BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Submitochondrial particles prepared from rat liver during hepatic regeneration exhibit a depressed ATPase activity which is correlated with a decrease in F1 subunit content as shown by SDS-PAGE. Use of an antibody directed against the F1 portion of the H+-ATPase complex demonstrated that there is a definite decrease in the amount of beta-subunit of F1 in both submitochondrial particles and mitochondria from rat liver 24 h after partial hepatectomy.

背景与目标： : 在肝再生过程中从大鼠肝脏制备的亚线粒体颗粒表现出降低的ATPase活性，这与F1亚基含量的降低有关，如sdds-PAGE所示。使用针对H-ATPase复合物的F1部分的抗体表明，部分肝切除术后24小时，大鼠肝脏的线粒体颗粒和线粒体中F1的 β 亚基数量均明显减少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Trabecular bone strength diminishes as a result of osteoporosis and altered biomechanical loading at the vertebral and spinal levels. The spine consists of the anterior, middle and posterior columns and the load supported by the anterior and middle columns will differ across different regions of the spine. Stress shielding of the anterior column can contribute to bone loss and increase the risk of wedge fracture. There is a lack of quantitative data related to regional spinal bone mineral density distribution over time. We hypothesize that there is an increase in the posterior-to-anterior vertebral body bone mineral density ratio and a decrease in whole-body bone mineral density over time. METHODS:Bone mineral density was measured in 33 subjects using quantitative computed tomography scans for L1-L3 vertebrae, region (anterior and posterior vertebral body), and time (baseline and 6 years after). FINDINGS:Lumbar bone mineral density decreased significantly (Δ: ~15%) from baseline to the 6th year visit. Individual vertebra differences over time (L1: ~14%, L2: ~14%, L3: ~17%) showed statistical significance. Anterior bone mineral density change was significantly greater than in the posterior vertebral body region (Δ anterior: ~18%; Δ posterior: ~13%). Posterior-to-anterior bone mineral density ratio was significantly greater in the 6th year compared to baseline values (mean (SD), 1.33 (0.2) vs. 1.23 (0.1)). INTERPRETATION:This study provides longitudinal quantitative measurement of bone mineral density in vertebrae as well as regional changes in the anterior and posterior regions. Understanding bone mineral density distribution over time may help to decrease the risk of wedge fractures if interventions can be developed to bring spine loading to its normal state.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive study of 38 demented patients and 15 control subjects, 11 of 27 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 8 of 11 patients with vascular dementia had significant periventricular hyperintensities. Memory and language testing in the early investigation of dementia is useful to distinguish patients with or without periventricular hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients without periventricular hyperintensities are worse on memory and conceptualization tests than patients with periventricular hyperintensities, who tend to be worse on comprehension and attention tests. These differences in cognitive pattern are present between patients with different pathogenesis who are otherwise matched for dementia severity. Language and some nonverbal cognitive deficits correlate with the extent of cortical and ventricular atrophy in Alzheimer's disease.

背景与目标： : 在对38名痴呆患者和15名对照受试者的前瞻性磁共振成像和认知研究中，27例阿尔茨海默氏病患者中的11例和11例血管性痴呆患者中的8例具有明显的脑室周围高信号。在痴呆症的早期研究中进行记忆和语言测试可用于在磁共振成像上区分有无脑室周围高信号的患者。没有脑室周围高强度的患者在记忆和概念化测试上比脑室周围高强度的患者更差，后者在理解和注意力测试上往往更差。这些认知模式的差异存在于具有不同发病机理的患者之间，这些患者在痴呆严重程度上是匹配的。语言和某些非语言认知缺陷与阿尔茨海默氏病的皮质和心室萎缩程度相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To our knowledge, the relationship between gallbladder volume and cystic duct function has not been studied. We hypothesized that changes in gallbladder volume would influence cystic duct resistance. The effect of gallbladder volume changes on cystic duct resistance to both prograde (emptying) and retrograde (filling) steady-state flow was tested in 12 dogs under basal cholecystokinin-stimulated conditions utilizing a multiport catheter with a highly compliant balloon placed within the gallbladder fundus. Gallbladder volume was regulated by varying balloon volume from empty to just beyond physiologic distention. Cystic duct resistance was not affected by balloon volume under basal or stimulated conditions or by the direction of perfusate flow. This study demonstrated no relationship between gallbladder volume and cystic duct resistance and did not demonstrate a cystic duct sphincter mechanism at physiologic gallbladder volumes.

