BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In 1969, the United States established its national rubella vaccination program. With the success of the program, 32 years later, reports of rubella reached record low numbers. To assess the achievement of elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the United States, 7 epidemiological criteria were used. Rubella cases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from 1998 through 2004 and CRS cases reported to the National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry from 1998 through 2004 were analyzed. During 1998-2000, the median number of reported rubella cases was 272, whereas, during 2001-2004, the median number reported was 13. The incidence of rubella decreased significantly, from 0.1/100,000 population in 1998 to 0.005/100,000 population in 2004. Since 2001, 5 infants with CRS have been reported--3 were born in 2001, 1 was born in 2003, and 1 was born in 2004. The epidemiological evidence strongly supports the claim that rubella is no longer endemic in the United States. To prevent future rubella outbreaks and CRS cases, current strategies must be maintained.

背景与目标： : 1969年，美国建立了国家风疹疫苗接种计划。随着该计划的成功，32年后，风疹的报道达到了历史新低。为了评估在美国消除风疹和先天性风疹综合征 (CRS) 的成就，使用了7个流行病学标准。分析了向国家法定疾病监测系统报告的风疹病例1998年2004年和向国家先天性风疹综合征登记1998年2004年报告的CRS病例。在1998-2000年期间，报告的风疹病例的中位数为272，而在2001-2004年期间，报告的中位数为13。风疹的发病率从0.1/100,000人口1998年下降到0.005/100,000人口2004年。自2001年以来，已报告5例CRS婴儿-3例2001年出生，1例2003年出生，1例2004年出生。流行病学证据强烈支持风疹在美国不再流行的说法。为了防止未来的风疹暴发和CRS病例，必须维持当前的策略。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The prevailing hypothesis of lipid droplet biogenesis proposes that neutral lipids accumulate within the lipid bilayer of the ER membrane from where they are budded off, enclosed by a protein-bearing phospholipid monolayer originating from the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER membrane. We have used a variety of methods to investigate the nature of the sites of ER-lipid-droplet association in order to gain new insights into the mechanism of lipid droplet formation and growth. The three-dimensional perspectives provided by freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrate unequivocally that at sites of close association, the lipid droplet is not situated within the ER membrane; rather, both ER membranes lie external to and follow the contour of the lipid droplet, enclosing it in a manner akin to an egg cup (the ER) holding an egg (the lipid droplet). Freeze-fracture cytochemistry demonstrates that the PAT family protein adipophilin is concentrated in prominent clusters in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER membrane closely apposed to the lipid droplet envelope. We identify these structures as sites at which lipids and adipophilin are transferred from ER membranes to lipid droplets. These findings call for a re-evaluation of the prevailing hypothesis of lipid droplet biogenesis.

背景与目标： : 脂滴生物发生的普遍假设提出，中性脂质在ER膜的脂质双层内积聚，从那里它们发芽，并被源自ER膜细胞质小叶的含蛋白质的磷脂单层包裹。我们使用了多种方法来研究ER-脂质-液滴关联位点的性质，以便对脂质液滴形成和生长的机制有新的认识。冷冻断裂电子显微镜提供的三维视角明确表明，在紧密结合的位置，脂质液滴不在ER膜内; 相反，两个ER膜都位于脂质液滴的外部并遵循其轮廓，以类似于装有鸡蛋 (脂质液滴) 的蛋杯 (ER) 的方式包围它。冷冻断裂的细胞化学表明，PAT家族蛋白脂肪蛋白集中在ER膜的细胞质小叶中与脂质液滴包膜紧密相连的突出簇中。我们将这些结构确定为脂质和脂肪蛋白从ER膜转移到脂质滴的位置。这些发现要求重新评估脂质液滴生物发生的流行假说。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The amino-terminal segment of the membrane-anchored subunit of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) plays a crucial role in membrane fusion and, hence, has been termed the fusion peptide. We have studied the secondary structure, orientation, and effects on the bilayer structure of synthetic peptides corresponding to the wild-type and several fusogenic and nonfusogenic mutants with altered N-termini of the influenza HA fusion peptide by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All peptides contained segments of alpha-helical and beta-strand conformation. In the wild-type fusion peptide, 40% of all residues were in alpha-secondary and 30% in beta-secondary structures. By comparison, the nonfusogenic peptides exhibited larger beta/alpha secondary structure ratios. The order parameters of the helices and the amide carbonyl groups of the beta-strands of the wild-type fusion peptide were measured separately, based on the infrared dichroism of the respective absorption bands. Order parameters in the range 0.1-0.7 were found for both segments of the wild-type peptide, which indicates that they are most likely aligned at oblique angles to the membrane normal. The nonfusogenic but not the fusogenic peptides induced splitting of the infrared absorption band at 1735 cm(-1), which is assigned to stretching vibrations of the lipid ester carbonyl bond. This splitting, which reports on an alteration of the hydrogen bonds formed between the lipid ester carbonyls and water and/or hydrogen-donating groups of the fusion peptides, correlated with the beta/alpha ratio of the peptides, suggesting that unpaired beta-strands may replace water molecules and hydrogen-bond to the lipid ester carbonyl groups. The profound structural changes induced by single amino acid replacements at the extreme N-terminus of the fusion peptide further suggest that tertiary or quaternary structural interactions may be important when fusion peptides bind to lipid bilayers.

