72 hours of collection to a suitable recipient. For inclusion in this study, the patient's percent plasma hemoglobin had to be 8 g/dl or less (the pretransfusion hemoglobin in this series varied from 5.2 g/dl to 7.8 g/dl) in the background of type two diabetes (fasting sugar 200 mg or more), along with features of microalbuminuria (albumin excretion 30-299 mg/g creatinine). This study included 39 informed consenting patients (22 males + 17 females, aged 48-74 yrs, mean 59.6 yrs). The patients were randomized into two groups: Group A (control cases N = 15, males = 8 and females = 7) and Group B (study group N = 24, males = 14 and females = 10). In Group A the rise of hemoglobin (Hgb) after two units of adult blood transfusion was 1.5 to 1.8 g/dl, as seen after a 72-hour blood sample assessment. The rise of Hgb as noted after 72 hours of two units of freshly collected cord blood transfusion was .6 g/dl to 1.5 g/dl. Each patient received two of four units of freshly collected cord blood transfusion (two units at a time), depending on availability and compatibility. Microalbuminuria was assessed in both groups after one month of treatment with transfusion and other identical support. The mean result was 152 +/- 18 m SD of albumin per gram of creatinine excreted through 24-hour urine (pre-transfusion mean excretion was 189 +/- 16 mg) in Group A and 103 +/- 16 mg SD of albumin excretion per gram of creatinine in 24-hour excretion of urine in Group B (pretransfusion mean excretion was 193 +/- 21 mg). Univariate analysis using Fisher's exact test was performed for the results of Groups A and B. The difference between Group A and B values and its comparison with the pre-transfusion microalbuminuria appeared to be statistically significant (p < less than .003). We have not encountered any clinical, immunological or non-immunological reaction so far in either group. Fetomaternal cell traffic has been implicated as the cause of scleroderma in mothers delivering male babies. In the present series, we did not see any such rare and unusual complication due to neonatal blood transfusion in the adult system in Group B patients in the six years from the initiation of the study.
    背景与目标: : 糖尿病是所有人群和所有年龄组中最常见的内分泌疾病。它是由胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素作用受损或两者同时引起的中间代谢紊乱综合征。贫血是糖尿病的常见伴随,尤其是在那些蛋白尿证明肾小管损伤或肾功能降低的患者中。糖尿病中还有其他其他因素,可能会导致贫血风险增加。脐带血由于其丰富的胎儿和成人血红蛋白,高血小板和WBC计数,低抗原性,改变的代谢特征和对氧气的高亲和力,可能是糖尿病严重贫血需要输血的理想选择。本文介绍了我的团队对78单位胎盘脐带全血 (从1999年4月1日到2005年4月) 的经验,这些血液是在下子宫剖宫产 (LUCS) 后从同意的母亲 (56毫升-138,ml平均82毫升/-5.6毫升SD,中位数84毫升,平均包装细胞体积49.7 +/- 4.2 SD,平均血红蛋白浓度百分比16.6g/dl +/- 1.5g/dl SD),并被输血给患有微量白蛋白尿和需要输血的严重贫血的糖尿病患者。收集后,在大多数情况下,在完成基本输血规范后立即输血。在极少数情况下,将其保存在冰箱中,并在收集后72小时内输注给合适的接收者。为了纳入这项研究,在2型糖尿病 (空腹血糖200毫克或更多) 的背景下,患者的血浆血红蛋白百分比必须为8g/dl或更少 (本系列中的输血前血红蛋白从5.2g/dl到7.8g/dl不等),以及微量白蛋白尿 (白蛋白排泄30-299 mg/g肌酐) 的特征。这项研究包括39名知情同意的患者 (22名男性17名女性,年龄48-74岁,平均59.6岁)。将患者随机分为两组: A组 (对照组N = 15,男性 = 8,女性 = 7) 和B组 (研究组N = 24,男性 = 14,女性 = 10)。在A组中,两个单位的成人输血后血红蛋白 (Hgb) 的升高1.5为1.8g/dl,如在72小时的血液样本评估后所见。在两单位新鲜收集的脐带血输血72小时后,Hgb的升高为0.6g/dl至1.5g/dl。根据可用性和兼容性,每位患者接受四个单位的新鲜脐带血输血中的两个 (一次两个单位)。在接受输血和其他相同支持治疗一个月后,两组均评估了微量白蛋白尿。A组的平均结果是每克通过24小时尿液排泄的肌酐中白蛋白152 +/- 18 m SD (输血前平均排泄为189 +/- 16 mg),每克肌酐中白蛋白排泄103 +/- 16 mg SD在24小时排泄中B组的尿液 (输血前平均排泄为193 +/- 21 mg)。对A组和B组的结果进行了使用Fisher精确检验的单变量分析。A组和B组之间的差异及其与输血前微量白蛋白尿的比较似乎具有统计学意义 (p <小于.003)。到目前为止,我们在任何一组中都没有遇到任何临床,免疫学或非免疫学反应。胎儿的细胞流量被认为是分娩男婴的母亲中硬皮病的原因。在本系列研究中,在研究开始后的六年中,由于B组患者的成人系统中新生儿输血,我们没有发现任何这种罕见和异常的并发症。
  • 【音乐背景对发音障碍判断的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.04.008 复制DOI
    作者列表:Eadie TL,Van Boven L,Stubbs K,Giannini E