背景与目标： : 据我们所知，胆囊体积与胆囊管功能之间的关系尚未得到研究。我们假设胆囊体积的变化会影响胆囊管阻力。在12只狗中，在基础胆囊收缩素刺激的条件下，使用多端口导管在胆囊内放置了高度顺应性球囊，测试了胆囊体积变化对胆囊管对顺行 (排空) 和逆行 (充盈) 稳态血流的阻力的影响。胆囊底。胆囊体积通过改变从空的球囊体积到超出生理扩张来调节。在基础或刺激条件下，囊管阻力不受球囊体积或灌注液流动方向的影响。这项研究表明胆囊体积与胆囊管阻力之间没有关系，也没有显示生理性胆囊体积的胆囊管括约肌机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, several electrocardiogram (ECG)-derived indices corresponding to both ventricular depolarization and repolarization were evaluated during acute myocardial ischemia in an experimental model of myocardial infarction produced by 40 min coronary balloon inflation in 13 pigs. Significant changes were rapidly observed from minute 4 after the start of coronary occlusion, achieving their maximum values between 11 and 22 min for depolarization and between 9 and 12 min for repolarization indices, respectively. Subsequently, these maximum changes started to decrease during the latter part of the occlusion. Depolarization changes associated with the second half of the QRS complex showed a significant but inverse correlation with the myocardium at risk (MaR) estimated by scintigraphic images. The correlation between MaR and changes of the downward slope of the QRS complex, [Formula: see text], evaluated at the two more relevant peaks observed during the occlusion, was r = -0.75, p < 0.01 and r = -0.79, p < 0.01 for the positive and negative deflections observed in [Formula: see text], temporal evolution, respectively. Repolarization changes, analyzed by evaluation of ST segment elevation at the main observed positive peak, also showed negative, however non-significant correlation with MaR: r = -0.34, p = 0.28. Our results suggest that changes evaluated in the latter part of the depolarization, such as those described by [Formula: see text], which are influenced by R-wave amplitude, QRS width and ST level variations simultaneously, correlate better with the amount of ischemia than other indices evaluated in the earlier part of depolarization or during the ST segment.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，在13头猪的40分钟冠状动脉球囊充气产生的心肌梗死实验模型中，评估了急性心肌缺血期间对应于心室去极化和复极化的几种心电图 (ECG) 衍生指标。从冠状动脉闭塞开始后的第4分钟开始迅速观察到显着变化，分别在去极化11至22分钟和复极化指数9至12分钟之间达到最大值。随后，在闭塞的后期，这些最大变化开始减少。与QRS复合物的后半部分相关的去极化变化与闪烁显像估计的危险心肌 (MaR) 呈显着但呈负相关。在闭塞期间观察到的两个更相关的峰处评估的MaR与QRS复合体向下斜率的变化之间的相关性为r = -0.75，p <0.01和r = -0.79，对于在 [公式: 参见文本] 中观察到的正偏转和负偏转，分别为p <0.01。通过评估主要观察到的正峰处的ST段抬高来分析复极化变化，也显示出负的，但与MaR无关: r = -0.34，p = 0.28。我们的结果表明，在去极化的后半部分评估的变化，例如 [公式: 参见文本] 所描述的变化，同时受到R波振幅，QRS宽度和ST电平变化的影响，与在去极化早期或ST段期间评估的其他指标相比，与缺血量的相关性更好。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :

Background: Despite public education efforts, many people at risk for skin cancer do not practice safe sun behaviors.