背景与目标： 流感血凝素 (HA) 的膜锚定亚基的氨基末端片段在膜融合中起着至关重要的作用，因此被称为融合肽。我们通过荧光，圆二色性和傅立叶变换研究了与野生型和几种融合和非融合突变体相对应的合成肽的二级结构，取向和对双层结构的影响。红外光谱。所有肽均包含 α-螺旋和 β 链构象的片段。在野生型融合肽中，所有残基的40% 为 α-二级结构，30% 为 β-二级结构。相比之下，非融合肽表现出较大的 β/α 二级结构比。基于各自吸收带的红外二色性，分别测量了野生型融合肽的 β 链的螺旋和酰胺羰基的有序参数。对于野生型肽的两个片段，发现了0.1-0.7范围内的顺序参数，这表明它们最有可能与膜法线成倾斜角度对齐。非融合肽而不是融合肽在1735厘米 (-1) 处诱导红外吸收带分裂，这被分配给脂质酯羰基键的拉伸振动。这种分裂报告了脂质酯羰基与融合肽的水和/或供氢基团之间形成的氢键的变化，与肽的 β/α 比相关，表明不成对的 β 链可能取代水分子并与脂质酯羰基氢键。在融合肽的极端N末端由单个氨基酸置换诱导的深刻结构变化进一步表明，当融合肽与脂质双层结合时，三级或四级结构相互作用可能很重要。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The effect of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) on the percolation properties of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/distearoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers was examined by studying the quenching of a lipid-bound fluorophore by a lipid-bound quencher, and by spin-spin interactions of a nitroxide-labeled lipid using electron spin resonance (ESR). At the low concentrations of BR used, differential scanning calorimetry showed that although the transition enthalpy was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by incorporation of BR, the solidus and fluidus phase boundaries and overall shape of the heat capacity profiles were essentially unchanged. However, fluorescence quenching and spin-label ESR data showed that the domain topology, as reflected in the percolation properties, is strongly affected by the protein. In contrast to our previous fluorescence data for the pure lipid mixtures, quenching in the coexistence region is independent of the fluid phase fraction when BR is present. In addition, the percolation threshold estimated by spin-label ESR is shifted in the presence of BR to a higher gel phase fraction at a given lipid composition. Both the fluorescence quenching and spin-label ESR data, together with the results of earlier simulations, strongly suggest that the fluid phase domains are substantially larger and/or less ramified in the presence of BR than in its absence. We have previously reported a similar effect of a transmembrane peptide, pOmpA (Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A signal peptide), on fluid domain connectivity in binary phosphatidylcholine mixtures.