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of musical background on both pitch discrimination abilities and the reliability of judging voice quality in dysphonic speakers, and to determine the relationship between pitch discrimination abilities and the reliability of voice quality judgments. Twenty musicians and 20 nonmusicians performed pitch discrimination tests. They also made judgments of dysphonic vowels and speech samples for breathiness and roughness using 100-mm visual analog scales. Musicians demonstrated significantly smaller pitch discrimination thresholds than nonmusicians. For measures of intrarater agreement, musicians were significantly more consistent than nonmusicians for judgments of breathiness in both vowels and speech produced by dysphonic speakers. Musicians also showed significantly better interrater agreement for judgments of breathiness in vowels. Weak to moderate relationships were found between pitch discrimination abilities and agreement values for voice quality judgments. Results suggest that musical background may affect a listener's reliability in making judgments of dysphonia, particularly for judgments of breathiness. However, simple pitch discrimination skills of pure tones do not explain these differences. More complex stimuli should be used in future investigations to help determine the nature of underlying differences.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究的目的是确定音乐背景对音高辨别能力和判断语音质量的可靠性的影响,并确定音高辨别能力与语音质量判断可靠性之间的关系。20位音乐家和20位非音乐家进行了音高辨别测试。他们还使用100毫米视觉模拟标度来判断呼吸困难的元音和语音样本的呼吸和粗糙度。音乐家表现出比非音乐家小得多的音高辨别阈值。对于内部协议的衡量标准,音乐家在语音发音者产生的元音和语音的呼吸判断方面比非音乐家更加一致。音乐家在判断元音的呼吸方面也表现出更好的内部一致性。在音高辨别能力和语音质量判断的一致性值之间发现了弱到中等的关系。结果表明,音乐背景可能会影响听众对发声障碍的判断的可靠性,尤其是对呼吸的判断。但是,纯音的简单音高辨别技巧并不能解释这些差异。在未来的研究中应使用更复杂的刺激来帮助确定潜在差异的性质。
  • 【VEGF,Ang-1,Ang-2和MMP-9对具有乙型肝炎病毒背景的肝细胞癌的血管生成和预后意义。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s12032-008-9130-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Chen ZB,Shen SQ,Ding YM,Wang WX,Tao JP,Liang LJ,Hu WJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to investigate the expressions of angiogenic factors and elucidate their angiogenic and prognostic roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with background of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We evaluated microvessel density (MVD) of HCC, and investigated immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) in 67 specimens of surgically resected HCC, which were all positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. We investigated the relationship between their expressions and clinicopathological factors or prognosis. The microvessel density (MVD) of tumor tissue and surrounding normal liver tissue was 93.1 +/- 43.8/mm2 and 30.4 +/- 14.8/mm2, respectively. The MVD of well-differentiated HCC was significantly less than that of poorly differentiated HCC. MVD was positively correlated with VEGF and Ang-2 expression (P = 0.0023 and 0.0265, respectively). There was less tumor recurrence in low Ang-2 and low MMP-9 group than high Ang-2 and/or high MMP-9 group (P = 0.002). In Cox regression model, portal vein thrombus and intrahepatic metastasis was the risk factors of tumor recurrence (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Our study showed that the expression of VEGF and Ang-2 were positively correlated with MVD. Ang-2 expression and/or MMP-9 expression might be a significant predictive factor for recurrence after resection in HCC patients with the background of HBV.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究的目的是研究血管生成因子的表达,并阐明其在具有乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 背景的肝细胞癌 (HCC) 中的血管生成和预后作用。我们评估了HCC的微血管密度 (MVD),并在67例手术切除的HCC标本中研究了血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF),血管生成素 (Ang-1和Ang-2) 和基质metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) 的免疫组织化学表达。乙肝表面抗原。我们调查了它们的表达与临床病理因素或预后之间的关系。肿瘤组织和周围正常肝组织的微血管密度 (MVD) 分别为93.1 +/- 43.8/mm2和30.4 +/- 14.8/mm2。高分化HCC的MVD明显小于低分化HCC。MVD与VEGF和Ang-2表达呈正相关 (分别为P = 0.0023和0.0265)。低Ang-2和低MMP-9组的肿瘤复发率低于高Ang-2和/或高MMP-9组 (P = 0.002)。在Cox回归模型中,门静脉血栓和肝内转移是肿瘤复发的危险因素 (分别为P = 0.003和0.001)。我们的研究表明,VEGF和Ang-2的表达与MVD呈正相关。Ang-2表达和/或MMP-9表达可能是HBV背景的HCC患者切除后复发的重要预测因素。
  • 【评估孕早期生长: 种族背景和产妇年龄的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/humrep/den389 复制DOI
    作者列表:Bottomley C,Daemen A,Mukri F,Papageorghiou AT,Kirk E,Pexsters A,De Moor B,Timmerman D,Bourne T