Objective: To determine whether machine-based evaluation of UV-induced alterations (VISIA scan) changes self-assessment of facial photoaging, skin cancer risk, and willingness to improve sun protective habits. In addition, to determine whether VISIA scan analysis reveals differences between those with versus without a history of skin cancer, men versus women, those older than 50 versus less than 50 years of age, and Fitzpatrick skin types I-III versus IV-VI.

Methods: Volunteers attending a health expo were recruited and queried about their perceived risk of skin cancer and degree of skin photoaging. All participants underwent facial skin quality analysis of both sides of the face, and then completed a follow-up survey.

Results: Participants' scored self-perceptions of overall skin aging were all statistically significantly worse after VISIA scan analysis. There was no change in perceived skin cancer risk, but most participants expressed intent to improve their sun protection habits.

Limitations: Limitations to this study include selection bias, recall-misclassification bias, and social desirability bias.

Conclusion: Intervention with facial skin analysis can positively affect subjects' stated intent to use sun protection, indicating the importance of appearance in these health decisions.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(5):453-459.

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背景与目标： :

背景: 尽管进行了公共教育，但许多有患皮肤癌风险的人并未实践安全的阳光行为。

目的: 确定基于机器的紫外线诱导改变评估 (VISIA scan) 是否会改变面部光老化的自我评估，皮肤癌风险和改善防晒习惯的意愿。此外，为了确定VISIA扫描分析是否揭示了有皮肤癌病史与没有皮肤癌病史的人，男性与女性，50岁以上与50岁以下的人以及Fitzpatrick皮肤类型i-iii与iv-vi之间的差异。

方法: 参加健康博览会的志愿者被招募并询问他们对皮肤癌的感知风险和皮肤光老化的程度。所有参与者都对面部两侧进行了面部皮肤质量分析，然后完成了后续调查。

结果: VISIA扫描分析后，参与者对整体皮肤老化的评分自我认知均在统计学上显着下降。皮肤癌风险的感知没有变化，但大多数参与者表示有意改善他们的防晒习惯。

局限性: 这项研究的局限性包括选择偏见，召回错误分类偏见和社会期望偏见。

结论: 面部皮肤分析的干预可以积极影响受试者使用防晒的既定意图，表明外观在这些健康决定中的重要性。

J药物皮肤科。2017;16(5):453-459。

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The transection of the inferior alveolar nerve (IANx) produces allodynia in the whisker pad (V2 division) of rats. Ectopic discharges from injured trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and thalamocortical reorganization are possible contributors to the sensitization of uninjured V2 primary and CNS neurons. To test which factor is more important, TG and ventroposterior medial nucleus (VPM) neurons were longitudinally followed before, during, and after IANx for up to 80 d. Spontaneous discharges and mechanical stimulation-evoked responses were recorded in conscious and in anesthetized states. Results show (1) a sequential increase in spontaneous activities, first in the injured TG neurons of the IAN (2-30 d), followed by uninjured V2 ganglion neurons (6-30 d), and then VPM V2 neurons (7-30 d) after IANx; (2) ectopic discharges included burst and regular firing patterns in the IAN and V2 branches of the TG neurons; and (3) the receptive field expanded, the modality shifted, and long-lasting after-discharges occurred only in VPM V2 neurons. All of these changes appeared in the late or maintenance phase (7-30 d) and disappeared during the recovery phase (40-60 d). These observations suggest that ectopic barrages in the injured IAN contribute more to the development of sensitization, whereas the modality shift and evoked after-discharges in the VPM thalamic neurons contribute more to the maintenance phase of allodynia by redirecting tactile information to the cortex as nociceptive.