背景与目标： 通过研究脂质结合的猝灭剂对脂质结合的荧光团的猝灭以及通过自旋-自旋相互作用，研究了细菌视紫红质 (BR) 对二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱/二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱双层的渗透特性的影响。使用电子自旋共振 (ESR)。在使用低浓度的BR时，差示扫描量热法表明，尽管通过掺入BR以浓度依赖的方式降低了过渡焓，但固相线和流相界以及热容分布的整体形状基本上没有变化。然而，荧光猝灭和自旋标记ESR数据表明，渗透特性所反映的结构域拓扑受到蛋白质的强烈影响。与我们先前的纯脂质混合物的荧光数据相反，存在BR时，共存区域的猝灭与液相分数无关。此外，在给定的脂质组成下，在BR的存在下，由自旋标记ESR估计的渗滤阈值被转移到更高的凝胶相分数。荧光猝灭和自旋标记ESR数据以及较早的模拟结果都强烈表明，在存在BR的情况下，流体相域比不存在BR的情况下要大得多和/或分支更少。我们以前曾报道过跨膜肽pOmpA (大肠杆菌外膜蛋白a信号肽) 对二元磷脂酰胆碱混合物中流体结构域连通性的类似作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Advances in comprehension of molecular biology of glioblastoma (GBM) have led to the development of targeted therapies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a targeted therapeutic approach in which administration of bevacizumab and erlotinib was tailored on the molecular profile of recurrent GBM. METHODS:We prospectively enrolled ten adult patients suffering from recurrent GBM who had undergone surgical resection and standard chemo-radiotherapy. Tumor tissue was assessed for the expression of EGFRvIII and MGMT promoter methylation by RT-PCR, and for PTEN and VEGF expression by immunohistochemistry. Normal PTEN status was required for inclusion. Patients with VEGF overexpressing tumors (10/10) were treated with bevacizumab (10 mg/kg iv every 2 weeks in 6-week cycles); patients whose tumor expressed EGFRvIII (4/10) added erlotinib (150 mg/day orally; 300 mg/day if on enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs). Therapy was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Primary endpoints of the study were response rate (RR), 6-month progression-free survival (PFS-6), and safety profile. RESULTS:The RR and PFS-6 were 100 % (4/4) and 50 % (3/6) in patients treated with bevacizumab+erlotinib (n = 4) and bevacizumab (n = 6), respectively. In the whole cohort (n = 10), RR and PFS-6 were both 70 % (7/10); median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 8.0 (3.0-31.0) and 9.5 (5.0-31.0) months, respectively. No grade 3/4 adverse events were observed; three patients treated with bevacizumab+erlotinib displayed grade 1/2 rash not requiring dose reduction; one patient treated with bevacizumab developed intratumoral hemorrhage requiring treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSION:To our knowledge, this is the first study on recurrent GBM in which administration of bevacizumab and erlotinib was tailored on the molecular profile of the patient's tumor. Although we treated a limited number of patients, we obtained significantly higher RR and PFS-6 than those reported in a previous trial lacking molecular tumor analysis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo biodiesel synthesis in Escherichia coli, however, ethyl ester formation was dependent on an external fatty acid feedstock. In contrast to E. coli, actinomycetes may be ideal organisms for direct biodiesel synthesis because of their capacity to synthesize high levels of triacylglcerides (TAGs). In this study, we investigated the physiology and associated TAG accumulation along with the in vivo ability to catalyze ester formation from exogenous short chain alcohol sources in Gordonia sp. KTR9, a strain that possesses a large number of genes dedicated to fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. Total lipid fatty acids content increased by 75 % and TAG content increased by 50 % under nitrogen starvation conditions in strain KTR9. Strain KTR9 tolerated the exogenous addition of up to 4 % methanol, 4 % ethanol and 2 % propanol in the media. Increasing alcohol concentrations resulted in a decrease in the degree of saturation of recovered fatty acid alcohol esters and a slight increase in the fatty acid chain length. A linear dose dependency in fatty alcohol ester synthesis was observed in the presence of 0.5-2 % methanol and ethanol compared to control KTR9 strains grown in the absence of alcohols. An inspection of the KTR9 genome revealed the presence of several putative wax ester synthase/acyl-coenzyme A : diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) enzymes, encoded by atf gene homologs, that may catalyze the in vivo synthesis of fatty acid esters from short chain alcohols. Collectively, these results indicate that Gordonia sp. KTR9 may be a suitable actinomycete host strain for in vivo biodiesel synthesis.