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:First trimester growth restriction may predict miscarriage or adverse outcome later in the pregnancy, but determinants of early growth are not well described. Our objective was to examine factors influencing fetal and gestational sac size in the first trimester. METHODS:Prospective observational study of 1828 singleton pregnancies before 12 weeks gestation. Maternal characteristics (ethnicity, maternal age, obstetric history, abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding), crown rump length (CRL) and mean gestational sac diameter (MSD) were recorded. A stepwise linear mixed effects analysis was performed to determine factors influencing rate of change in CRL and MSD. RESULTS:1063 scans, in 464 women, were included. Rate of increase in CRL was higher in women of black ethnic origin (P = 0.0261) compared with white, and increased with advancing maternal age (P = 0.0046). Maternal age also influenced MSD: older women had gestational sacs which were 0.118 mm larger for each one year increase in maternal age (P = 0.0073). Bleeding, pain and prior obstetric history did not influence CRL or MSD. CONCLUSIONS:Rate of increase in CRL was greater in fetuses of black versus white women and increased with advancing maternal age. As CRL is used to date pregnancies, and this influences further growth assessment, consideration should be given to the use of individualized growth charts which take account of maternal factors found to influence first trimester growth.
    背景与目标:
  • 【健康年轻人脑电图背景活动和 α 节律的缩放和组织。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00422-006-0094-4 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lin DC,Sharif A,Kwan HC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coexistence of the broad-band fluctuation and alpha rhythm of the brain dynamics is studied based on the zero-crossing property of the local electroencephalographic (EEG) recording in eyes closed and eyes open. A two-component zero-crossing scenario, consisting of a broad-band fractal and narrow-band rhythm components, is assumed. Scaling is found in the power law distribution p(tau) approximately tau(-nu) of the crossing time interval tau of the broad-band fluctuation. In alpha dominant brain state, the alpha rhythm interval L also exhibits scaling in the form of power law distribution: p(L) approximately L(phi). Our main result is the relationship nu + phi approximately 3 that characterizes the organization of these two prominent features of the brain dynamics. The possible role of self-organized criticality of punctuated equilibrium in this organization is discussed.
    背景与目标: : 基于闭眼和睁眼局部脑电图 (EEG) 记录的零交叉特性,研究了大脑动力学的宽带波动和 α 节律的共存。假设由宽带分形和窄带节奏分量组成的两分量过零方案。在宽带波动的交叉时间间隔tau的幂律分布p(tau) 中发现了约tau(-nu) 的缩放。在 α 显性大脑状态下,α 节律间隔L还表现出幂律分布形式的缩放: p(L) 近似L(phi)。我们的主要结果是nu phi大约3的关系,该关系表征了大脑动力学这两个突出特征的组织。讨论了点状平衡的自组织临界性在该组织中的可能作用。
  • 【遗传背景影响PMD/spg2的rumpshaker模型中的UPR,但不影响PLP处理。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s11064-006-9122-y 复制DOI
    作者列表:McLaughlin M,Karim SA,Montague P,Barrie JA,Kirkham D,Griffiths IR,Edgar JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mutations of the proteolipid protein gene (PLP1) cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and Spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2). The rumpshaker mutation is associated with mild forms of PMD or SPG2 in man and the identical mutation occurs in mice, the phenotype depending on genetic background. The mild phenotype in C3H mice becomes a lethal disease when expressed on the C57BL/6 background. rumpshaker PLP is synthesised at a similar rate to wild type but is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. We show that the rates of synthesis, degradation and myelin incorporation of PLP/DM20 are similar in mutants on both backgrounds and therefore differences in PLP processing are unlikely to be the basis of the phenotypic variation. An unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated in rumpshaker. Whereas activation of CHOP correlates with phenotypic severity, we find no difference in the response of BiP and X-box protein1 (Xbp1) between the two strains.