背景与目标： : 下牙槽神经 (IANx) 的横切在大鼠的晶须垫 (V2分区) 中产生异常性疼痛。受损的三叉神经节 (TG) 神经元的异位放电和丘脑皮层重组可能是未受损的V2初级和CNS神经元致敏的原因。为了测试哪个因素更重要，在IANx之前，期间和之后纵向跟踪TG和腹后内侧核 (VPM) 神经元长达80 d。在有意识和麻醉状态下记录自发放电和机械刺激诱发反应。结果表明 (1) 自发活动依次增加，首先是IAN损伤的TG神经元 (2-30 d)，其次是未损伤的V2神经节神经元 (6-30 d)，然后是VPM V2神经元 (7-30 d)。IANx后的d); (2) 异位放电包括TG神经元的IAN和V2分支中的爆发和规则放电模式; (3) 感受野扩大，模态改变，并且仅在VPM V2神经元中发生持久的放电。所有这些变化都出现在后期或维护阶段 (7-30 d)，并在恢复阶段 (40-60 d) 消失。这些观察结果表明，受伤的IAN的异位弹幕对敏化的发展做出了更大的贡献，而VPM丘脑神经元的模态变化和诱发的放电后放电通过将触觉信息重定向到皮层作为伤害性，对异常性疼痛的维持阶段做出了更大的贡献。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:The aim of this study was to assess population-based changes in incidence, treatment, and in short- and long-term survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) over 23 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Analysis of all patients in Iceland who fulfilled the consensus criteria for ARDS in 1988-2010. Demographic variables, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores and ventilation parameters were collected from hospital charts. RESULTS:The age-standardised incidence of ARDS during the study period was 7.2 cases per 100,000 person-years and was increased by 0.2 cases per year (P < 0.001). The most common causes of ARDS were pneumonia (29%) and sepsis (29%). The use of pressure-controlled ventilation became almost dominant from 1993. The peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) has significantly decreased (-0.5 cmH(2) O/year), but the peak end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has increased (0.1 cmH(2) O/year) during the study period. The hospital mortality decreased by 1% per year (P = 0.03) during the study period, from 50% in 1988-1992 to 33% in 2006-2010. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that higher age and APACHE II score increased the odds of hospital mortality, while a higher calendar year of diagnosis reduced the odds of mortality. This was unchanged when dominant respiratory treatment, PIP and PEEP were added to the model. The 10-year survival of ARDS survivors was 68% compared with 90% survival of a reference population (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:The incidence of ARDS has almost doubled, but hospital mortality has decreased during the 23 years of observation. The 10-year survival of ARDS survivors is poor compared with the reference population.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The sensorimotor cortical system undergoes structural and functional changes across its lifespan. Some of these changes are physiological and parallel the normal aging process, while others might represent pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders. In the last years, the study of possible age-related modifications in brain sensorimotor functional characteristics has been the focus of several research projects. Here we have used the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-electroencephalography (EEG) navigated co-registration to investigate the influence of physiological aging on the excitability and connectivity of the human sensorimotor cortical system. To this end, we compared the TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) collected after stimulating the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy young subjects (mean age 24.5years) with those collected in healthy older adults (mean age 67.6years). We have shown that, after stimulation of the left motor cortex, TEPs are significantly affected by physiological aging. This phenomenon has a clear spatio-temporal specificity and we speculate that normal aging per se leads to some changes in the excitability of specific cortical neural assemblies whereas other alterations could reflect compensatory mechanisms to such changes.