背景与目标： : 以前的工作已经证明了在大肠杆菌中体内合成生物柴油的可行性，但是，乙酯的形成取决于外部脂肪酸原料。与大肠杆菌相反，放线菌可能是直接合成生物柴油的理想生物，因为它们具有合成高水平的三酰基玻璃酸酯 (标签) 的能力。在这项研究中，我们研究了Gordonia sp. KTR9的生理和相关TAG积累以及体内催化外源短链醇源形成酯的能力，该菌株具有大量专用于脂肪酸和脂质生物合成的基因。在氮饥饿条件下，菌株ktr9的总脂质脂肪酸含量增加75%，TAG含量增加50%。菌株KTR9耐受培养基中最多4% 甲醇、4% 乙醇和2% 丙醇的外源添加。酒精浓度的增加导致回收的脂肪酸醇酯的饱和度降低，脂肪酸链长度略有增加。与在没有醇的情况下生长的对照KTR9菌株相比，在0.5 2% 的甲醇和乙醇存在下观察到脂肪醇酯合成中的线性剂量依赖性。对KTR9基因组的检查显示，存在几种推定的蜡酯合酶/酰基辅酶a  :  二酰基甘油酰基转移酶 (WS/DGAT) 酶，这些酶由atf基因同源物编码，可以催化体内合成脂肪酸短链醇的酯。总的来说，这些结果表明Gordonia sp。KTR9可能是用于体内生物柴油合成的合适的放线菌宿主菌株。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Microbial oil is one important bio-product for its important function in energy, chemical, and food industry. Finding suitable substrates is one key issue for its industrial application. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates can be utilized by oleaginous microorganisms with two different bio-pathways ("de novo" lipid fermentation and "ex novo" lipid fermentation). To date, most of the research on lipid fermentation has focused mainly on only one fermentation pathway and little work was carried out on both "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation simultaneously; thus, the advantages of both lipid fermentation cannot be fulfilled comprehensively. RESULTS:In this study, corncob acid hydrolysate with soybean oil was used as a mix-medium for combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation by oleaginous yeast Trichosporon dermatis. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates (sugars and soybean oil) in the medium can be utilized simultaneously and efficiently by T. dermatis. Different fermentation modes were compared and the batch mode was the most suitable for the combined fermentation. The influence of soybean oil concentration, inoculum size, and initial pH on the lipid fermentation was evaluated and 20 g/L soybean oil, 5% inoculum size, and initial pH 6.0 were suitable for this bioprocess. By this technology, the lipid composition of extracellular hydrophobic substrate (soybean oil) can be modified. Although adding emulsifier showed little beneficial effect on lipid production, it can modify the intracellular lipid composition of T. dermatis. CONCLUSIONS:The present study proves the potential and possibility of combined "de novo" and "ex novo" lipid fermentation. This technology can use hydrophilic and hydrophobic sustainable bio-resources to generate lipid feedstock for the production of biodiesel or other lipid-based chemical compounds and to treat some special wastes such as oil-containing wastewater.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recently, an elevation in skin cholesterol level has been implicated in skin inflammation. Given the potential therapeutic effects of soy on low grade inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized that a CHOL diet could promote an inflammatory response in skin and that soy milk (SM) or fermented soy milk (F.SM) could prevent this cholesterol-induced skin inflammation. To test this hypothesis, freeze-dried SM or F.SM was provided as a protein replacement for 20% of the casein in the diets of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The animals were divided into the following groups: (1) control group (CTRL), AIN76A diet without cholesterol, (2) high cholesterol (CHOL) group, AIN76A with 1% (w/w) cholesterol, (3) SM group, CHOL diet with freeze-dried SM, and (4) F.SM group, CHOL diet with F.SM. In the CHOL group, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes, including IL-1β, IL-1α, iNOS, and COX-2, were elevated. In comparison, the SM and F.SM groups displayed the lowered expression of IL-1β, COX-2, F4/80, and Cd68, an increase of a n-3/n-6 ratio, and a reduction in the estimated desaturase activities of delta 5 desaturase (D5D) and steaoryl CoA desaturase (SCD-1). In particular, F.SM significantly increased the proportion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) in skin fatty acid (FA) composition compared with the CHOL group. Here we present evidence that SM or F.SM could alleviate the inflammatory response in the skin that is triggered by excess dietary cholesterol by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This response could be partly associated with a decreased in macrophages in skin and/or by modulation of the skin's FA composition.

