• 【关系质量,激素避孕选择和青少年妇女不使用避孕套的发展关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.027 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sayegh MA,Fortenberry JD,Shew M,Orr DP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Consistent condom use is critical to efforts to prevent sexually transmitted infections among adolescents, but condom use may decline as relationships and contraceptive needs change. The purpose of this research is to assess changes in condom non-use longitudinally in the context of changes in relationship quality, coital frequency and hormonal contraceptive choice. METHODS:Participants were women (aged 14-17 years at enrollment) recruited from three urban adolescent medicine clinics. Data were collected at three-month intervals using a face-to-face structured interview. Participants were able to contribute up to 10 interviews, but on average contributed 4.2 interviews over the 27-month period. Independent variables assessed partner-specific relationship quality (five items; scale range 5-25; alpha = .92, e.g., this partner is a very important person to me); and, number of coital events with a specific partner. Additional items assessed experience with oral contraceptive pills (OCP) use and injected depo medroxy-progesterone acetate (DMPA). The outcome variable was number of coital events without condom use during the past three months. Analyses were conducted as a three-level hierarchical linear growth curve model using HLM 6. The Level 1 predictor was time, to test the hypothesis that condom non-use increases over time. Level 2 predictors assessed relationship quality and coital frequency across all partners to assess hypotheses that participants' condom non-use increases over time as a function of relationship quality and coital frequency. Level 3 predictors assessed the participant-level influence of OCP or DMPA experience on time-related changes in condom non-use. RESULTS:A total of 176 women reported 279 sex partners and contributed 478 visits. Both average coital frequency and average condom non-use linearly increased during the 27-month follow-up. At any given follow-up, about 35% reported recent OCP use, and 65% reported DMPA use. HLM analyses showed that condom non-use increased as a function of time (beta = .12; p = .03, Level 1 analysis). Increased condom non-use over time was primarily a function of increased coital frequency (beta = .01; p = .00), although higher levels of relationship quality were associated with increased condom non-use at enrollment (beta = .44; p = .00, Level 2 analysis). The temporal rise in condom non-use significantly increased among DMPA users (beta = .06; p = .00) but not OCP users (Level 3 analysis) (beta = -.04; p = .06). CONCLUSIONS:Developmentally, relationship characteristics and coital frequency appear to have increasing weight in decisions about condom use. Hormonal contraceptive methods are not equivalently associated with the overall temporal decline in condom use. Future research associated with dual contraceptive/condom use should address differential factors associated condom use in combination with different hormonal methods.
    背景与目标:
  • 【残基Leu 93和Asp 96在细菌视紫红质光周期中独立起作用: 对leu 93->Ala,Asp 96->Asn双突变体的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79803-X 复制DOI
    作者列表:Delaney JK,Subramaniam S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous mutagenesis studies with bacteriorhodopsin have shown that reprotonation of the Schiff's base is the rate-limiting step in the photocycle of the D96N mutant, whereas retinal re-isomerization and return of the protein to the initial state constitute the rate-limiting events in the photocycle of the L93A mutant. Thus, in the D96N mutant, decay of the M intermediate is slowed down by more than 100-fold at pH 7. In the L93A mutant, decay of the O intermediate is slowed down by 250-fold. We report here that in the L93A, D96N double mutant, decay of the M intermediate, as well as the formation and decay of the O intermediate, are slowed down dramatically. The photocycle is completed by the decay of a long-lived O intermediate, as in the L93A mutant. The decay of the M and O intermediates in the double mutant parallels the behavior seen in the single mutants over a wide temperature and pH range, arguing that the observed independence is an intrinsic property of the mutant. The slow decay of the M and O intermediates can be selectively and independently reversed under conditions identical to those used for the corresponding intermediates in the D96N and L93A single mutants. Because the effects of the two individual mutations are preserved in the double mutant and can be independently reversed, we conclude that residues Asp 96 and Leu 93 act independently and at different stages of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. These results also show that formation of the O intermediate only requires protonation of the Schiff's base and is independent of the protonation of Asp 96 from the aqueous medium.