    背景与目标: 蛋白脂蛋白基因 (PLP1) 的突变导致Pelizaeus-Merzbacher病 (PMD) 和2型痉挛性截瘫 (SPG2)。rumpshaker突变与人类轻度形式的PMD或SPG2相关,并且相同的突变发生在小鼠中,其表型取决于遗传背景。当在C57BL/6背景上表达时,C3H小鼠的轻度表型成为致命疾病。rumpshaker PLP的合成速度与野生型相似,但被蛋白酶体迅速降解。我们表明,在两种背景下,PLP/DM20的突变体的合成,降解和髓鞘掺入速率相似,因此PLP加工的差异不太可能成为表型变异的基础。未折叠的蛋白质反应 (UPR) 在rumpshaker中被激活。尽管CHOP的激活与表型严重程度相关,但我们发现两个菌株之间BiP和X-box蛋白1 (Xbp1) 的反应没有差异。
  • 【心脏起搏中的竞争振荡器: 历史背景。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.218875 复制DOI
    作者列表:Noble D,Noble PJ,Fink M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Interaction between a membrane oscillator generated by voltage-dependent ion channels and an intracellular calcium signal oscillator was present in the earliest models (1984 to 1985) using representations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Oscillatory release of calcium is inherent in the calcium-induced calcium release process. Those historical results fully support the synthesis proposed in the articles in this review series. The oscillator mechanisms do not primarily compete with each; they entrain each other. However, there is some asymmetry: the membrane oscillator can continue indefinitely in the absence of the calcium oscillator. The reverse seems to be true only in pathological conditions. Studies from tissue-level work and on the development of the heart also provide valuable insights into the integrative action of the cardiac pacemaker.
    背景与目标: : 由电压依赖性离子通道产生的膜振荡器与细胞内钙信号振荡器之间的相互作用存在于最早的模型 (1984 1985年) 中,使用肌浆网表示。钙的振荡释放是钙诱导的钙释放过程中固有的。这些历史结果完全支持本综述系列文章中提出的综合建议。振荡器机制并不主要与它们竞争; 它们相互夹带。但是,存在一些不对称性: 在没有钙振荡器的情况下,膜振荡器可以无限期地持续。相反的情况似乎只有在病理条件下才是正确的。来自组织水平工作和心脏发育的研究也为心脏起搏器的综合作用提供了有价值的见解。
  • 【西西里人神经系统疾病的门到门患病率调查。背景和方法。西西里神经流行病学调查 (SNES) 组。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1159/000110250 复制DOI
    作者列表:Meneghini F,Rocca WA,Grigoletto F,Morgante L,Reggio A,Savettieri G,Di Perri R,Anderson DW
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In three municipalities of Sicily, a prevalence survey of major neurological diseases was conducted door-to-door using screening and examination to find cases. This was the first large-scale neuroepidemiologic survey of that type undertaken in Italy: 24,496 persons were screened yielding 1,538 positives, of whom 1,408 were examined directly by neurologists and 110 were evaluated on the basis of existing medical documentation. In the article, we provide (1) a description of the population investigated and the survey methods employed; (2) details of the cooperation and the attrition experienced in the survey; and (3) age and sex tallies for the study population, including some on education level and occupation.