背景与目标： : 最近，皮肤胆固醇水平的升高与皮肤炎症有关。鉴于大豆对低度炎症性疾病的潜在治疗作用，我们假设CHOL饮食可以促进皮肤的炎症反应，并且豆浆 (SM) 或发酵豆浆 (F.SM) 可以预防这种胆固醇引起的皮肤炎症。为了检验这一假设，提供了冻干SM或F.SM作为蛋白质替代物，用于在Sprague-Dawley (SD) 大鼠的饮食中20% 酪蛋白。将动物分为以下组 :( 1) 对照组 (CTRL)，AIN76A饮食无胆固醇，(2) 高胆固醇 (CHOL) 组，AIN76A 1% (w/w) 胆固醇，(3) SM组，CHOL饮食加冻干SM，和 (4) F.SM组，CHOL饮食与F.SM。在CHOL组中，促炎基因 (包括IL-1β，IL-1α，iNOS和COX-2) 的表达水平升高。相比之下，SM和F.SM组显示出IL-1β，COX-2，F4/80和Cd68的表达降低，n-3/n-6比增加以及delta 5的估计去饱和酶活性降低。去饱和酶 (D5D) 和steaoryl CoA去饱和酶 (SCD-1)。特别是，与CHOL组相比，F.SM显着增加了皮肤脂肪酸 (FA) 组成中二高-γ-亚麻酸 (DGLA) 的比例。在这里，我们提供了证据，表明SM或F。SM可以通过减少促炎基因的表达来减轻由过量饮食胆固醇引发的皮肤炎症反应。这种反应可能部分与皮肤中巨噬细胞的减少和/或通过调节皮肤的FA组成有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The leaves of «moderately hardy» (spinach), «very hardy» (ivy) and «extremely hardy» (spruce) plants [classification according to Levitt {1980)] show characteristic differences with respect to changes in membrane lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure which are correlated with the degree of the frost resistance achieved by each type of tissue during adaptation to sub-zero temperatures. Spinach leaves showed no increase in their total lipid content upon frost hardening. On the contrary, the amount of galactolipids decreased considerably, whereas that of phospholipids only slightly increased. No shift from the saturated palmitic acid to the three-fold unsaturated linolenic acid was observed. The membrane lipid content of ivy leaves and spruce needles increased to a similar extent during frost hardening. However, in contrast to spruce needles, a distinct preferential accumulation of the phospholipids was observed in ivy leaves, resulting in an increased PL/GL ratio. A considerable shift from saturated (palmitic) to unsaturated fatty acids was detected in both plants, due mainly to an increase in the proportion of linoleic acid in ivy and of linolenic acid in spruce. In spite of the considerable increase in lipid content, no increase in chloroplast number per cell could be detected in ivy leaves, although the length of the thylakoids was nearly doubled and the plastids appeared to be in a division stage: however, no real division could ever be observed. On the contrary, an increase in the number of chloroplasts and mitochondria was observed in spruce needles. Membrane augmentation became further evident by the many large invaginations of the chloroplast envelope formed when the frost-hardened leaves of ivy or spruce were exposed to sub-zero temperatures which they could just survive.