背景与目标： : 感觉运动皮层系统在其整个生命周期内经历结构和功能变化。其中一些变化是生理性的，与正常的衰老过程平行，而另一些变化可能代表神经退行性疾病的病理生理机制。在过去的几年中，对大脑感觉运动功能特征中可能与年龄相关的修饰的研究一直是一些研究项目的重点。在这里，我们使用经颅磁刺激 (TMS)-脑电图 (EEG) 导航的共同配准来研究生理衰老对人感觉运动皮层系统的兴奋性和连通性的影响。为此，我们比较了在健康的年轻受试者 (平均年龄24.5岁) 中刺激显性初级运动皮层 (M1) 后收集的TMS诱发EEG电位 (TEPs) 与在健康的老年人 (平均年龄67.6岁) 中收集的TMS诱发EEG电位 (TEPs)。我们已经表明，在刺激左运动皮层后，tep受到生理衰老的显着影响。这种现象具有明显的时空特异性，我们推测正常衰老本身会导致特定皮质神经组件的兴奋性发生某些变化，而其他变化可能反映出这种变化的补偿机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:Echocardiography is used for the detection of cardiac sarcoid involvement in patients with non-cardiac sarcoidosis. Little information is available regarding temporal changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) in non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients. METHODS AND RESULTS:Fifty-four sarcoidosis patients who received periodic follow-up with echocardiography at our institute were enrolled in this study. At the time of initial ultrasonography, 13 patients were diagnosed with cardiac sarcoid involvement. All of the remaining 41 patients with extra-cardiac sarcoidosis only had a LVEF of >50%. During the median follow-up period of 39 months, two (4.9%) of the non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients were diagnosed with cardiac sarcoid involvement; one patient showed a progressive decline in the LVEF over a short period of time. It was also found that two of 41 non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients showed declines in the LVEF of >10% per year; however, they were not diagnosed with cardiac sarcoidosis during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION:Rapid deterioration of left ventricular function may increase the suspicion of sarcoid involvement of the heart in non-cardiac sarcoidosis patients; however, we must be aware that a certain subfraction of patients may not demonstrate significant abnormalities in LVEF or LVDd on periodic echocardiographic follow-up.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Age-related changes in brain function are complex. Although ageing is associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity, task-related processing is often correlated with an enlargement of the corresponding and additionally recruited brain areas. This supplemental employment is considered an attempt to compensate for deficits in the ageing brain. Although there are contradictory reports regarding the role of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI), currently, there is little knowledge about age-related functional changes in other brain areas in the somatosensory network (secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and insular, anterior (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC)). We investigated 16 elderly (age range, 62-71 years) and 18 young subjects (age range, 21-28 years) by determining the current perception threshold (CPT) and applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a 3.0 Tesla scanner under tactile stimulation of the right hand. CPT was positively correlated with age. fMRI analysis revealed significantly increased activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex in elderly subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrated age-related reductions in the activity in the SII, ACC, PCC, and dorsal parts of the corpus callosum. Our study revealed dramatic age-related differences in the processing of a simple tactile stimulus in the somatosensory network. Specifically, we detected enhanced activation in the contralateral SI and ipsilateral motor cortex assumingly caused by deficient inhibition and decreased activation in later stages of somatosensory processing (SII, cingulate cortex) in elderly subjects. These results indicate that, in addition to over-activation to compensate for impaired brain functions, there are complex mechanisms of modified inhibition and excitability involved in somatosensory processing in the ageing brain.

背景与目标： : 与年龄相关的脑功能变化是复杂的。尽管衰老与脑血流量和神经元活动减少有关，但与任务相关的处理通常与相应和额外招募的大脑区域的扩大有关。这种补充就业被认为是弥补大脑老化缺陷的一种尝试。尽管关于初级体感皮层 (SI) 的作用有相互矛盾的报道，但目前，关于体感网络中其他大脑区域 (次级体感皮层 (SII) 和岛状，前部 (ACC) 和后部扣带回 (PCC))。我们通过确定当前感知阈值 (CPT) 并使用3.0特斯拉扫描仪在右手的触觉刺激下应用功能磁共振成像 (fMRI)，调查了16位老年人 (年龄范围，62-71岁) 和18位年轻受试者 (年龄范围，21-28岁)。CPT与年龄呈正相关。fMRI分析显示，老年受试者对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活显着增加。此外，我们证明了与年龄相关的SII，ACC，PCC和call体背侧活动的减少。我们的研究揭示了体感网络中简单触觉刺激处理过程中与年龄相关的显着差异。具体来说，我们检测到对侧SI和同侧运动皮层的激活增强，假定是由于老年受试者的体感加工 (SII，扣带回皮层) 后期的抑制不足和激活减少所致。这些结果表明，除了过度激活以补偿大脑功能受损外，衰老大脑的体感过程还涉及改良的抑制和兴奋性的复杂机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the study was to determine how performance on cognitive assessments administered in the subacute phase of mild stroke change or remain stable over time. A prospective longitudinal cohort pilot study was used to assess the cognitive status of participants with mild stroke (n = 20) at two time points: (1) within 3 weeks post-discharge from the acute care setting following mild stroke, and (2) approximately 6 months post-mild stroke. Participants were given a battery of cognitive assessments at both time points that included the following measures: (1) Short Blessed Test, (2) California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), (3) Connor's Continuous Performance Task (CPT), and (4) The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Trail Making subtest. The only significant differences between the test administrations was on the CVLT Short Delay Free Recall (p = .027) and Long Delay Free Recall (p = .002) which was likely due to practice effects associated with this measure. The results of the study show that performance on standardised cognitive testing in the early phases of mild stroke remained stable over a 6 month period. These results help justify the necessity and ability to assess cognition immediately post-mild stroke in order to make accurate and appropriate rehabilitation recommendations.