    背景与目标: 先前对细菌视紫红质的诱变研究表明,席夫碱的再质子化是D96N突变体光循环中的限速步骤,而视网膜再异构化和蛋白质返回到初始状态则构成了光循环中的限速事件。L93A突变体。因此,在D96N突变体中,M中间体的衰变在ph7下减慢了100倍以上。在L93A突变体中,O中间体的衰变减慢250倍。我们在这里报告说,在L93A,D96N双突变体中,M中间体的衰变以及O中间体的形成和衰变显着减慢。像L93A突变体一样,通过长寿命O中间体的衰变来完成光循环。双突变体中M和O中间体的衰变与在宽温度和pH范围内单个突变体中看到的行为相似,认为观察到的独立性是突变体的内在特性。M和O中间体的缓慢衰变可以在与D96N和L93A单个突变体中相应中间体所使用的条件相同的条件下选择性地和独立地逆转。由于两个个体突变的作用保留在双突变体中并且可以独立逆转,因此我们得出结论,残基Asp 96和Leu 93独立且在细菌视紫红质光循环的不同阶段起作用。这些结果还表明,O中间体的形成仅需要席夫碱的质子化,并且与水性介质中Asp 96的质子化无关。
  • 【神经放射学亚专业专家对脑ct成像研究的重新解释的质量结果。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jordan MJ,Lightfoote JB,Jordan JE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To determine the clinical importance and relative value of reinterpreting brain CT imaging studies by subspecialty experts regarding changes in clinical management. METHODS:Computerized records were queried at two institutions during the years 2002-2003 for both primary interpretation by board-certified nonneuroradiologists and secondary interpretation by three neuroradiologists. A total of 1,081 cases were reviewed. Each case was initially interpreted as an emergent or urgent study. The reinterpreted studies were scored as concordant or discordant by the subspecialty experts. The discordant studies were then categorized as a "major discordance" if there was a change in clinical management, or as a "minor discordance" if there was no impact or change in clinical management. RESULTS:Of the 1,081 studies reviewed, 14 studies were identified as discordant (1.3%). Of those discordant studies, four were categorized as major discrepancies necessitating a change in clinical management (0.4 %). Ten were categorized as minor discrepancies (0.9%). There were no permanent adverse outcomes with respect to morbidity and mortality as a result of any discrepancy. CONCLUSION:The vast majority of interpreted head CT cases read by board-certified general radiologists do not result in discordant interpretations as verified by subspecialty experts. Discordant interpretations did not result in changes in clinical management in most cases. Double reading of head CTs by subspecialty experts appears to be an inefficient method of substantially improving imaging health quality outcomes.
    背景与目标:
  • 【正常年轻和老年妇女肠道维生素d受体,钙吸收和血清1,25二羟基维生素d之间的关系。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.6.922 复制DOI
    作者列表:Kinyamu HK,Gallagher JC,Prahl JM,DeLuca HF,Petranick KM,Lanspa SJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: The exact mechanism for the decrease in intestinal calcium absorption with age is not yet understood. A decrease with age in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) or a decrease in the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein concentration are possible causes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of age on these factors. Fifty-nine young women age 25-35 years were compared with 41 elderly women age 65-83 years who underwent measurements of VDR, calcium absorption using a 20 mg and 100 mg calcium carrier, and calciotropic hormones. Calcium absorption by both tests was lower in the elderly women compared with the young women (p < 0.05). Serum 1,25(OH)2D and duodenal VDR protein concentration were not significantly different between the two age groups. Serum 1,25(OH)2D correlated with the 20 mg calcium absorption test in both young (r = 0.35, p < 0.007) and elderly women (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001) and with the 100 mg calcium absorption in the elderly (r = 0.32; p < 0.05). VDR did not correlate with calcium absorption in young women or elderly women, nor did VDR correlate with serum 1,25(OH)2D and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In summary, the decrease in calcium absorption cannot be explained by a decrease in intestinal VDR. The correlation between serum 1,25(OH)2D and both calcium absorption tests only accounts for 12-30% of the variance in the age-related change in the calcium absorption tests. Other factors, not yet understood, are responsible for the decline in calcium absorption with age.