    背景与目标: : 在西西里岛的三个城市,通过筛查和检查发现病例,挨家挨户进行了主要神经系统疾病的患病率调查。这是意大利首次进行的大规模神经流行病学调查: 对24,496人进行了筛查,结果呈1,538阳性,其中1,408人由神经科医生直接检查,110人根据现有医学文献进行了评估。在本文中,我们提供 (1) 对所调查的人群和所采用的调查方法的描述; (2) 调查中经历的合作和减员的详细信息; (3) 研究人群的年龄和性别统计,包括一些教育水平和职业。
  • 【斯里兰卡矿砂开采工厂附近的背景辐射水平: 辐射测量与微核频率的相关性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1093/rpd/ncaa022 复制DOI
    作者列表:Warnakulasuriya T,Williams S,Weerakkody T,Dabarera M,Rodrigo K,Waduge VA,Ediriweera D,Siriwardena N,Wickremasinghe R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Lanka Mineral Sands Ltd (LMS) is a company operating in Pulmoddai, Sri Lanka, mining for rare earth minerals along with monazite which contains thorium that emits ionizing gamma and alpha radiation on decay. The objective of the study was to determine the background radiation levels and selected radionuclides and then to correlate these levels with the frequency of micronuclei (MN) among persons residing in the vicinity of LMS. A cross-sectional study was conducted among persons of both sexes between 35 and 45 years of age residing in the vicinity of LMS. Background radiation measurements were obtained by a survey metre, and gamma spectrometry was done on soil samples. Five millilitres of venous blood was drawn for cytokinesis-blocked MN assay. Background radiation levels measured by the survey metre; 232Th, 226Ra and 210Pb mass activities in soil were highest in the samples collected from the LMS. The background radiation measurements positively correlated with MN frequency although the magnitude of the correlation was small (r = 0.176, p = 0.04). This implies that chronic long-term exposure to low-dose radiation may result in genotoxicity. Prospective large-scale studies are recommended to evaluate the long-term effect of exposure to low-dose radiation at Pulmoddai.
    背景与目标: : Lanka Mineral Sands Ltd (LMS) 是一家在斯里兰卡普尔莫代 (Pulmoddai) 运营的公司,开采稀土矿物以及独独子石,独子石中含有th,在衰变时会发出电离的伽马和 α 辐射。该研究的目的是确定背景辐射水平和选定的放射性核素,然后将这些水平与居住在LMS附近的人的微核 (MN) 频率相关联。对居住在LMS附近的35至45岁之间的男女进行了横断面研究。通过测量仪获得背景辐射测量,并对土壤样品进行伽马能谱。抽取5毫升静脉血用于胞质分裂阻断MN测定。通过调查米测量的背景辐射水平; 在从LMS收集的样品中,土壤中的232Th、226Ra和210Pb群众活动最高。背景辐射测量值与MN频率呈正相关,尽管相关性的幅度很小 (r = 0.176,p = 0.04)。这意味着长期长期暴露于低剂量辐射可能会导致遗传毒性。建议进行前瞻性大规模研究,以评估在Pulmoddai暴露于低剂量辐射的长期影响。
  • 【背景噪声中出现了感音神经性听力损失的时间编码减少。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/nn.3216 复制DOI
    作者列表:Henry KS,Heinz MG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Behavioral studies in humans suggest that sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) decreases sensitivity to the temporal structure of sound, but neurophysiological studies in mammals provide little evidence for diminished temporal coding. We found that SNHL in chinchillas degraded peripheral temporal coding in background noise substantially more than in quiet. These results resolve discrepancies between previous studies and help to explain why perceptual difficulties in hearing-impaired listeners often emerge in noisy situations.
    背景与目标: : 人类的行为研究表明,感音神经性听力损失 (SNHL) 降低了对声音的时间结构的敏感性,但是哺乳动物的神经生理学研究几乎没有提供减少时间编码的证据。我们发现,龙猫中的SNHL在背景噪声中降低了外围时间编码,而在安静中却大大降低了。这些结果解决了先前研究之间的差异,并有助于解释为什么听力受损的听众在嘈杂的情况下经常出现知觉困难。
  • 【挪威有移民背景的女性门诊心理保健服务的使用: 一项国家注册研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1186/s12913-019-4788-4 复制DOI
    作者列表:Straiton M,Corbett K,Hollander AC,Hauge LJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Studies show that migrant women are at greater risk of common mental disorders than the majority population, yet underrepresented in healthcare services. This study investigates the use of outpatient mental healthcare services over a five-year period among migrant and descendant women compared to majority women in Norway. METHODS:Using linked national registry data, we selected all women resident in Norway between 2009 and 2013 (N = 1,834,822). We conducted generalised estimated equations with logistic regression to assess if the odds of using outpatient mental healthcare services differed for migrant and descendant women compared to majority women. We also conducted generalised estimated equations with negative binomial regression to calculate consultation incidence rate ratios for migrant and descendant women relative to majority women among those with a common mental disorder. RESULTS:Both migrant and descendant women had lower odds (OR = 0.47 and OR = 0.60 respectively) of using outpatient mental healthcare services than majority women. Odds of using services increased with length of residency. We also found significant variation by country of origin. Among women with common mental disorders who had used services, migrants, but not descendants, had a lower consultation rate ratio than majority women. Analyses by region of origin revealed that this did not apply to women from EU European countries, North America and Australia and New Zealand. CONCLUSION:Women with migrant background are, overall, underrepresented in OPMH services. Findings indicate that migrant women may not only experience barriers to seeking and accessing care but also in maintaining access to care. This may especially be the case for newly arrived migrant women and women from non-Western countries. Treatment may not be culturally adapted for these groups. Closer investigation of the barriers migrant women experience after using OPMH services is required.