背景与目标： : 该研究的目的是确定在轻度中风的亚急性阶段进行的认知评估的表现如何随时间变化或保持稳定。前瞻性纵向队列试验用于评估轻度卒中参与者 (n = 20) 在两个时间点的认知状况 :( 1) 轻度卒中后出院后3周内，以及 (2) 轻度卒中后约6个月。参与者在两个时间点都接受了一系列认知评估，包括以下措施 :( 1) 简短的祝福测试，(2) 加州语言学习测试 (CVLT)，(3) 康纳的持续表现任务 (CPT)，(4) Delis-Kaplan执行功能系统 (DKEFS) 跟踪子测试。测试管理之间的唯一显着差异是CVLT短延迟免费召回 (p =  .027) 和长延迟免费召回 (p =  .002)，这可能是由于与该措施相关的实践效果。研究结果表明，在轻度中风的早期阶段，标准化认知测试的表现在6个月内保持稳定。这些结果有助于证明轻度卒中后立即评估认知的必要性和能力，以便提出准确和适当的康复建议。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECT:The purpose of this study was to provide an evidence-based algorithm for the design, development, and implementation of a new checklist for the response to an intraoperative neuromonitoring alert during spine surgery. METHODS:The aviation and surgical literature was surveyed for evidence of successful checklist design, development, and implementation. The limitations of checklists and the barriers to their implementation were reviewed. Based on this review, an algorithm for neurosurgical checklist creation and implementation was developed. Using this algorithm, a multidisciplinary team surveyed the literature for the best practices for how to respond to an intraoperative neuromonitoring alert. All stakeholders then reviewed the evidence and came to consensus regarding items for inclusion in the checklist. RESULTS:A checklist for responding to an intraoperative neuromonitoring alert was devised. It highlights the specific roles of the anesthesiologist, surgeon, and neuromonitoring personnel and encourages communication between teams. It focuses on the items critical for identifying and correcting reversible causes of neuromonitoring alerts. Following initial design, the checklist draft was reviewed and amended with stakeholder input. The checklist was then evaluated in a small-scale trial and revised based on usability and feasibility. CONCLUSIONS:The authors have developed an evidence-based algorithm for the design, development, and implementation of checklists in neurosurgery and have used this algorithm to devise a checklist for responding to intraoperative neuromonitoring alerts in spine surgery.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The effects of bread consumption change over time on anthropometric measures have been scarcely studied. We analysed 2213 participants at high risk for CVD from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial to assess the association between changes in the consumption of bread and weight and waist circumference gain over time. Dietary habits were assessed with validated FFQ at baseline and repeatedly every year during 4 years of follow-up. Using multivariate models to adjust for covariates, long-term weight and waist circumference changes according to quartiles of change in energy-adjusted white and whole-grain bread consumption were calculated. The present results showed that over 4 years, participants in the highest quartile of change in white bread intake gained 0·76 kg more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend = 0·003) and 1·28 cm more than those in the lowest quartile (P for trend < 0·001). No significant dose-response relationships were observed for change in whole-bread consumption and anthropometric measures. Gaining weight (>2 kg) and gaining waist circumference (>2 cm) during follow-up was not associated with increase in bread consumption, but participants in the highest quartile of changes in white bread intake had a reduction of 33 % in the odds of losing weight (>2 kg) and a reduction of 36 % in the odds of losing waist circumference (>2 cm). The present results suggest that reducing white bread, but not whole-grain bread consumption, within a Mediterranean-style food pattern setting is associated with lower gains in weight and abdominal fat.