    背景与目标: 随着年龄的增长,肠道钙吸收减少的确切机制尚不清楚。血清1,25-二羟基维生素d (1,25(OH)2D) 随着年龄的增长而降低或肠道维生素d受体 (VDR) 蛋白浓度降低是可能的原因。这项研究的目的是检查年龄对这些因素的影响。将59名年龄在25-35岁之间的年轻女性与41名年龄在65-83岁之间的老年女性进行了比较,这些女性接受了VDR,使用20 mg和100 mg钙载体的钙吸收以及钙促激素的测量。与年轻女性相比,老年女性两种测试对钙的吸收均较低 (p <0.05)。血清1,25(OH)2D和十二指肠VDR蛋白浓度在两个年龄组之间没有显着差异。血清1,25(OH)2D与青年 (r = 0.35,p <0.007) 和老年妇女 (r = 0.58,p <0.0001) 的20 mg钙吸收试验相关,与老年人的100 mg钙吸收相关 (r = 0.32; p <0.05)。VDR与年轻女性或老年女性的钙吸收无关,也与血清1,25(OH)2D和血清25-羟基维生素d无关。总而言之,钙吸收的减少不能用肠道VDR的减少来解释。血清1,25(OH)2D与两种钙吸收测试之间的相关性仅占钙吸收测试中年龄相关变化的12-30%。其他尚未了解的因素是钙吸收随年龄下降的原因。
  • 【I型糖尿病易感性候选基因的分析: 2q31-35染色体上基因的病例对照和家庭关联研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.2337/diab.46.6.1069 复制DOI
    作者列表:Owerbach D,Naya FJ,Tsai MJ,Allander SV,Powell DR,Gabbay KH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent genome searches suggest a putative linkage of many loci to susceptibility to type I diabetes. The chromosome 2q31-35 region is reported to be linked to susceptibility to type I diabetes and is thought to contain several diabetes susceptibility loci. These candidate genes include the HOXD gene cluster, BETA2, CTLA4, CD28, IGFBP2, and IGFBP5. Association studies in populations and families are required to confirm and/or identify the actual susceptibility loci. We hereby report several previously unknown DNA polymorphisms for HOXD8, BETA2, and IGFBP5, which we have used along with previously known polymorphisms of HOXD8 and CTLA4 to test whether these candidate loci are the susceptibility genes on chromosome 2q31-35. Using a case-control design with a subsequent family-association approach to confirm associations, we find no evidence that these candidate genes are associated with susceptibility to type I diabetes.

    背景与目标: 最近的基因组搜索表明,许多基因座与I型糖尿病易感性之间存在推定的联系。据报道,染色体2q31-35区域与I型糖尿病的易感性有关,并被认为包含多个糖尿病易感性位点。这些候选基因包括HOXD基因簇,BETA2,CTLA4,CD28,IGFBP2和igfbp5。需要在人群和家庭中进行关联研究,以确认和/或确定实际的易感性位点。我们在此报告了HOXD8,BETA2和IGFBP5的几个先前未知的DNA多态性,我们将其与先前已知的HOXD8和CTLA4的多态性一起使用,以测试这些候选基因座是否是染色体2q31-35上的易感基因。使用病例对照设计和随后的家庭关联方法来确认关联,我们没有发现证据表明这些候选基因与I型糖尿病的易感性有关。
  • 【神经性厌食症的全基因组关联研究表明,与瘦素信号失调有关的风险位点。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-01674-8 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anorexia nervosa (AN) using a stringently defined phenotype. Analysis of phenotypic variability led to the identification of a specific genetic risk factor that approached genome-wide significance (rs929626 in EBF1 (Early B-Cell Factor 1); P = 2.04 × 10-7; OR = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61-0.8) with independent replication (P = 0.04), suggesting a variant-mediated dysregulation of leptin signaling may play a role in AN. Multiple SNPs in LD with the variant support the nominal association. This demonstrates that although the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity of AN is universally recognized, further careful sub-typing of cases may provide more precise genomic signals. In this study, through a refinement of the phenotype spectrum of AN, we present a replicable GWAS signal that is nominally associated with AN, highlighting a potentially important candidate locus for further investigation.