    背景与目标:
  • 【“改善来自文化和语言多样性 (CALD) 背景的儿童获得幼儿发展监测的机会”。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.5334/ijic.4696 复制DOI
    作者列表:Edwards K,Rimes T,Smith R,Fernandez R,Stephenson L,Son J,Sarkozy V,Perkins D,Eapen V,Woolfenden S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Introduction:Developmental vulnerabilities in pre-school aged children from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds with low English proficiency are less likely to be identified through universal developmental surveillance. Barriers include low parental health literacy and low rates of attendance to mainstream child and family health services. Late detection of developmental vulnerabilities can have lifelong impacts on life trajectory. Method:Integrated outreach early childhood developmental surveillance was trialled in South East Sydney by local health services with non-government organisations (NGO) delivering early childhood education and support. NGO staff were trained in Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), a validated developmental screening tool to explore parental/carer and provider concerns [1]. Families with children identified with developmental concerns by NGO staff were referred to co-located or visiting Child and Family Health Nurses (CFHN), community child health, speech pathology or developmental services for developmental screening, assessment and/or care planning. Results:Integrated health and NGO services improved access to developmental surveillance for CALD families in a non-threatening environment enabled by co-locating CFHN, or through visits by paediatric medical/speech pathology staff to participating playgroups. Conclusions and discussion:Integration supported vulnerable families from CALD backgrounds to access developmental surveillance through child and family health services but required flexibility and adjustments by all involved.
    背景与目标:
  • 【体外评估人类背景微生物群对双歧杆菌菌株和低聚果糖反应的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S0007114513001487 复制DOI
    作者列表:Arboleya S,Salazar N,Solís G,Fernández N,Gueimonde M,de los Reyes-Gavilán CG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The microbial colonisation of the infant gut begins immediately after birth and is essential for the development of the intestine, the immune system and later well-being. Important differences have been reported in the characteristics of such microbiota in different infant population groups. In the present study, we employed an in vitro faecal batch culture model using faeces from different human population groups (adults and full-term breast-fed, full-term formula-fed and preterm infants) to determine the influence that the addition of four bifidobacterial strains and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) exerts on the profile of SCFA measured by GC as well as on the levels of some relevant intestinal microbial groups by quantitative PCR during incubation. Differences were found in the levels of SCFA and intestinal microbial groups in the faecal cultures depending on the human group origin of the faecal samples (P< 0·05), this being a predominant factor, compared with bifidobacteria or FOS added, in determining microbiota dynamics. These results exhibit the importance of the initial characteristics of the basal intestinal microbiota in the effect exerted by bifidobacteria or FOS that are added and highlight the need to design probiotics targeting specific human population groups.
    背景与目标: : 婴儿肠道的微生物定植在出生后立即开始,对于肠道,免疫系统和以后的健康至关重要。据报道,不同婴儿群体中这种微生物群的特征存在重要差异。在本研究中,我们使用了来自不同人群 (成人和足月母乳喂养,足月配方奶粉喂养和早产儿),以确定四种双歧杆菌菌株和低聚果糖 (FOS) 的添加对GC测量的SCFA概况以及某些相关肠道微生物水平的影响在孵育过程中通过定量PCR。粪便培养物中SCFA和肠道微生物组的水平存在差异,这取决于粪便样品的人类组起源 (P< 0·05),与添加双歧杆菌或FOS相比,这是确定微生物组群动态的主要因素。这些结果显示了基础肠道菌群的初始特征在添加的双歧杆菌或FOS所发挥的作用中的重要性,并强调了设计针对特定人群的益生菌的必要性。
  • 【[IgE和淋巴瘤样丘疹病 (b型) 水平升高作为高分化淋巴细胞b细胞淋巴瘤的背景]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0014-2565(07)73341-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mata Vázquez MI,Fernández Canedo I,Fúnez Liébana R,Poveda Gómez F
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2
    背景与目标: -2

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