背景与目标： : 中度耐寒 (菠菜) 的叶子，非常耐寒 (常春藤) 和极端耐寒 (云杉) 植物 [根据Levitt {1980分类] 在膜脂质组成和叶绿体超微结构的变化方面表现出特征差异，这与每种类型的组织在适应亚-零温度。菠菜叶在霜冻硬化后总脂质含量没有增加。相反，半乳糖脂的数量大大减少，而磷脂的数量仅略有增加。没有观察到从饱和棕榈酸到三倍不饱和亚麻酸的转变。在霜冻硬化期间，常春藤叶和云杉针的膜脂质含量增加到类似的程度。然而，与云杉针相反，在常春藤叶片中观察到磷脂的明显优先积累，导致PL/GL比增加。在两种植物中检测到从饱和 (棕榈酸) 到不饱和脂肪酸的相当大的转变，主要是由于常春藤中亚油酸和云杉中亚麻酸的比例增加。尽管脂质含量显着增加，但常春藤叶片中每个细胞的叶绿体数量没有增加，尽管类囊体的长度几乎增加了一倍，并且质体似乎处于分裂阶段: 但是，无法观察到真正的分裂。相反，在云杉针中观察到叶绿体和线粒体的数量增加。当常春藤或云杉的霜冻叶片暴露于零度以下的温度下，它们可以生存时，叶绿体包膜的许多大内陷就进一步明显增加了膜。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It has been established that oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) modifies cytokine secretion by macrophages, for example, by reducing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-(alpha) m-RNA. However, little is known about the effects of oxidized high density lipoprotein (ox-HDL). This study reports the effects of ox-HDL subfractions 2 and 3 (ox-HDL2, ox-HDL3) compared with that of ox-LDL and some products of oxidation (hydroperoxides and aldehydes) on the secretion of TNF-alpha from THP-1 human monocytes derived macrophages in vitro. HDL2, HDL3 and LDL were oxidized with 10 microM Cu++ for 12 h and/or 24 h. Native and oxidized HDL and LDL were incubated for 24 h with macrophages with or without LPS (10 ng/ml) after which TNF-alpha secretion was measured in the culture medium. Lipid hydroperoxides and apolar aldehydes were also incubated with the cells for 2 h following which the medium was replaced and TNF-alpha secretion measured after a further 22 h of incubation. An inhibition of TNF-alpha by ox-HDL2 (p < .05), ox-HDL3 (p < .05) and ox-LDL (p < .05) from THP-1 macrophages was observed in the presence and absence of LPS. This inhibition remained the same after incubation with ox-HDL 12 h and 24 h. Hydroperoxides of linoleic acid did not modify TNF-alpha secretion by cells while five out of eight aldehydes analyzed (2,4-heptadienal, hexanal, 2-nonenal, 2-octenal, 2,4-decadienal) inhibited TNF-alpha secretion (p < .05). These findings demonstrate that ox-HDL, and some of its lipid peroxidation products, plays a role in the modulation of the inflammatory response by macrophages as previously observed for ox-LDL.

背景与目标： 已经确定氧化的LDL (ox-LDL) 修饰巨噬细胞的细胞因子分泌，例如，通过减少肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF-(α) m-RNA。然而，对氧化型高密度脂蛋白 (ox-HDL) 的影响知之甚少。这项研究报告了ox-HDL亚组分2和3 (ox-HDL2，ox-HDL3) 与ox-LDL和某些氧化产物 (氢过氧化物和醛) 对体外THP-1人单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α 的影响相比。HDL2，HDL3和LDL用10 microM Cu ++ 氧化12小时和/或24小时。将天然和氧化的HDL和LDL与有或没有LPS (10 ng/ml) 的巨噬细胞孵育24小时，然后在培养基中测量TNF-α 分泌。脂质氢过氧化物和极性醛还与细胞一起孵育2小时，然后更换培养基，再孵育22小时后测量TNF-α 分泌。ox-HDL2对TNF-α 的抑制作用 (p <.05)，在存在和不存在LPS的情况下观察到来自THP-1巨噬细胞的ox-HDL3 (p < .05) 和ox-LDL (p <.05)。与ox-HDL孵育12小时和24小时后，这种抑制作用保持不变。亚油酸的氢过氧化物不会改变细胞分泌TNF-α，而五在分析的八种醛中 (2，4-庚二烯醛，己醛，2-壬烯醛，2-辛烯醛，2,4-癸烯醛) 抑制TNF-α 分泌 (p <.05)。这些发现表明ox-HDL及其某些脂质过氧化产物，如先前对ox-LDL所观察到的，在巨噬细胞调节炎症反应中起作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of organic compounds using lipid model membranes (liposomes and planar lipid membranes). The compounds studied were trialkyltin and trialkyllead chlorides, dialkyltin dichlorides and some inorganic forms of those metals. Two different (anionic and cationic) detergents were also used in the experiments to change the surface properties of liposomes. As a measure of interaction between the compounds studied and model membranes were the release of liposome bound praseodymium and the change in stability of planar membranes under the influence of those compounds. On the basis of the results obtained it was postulated that the mechanism of interaction between tin- and leadorganics and model lipid membranes is a combination of different factors featuring interacting sides. The most important properties determining the behaviour of organic compounds in the interaction were lipophilicity and polarity of different parts of the organics and the steric arrangement they can take in the medium. On the other hand, the surface potential of the lipid bilayer and the environment of the lipid molecules, that play a significant role in the availability of the lipid bilayer to the organics, were important factors in the interaction.