    背景与目标: : 我们使用严格定义的表型对神经性厌食症 (AN) 进行了全基因组关联研究 (gwa)。表型变异性的分析导致鉴定出一种特定的遗传危险因素,该因素具有全基因组意义 (EBF1中的rs929626 (早期b细胞因子1); P   =   2.04  ×   10-7; Or   =   0.7; 95% 置信区间 (CI)  =   0.61-0.8) 与独立复制 (p   =   0.04),提示一个变异介导的瘦素信号失调可能在AN中起作用。具有变体的LD中的多个snp支持名义上的关联。这表明,尽管AN的临床和病因学异质性已得到普遍认可,但对病例的进一步仔细分类可能会提供更精确的基因组信号。在这项研究中,通过改进AN的表型谱,我们提出了名义上与AN相关的可复制gwa信号,突出了潜在的重要候选基因座,以供进一步研究。
  • 【在急诊科新发癫痫发作患者中进行实验室研究的实用性。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82337-6 复制DOI
    作者列表:Turnbull TL,Vanden Hoek TL,Howes DS,Eisner RF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Extensive laboratory testing is often performed in the emergency department evaluation of the new-onset seizure patient. To determine the utility of such testing, a prospective study of patients with a new-onset seizure presenting to the ED of an inner-city, university-affiliated teaching hospital was done. One hundred thirty-six patients were entered into the study between October 1984 and January 1988. All patients had uniform data collection performed. Pertinent historical information and physical examination findings were recorded on a standardized form before laboratory abnormality was a sole or contributory cause of the seizure disorder. These included four patients with hypoglycemia, four with hyperglycemia, two with hypocalcemia, and one with hypomagnesemia. Only two cases (hypoglycemia) were not suspected on the basis of findings on the history or physical examination. In ED patients, the incidence of a new-onset seizure due to a correctable metabolic disturbance is low. We conclude that, with the exception of the serum glucose, the extensive ED laboratory workup often done for the evaluation of a new-onset seizure is unnecessary. Further test ordering should be directed by the medical history and physical examination.
    背景与目标: : 在急诊科对新发癫痫患者的评估中,经常进行广泛的实验室测试。为了确定这种测试的实用性,对向市中心大学附属教学医院的ED呈递的新发癫痫发作患者进行了前瞻性研究。在1984年10月和1988年1月之间,有136名患者进入了研究。所有患者均进行了统一的数据收集。在实验室异常是癫痫发作的唯一或促成原因之前,将相关的历史信息和体格检查结果记录在标准化表格上。其中包括4名低血糖患者,4名高血糖患者,2名低钙血症患者和1名低镁血症患者。根据病史或体格检查发现,仅怀疑有2例 (低血糖)。在ED患者中,由于可纠正的代谢紊乱而引起的新发癫痫发作的发生率较低。我们得出的结论是,除血清葡萄糖外,通常不需要进行广泛的ED实验室检查以评估新发癫痫发作。进一步的检查顺序应由病史和体格检查指示。
  • 【在成人ADHD患者中,7个候选基因的遗传变异与对哌醋甲酯治疗的反应之间没有显着关联。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318270e727 复制DOI
    作者列表:Contini V,Victor MM,Bertuzzi GP,Salgado CA,Picon FA,Grevet EH,Rohde LA,Belmonte-de-Abreu P,Bau CH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Results from pharmacogenetic investigations of methylphenidate (MPH) response in patients with ADHD are still inconsistent, especially among adults. This study investigates the role of genetic variants (SLC6A4, HTR1B, TPH2, DBH, DRD4, COMT, and SNAP25) in the response to MPH in a sample of 164 adults. Genes were chosen owing to previous evidence for an influence in ADHD susceptibility. No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies between MPH responders and nonresponders were detected. In conclusion, our findings do not support an effect of these genes in the pharmacogenetics of MPH among adults with ADHD.