背景与目标： : 面包消费随时间变化对人体测量的影响很少被研究。我们分析了来自prevenci ó n con DIeta meditr á nea (PREDIMED) 试验的2213名CVD高危参与者，以评估随时间推移面包和体重变化与腰围增加之间的关联。在基线时使用经过验证的FFQ评估饮食习惯，并在随访的4年中每年重复进行。使用多变量模型对协变量进行调整，根据能量调整后的白色和全麦面包消费量变化的四分位数，计算了长期体重和腰围的变化。目前的结果表明，在过去的4年里，白面包摄入量变化最高四分位数的参与者比最低四分位数的参与者增加了0·76千克 (趋势P = 0·003)，比最低四分位数的参与者增加了1·28厘米 (趋势P <0·001)。对于全面包消费和人体测量的变化，未观察到明显的剂量反应关系。随访期间体重增加 (> 2千克) 和腰围增加 (> 2厘米) 与面包消耗量增加无关，但是，白面包摄入量变化最高四分位数的参与者的减肥几率降低了33% (> 2千克)，而腰围下降的几率降低了36% (> 2厘米)。目前的结果表明，在地中海风格的食物模式环境中，减少白面包而不是全麦面包的消费与体重和腹部脂肪的减少有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The oval kumquat (Fortunella margarita) «Nagami» is a citrus relative belonging to theRu- taceae family. Pigment changes in the whole fruit were investigated at four stages of ripening. During ripening the chlorophylls gradually decreased, disappearing completely in the ripe fruits. The total carotenoid content decreased from 18.7 ¿ig/g to 14.6 /¿g/g and then increased to a level of 38.6 /ig/g in the ripe fruit. The chloroplast carotenoid pattern of the unripe fruit changed gradually into a complex chromoplast pattern in which epoxides predominated, as found in citrus. The major pigment was violaxanthin followed by cryptoxanthin accompanied by its numerous epoxides. The third major pigment was citraurin, a C3o븅apocarotenal so far found only in citrus, especially in flavedo ofCitrus reticulata and considered genus specific. Uncommon and characteristic ofFortunella margarita is its capacity to synthesize citraurin both in pulp and peel. The ultrastructural changes involved the chloroplast-chromoplast transformation. Unusual ultrastructural features which may be unique toFortunella are observed.

背景与目标： : 椭圆形金橘 (Fortunella margarita) «Nagami» 是属于taceae科的柑橘亲戚。在成熟的四个阶段研究了整个果实的色素变化。在成熟过程中，叶绿素逐渐减少，在成熟的果实中完全消失。总类胡萝卜素含量从18.7 ig/g降低到14.6/g，然后在成熟果实中增加到38.6 /ig/g的水平。未成熟果实的叶绿体类胡萝卜素模式逐渐转变为复杂的发色体模式，其中环氧化物占主导地位，如在柑橘中发现的那样。主要色素是紫黄质，其次是隐黄质，并伴有大量环氧化物。第三种主要色素是citraurin，这是迄今为止仅在柑橘中发现的一种C3o apapcarotenal，尤其是在柑橘网纹的flavedo中，被认为是特定的属。margarita的不常见和特点是它在纸浆和果皮中合成citraurin的能力。超微结构的变化涉及叶绿体-发色体的转化。观察到可能是fortunella独特的异常超微结构特征。