背景与目标： 本研究旨在阐明使用脂质模型膜 (脂质体和平面脂质膜) 对有机化合物的毒性机理。研究的化合物是三烷基锡和三烷基氯化铅，二烷基锡二氯化物以及这些金属的某些无机形式。实验中还使用了两种不同的 (阴离子和阳离子) 洗涤剂来改变脂质体的表面性质。作为研究化合物与模型膜之间相互作用的量度，脂质体结合镨的释放以及在这些化合物的影响下平面膜的稳定性变化。根据获得的结果，推测锡和铅有机物与模型脂质膜之间的相互作用机理是具有相互作用方面的不同因素的组合。决定有机化合物在相互作用中的行为的最重要特性是有机物不同部分的亲脂性和极性以及它们在介质中可以采用的空间排列。另一方面，脂质双层的表面电势和脂质分子的环境在脂质双层对有机物的可用性中起着重要作用，是相互作用的重要因素。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine the efficacy and safety of adding ezetimibe to maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV dyslipidemia. Retrospective analysis of lipid parameters was conducted for 33 patients with HIV who had been prescribed ezetimibe 10 mg per day. Mean total cholesterol was reduced 21% (p < 0.001). Mean LDL was reduced 35% (p < 0.001). Mean HDL increased 8% (p = 0.038). Mean triglyceride was reduced 34% (p = 0.006). Mean Apolipoprotein B100 was reduced 33% (p = 0.043). No adverse events occurred. Ezetimibe appears safe and effective in patients with HIV when added to maximally tolerated doses of lipid lowering therapy.

背景与目标： : 确定在HIV血脂异常患者中添加依折米布最大耐受降脂治疗的有效性和安全性。对33例每天服用依泽替米布10 mg的HIV患者进行了脂质参数的回顾性分析。平均总胆固醇21% 降低 (p <0.001)。平均LDL 35% 降低 (p <0.001)。平均HDL 8% 增加 (p = 0.038)。平均甘油三酯34% 降低 (p = 0.006)。平均载脂蛋白B100 33% 降低 (p = 0.043)。无不良事件发生。当添加到最大耐受剂量的降脂疗法中时，依折米布对HIV患者似乎是安全有效的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A part of low density lipoproteins (LDL) isolated from the blood of healthy subjects and patients with coronary atherosclerosis bind to a Sepharose-linked Ricinus communis agglutinin, a lectin that interacts specifically with galactose residues. Bound LDL can be replaced by galactose, but not other saccharide constituents of the LDL molecule (mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, sialic acid). Bound LDL subfraction has a 2-3-fold lower content of sialic acid as compared with unbound LDL. The blood content of desialylated LDL in atherosclerotic patients was about 3-fold higher (1.5- to 6-fold) than in healthy subjects. Desialylated LDL induced a 2- to 4-fold more intensive accumulation of total cholesterol in cultured human aortic intimal cells. Unbound LDL had no effect on intracellular deposition of lipids. It is suggested that the subfraction of desialylated LDL may be responsible for the atherogenicity of LDL isolated from blood of atherosclerotic patients.

背景与目标： : 从健康受试者和冠状动脉粥样硬化患者的血液中分离出的一部分低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 与琼脂糖连接的蓖麻凝集素结合，凝集素与半乳糖残基特异性相互作用。结合的LDL可以用半乳糖代替，但不能用LDL分子的其他糖类成分 (甘露糖，葡萄糖，N-乙酰葡萄糖胺，唾液酸) 代替。与未结合的LDL相比，结合的LDL亚组分的唾液酸含量低2-3倍。动脉粥样硬化患者的去唾液酸化LDL的血液含量比健康受试者高约3倍 (1.5至6倍)。去唾液酸化的LDL在培养的人主动脉内膜细胞中诱导了2至4倍的总胆固醇密集积累。未结合的LDL对脂质的细胞内沉积没有影响。建议去唾液酸化的LDL的亚组分可能是从动脉粥样硬化患者血液中分离出的LDL的致动脉粥样硬化性的原因。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) are essential amino acids (AA) for brain function serving as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter respectively. Their tablets are available in market for improving gut function and muscle performance. Despite of having a major role during memory formation and processing, effects of these tablets on brain functioning like learning and memory have not been investigated. Therefore, present study is aimed to investigate the effects of orally supplemented GLU and GABA on learning and memory performance and further to monitor related effects of these orally supplemented GLU and GABA on brain levels of these AA. Three groups of rats were supplemented orally with drinking water (control group) or suspension of tablets of GABA and Glutamate, respectively for four weeks. Cognitive performance was determined using behavioral tests (Novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, Passive avoidance test) measuring recognition, spatial reference and aversive memory. Levels of GLU, GABA and acetylcholine (ACh) were estimated in rat hippocampus. Results showed that chronic oral administration of GLU and GABA tablets has a significant impact on brain function and can alter GLU and GABA content in rat hippocampus. Compared to GABA, GLU supplementation specifically enhances memory performance via increasing ACh. Thus, GLU can be suggested as a useful supplement for improving learning and memory performance and neurochemical status of brain and in future could be effective in the treatment of neurological disorders affecting learning and memory performance.

背景与目标： 谷氨酸 (GLU) 和 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 是脑功能必需氨基酸 (AA)，分别作为兴奋性和抑制性神经递质。他们的片剂可用于改善肠道功能和肌肉性能。尽管在记忆形成和处理过程中起着重要作用，但尚未研究这些片剂对大脑功能 (如学习和记忆) 的影响。因此，本研究旨在研究口服补充的GLU和GABA对学习和记忆性能的影响，并进一步监测这些口服补充的GLU和GABA对这些AA的大脑水平的相关影响。三组大鼠分别口服补充饮用水 (对照组) 或GABA和谷氨酸混悬剂，持续4周。使用行为测试 (新颖物体识别测试，莫里斯水迷宫，被动回避测试) 来确定认知能力，以测量识别，空间参考和厌恶记忆。估计大鼠海马中GLU，GABA和乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 的水平。结果表明，长期口服GLU和GABA片对大鼠脑功能有明显影响，可改变大鼠海马GLU和GABA的含量。与GABA相比，补充GLU通过增加ACh来特别增强记忆性能。因此，GLU可以被建议作为改善学习和记忆性能以及大脑神经化学状态的有用补充，并且将来可以有效地治疗影响学习和记忆性能的神经系统疾病。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles is a major neurogenic region in the postnatal mammalian brain. Thousands of neuroblasts are generated daily throughout the life of an animal. Newly born neuroblasts migrate via the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb where they mature into distinct neuronal subtypes. Neuroblasts exiting the SVZ retain the ability to proliferate, however, proliferation declines in the course of migration to the olfactory bulb. While migrating in the RMS, neuroblasts receive a plethora of stimuli that modify transcription according to the local microenvironment, and eventually modulate neuroblast migration. In the target area, the olfactory bulb, neuroblasts develop into mature neurons. In this review, we discuss dynamic changes of the transcriptome that occur during the "lifetime" of a neuroblast, thereby governing the activation or inhibition of distinct genes/pathways that are responsible for proliferation, migration and differentiation.

背景与目标： 侧脑室下区 (SVZ) 是产后哺乳动物大脑中的主要神经源性区域。在动物的一生中，每天都会产生成千上万的神经母细胞。新生的神经母细胞通过鼻状迁移流 (RMS) 迁移到嗅球中，在那里它们成熟为不同的神经元亚型。离开SVZ的神经母细胞保留了增殖的能力，但是，在迁移到嗅球的过程中，增殖下降。在RMS中迁移时，神经母细胞会接受大量刺激，这些刺激会根据局部微环境改变转录，并最终调节神经母细胞的迁移。在靶区，嗅球、神经母细胞发育成成熟的神经元。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了在神经母细胞的 “寿命” 期间发生的转录组的动态变化，从而控制了负责增殖，迁移和分化的不同基因/途径的激活或抑制。