    背景与目标: : 多动症患者中哌醋甲酯 (MPH) 反应的药物遗传学研究结果仍然不一致,尤其是在成年人中。这项研究调查了164名成年人样本中遗传变异 (SLC6A4,HTR1B,TPH2,DBH,DRD4,COMT和SNAP25) 对MPH反应的作用。由于先前的证据对ADHD易感性有影响,因此选择了基因。在MPH应答者和非应答者之间未检测到等位基因或基因型频率的显着差异。总之,我们的发现不支持这些基因在ADHD成人中MPH的药物遗传学中的作用。
  • 【在假定的眼结核患者中,通过正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描 (PET/CT) 研究全身摄取18-fdg的模式。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.3109/09273948.2012.697596 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mehta S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To report the patterns and sites of 18-FDG uptake in patients of presumed ocular tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The clinical and investigational findings of 11 patients were reviewed retrospectively. These included 6 males and 5 females with a mean age of 46.2 years. 21 eyes were included in the data analysis. Clinical presentations include 15 eyes with anterior uveitis, 2 eyes with retinal vasculitis, 2 eyes with panuveitis and 2 eyes with multifocal choroidopathy. RESULTS:Two distinct patterns of systemic uptake emerged. Pattern 1: No detectable systemic uptake (4 patients). Pattern 2: Detectable systemic uptake. a. Chest disease only (2 patients). b. Disseminated pattern, uptake seen at multiple sites (4 patients). c. Extrapulmonary only (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS:Ocular tuberculosis may often be part of a wider disseminated disease.
    背景与目标:
  • 【脊髓损伤个体生活方式与冠心病危险因素的纵向关联.】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/sc.2012.153 复制DOI
    作者列表:de Groot S,Post MW,Snoek GJ,Schuitemaker M,van der Woude LH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate: (1) the course of coronary heart disease risk factors (lipid profiles and body mass index (BMI)) in the first five years after discharge from inpatient spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation and (2) the association between lifestyle (physical activity, self-care related to fitness, smoking, alcohol, body mass and low-fat diet) and coronary heart disease risk factors during that period. DESIGN:Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS:Individuals with SCI (N=130). Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and BMI were determined at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and 1 and 5 years after discharge. Using multilevel regression models, the effects of lifestyle (drinking alcohol, smoking, active lifestyle and self-care) on the lipid profiles and BMI were determined. RESULTS:After correction for lesion and personal characteristics, no changes in lipid profiles in the five years after discharge were seen, whereas the BMI increased significantly with 1.8 kg m(-2). A high percentage was at risk of cardiovascular disease due to high BMI (63-75%) or HDL (66-95%). The individuals who indicated to maintain their fitness level as good as possible and the individuals with a low BMI showed better lipid profiles. Individuals with a more active lifestyle showed higher HDL levels. Individuals who avoid smoking showed a 1.5 kg m(-2) higher BMI. CONCLUSION:Lipid profiles seem to stabilize in the years after discharge from inpatient SCI rehabilitation, whereas the BMI increased. Lifestyle factors associated with a favorable lipid profile and BMI could be identified.
    背景与目标:
  • 【一项全基因组关联研究将APOE基因座与非病理性认知衰老有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1038/mp.2012.159 复制DOI
    作者列表:
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Cognitive decline is a feared aspect of growing old. It is a major contributor to lower quality of life and loss of independence in old age. We investigated the genetic contribution to individual differences in nonpathological cognitive ageing in five cohorts of older adults. We undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 549 692 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 3511 unrelated adults in the Cognitive Ageing Genetics in England and Scotland (CAGES) project. These individuals have detailed longitudinal cognitive data from which phenotypes measuring each individual's cognitive changes were constructed. One SNP--rs2075650, located in TOMM40 (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog)--had a genome-wide significant association with cognitive ageing (P=2.5 × 10(-8)). This result was replicated in a meta-analysis of three independent Swedish cohorts (P=2.41 × 10(-6)). An Apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotype (adjacent to TOMM40), previously associated with cognitive ageing, had a significant effect on cognitive ageing in the CAGES sample (P=2.18 × 10(-8); females, P=1.66 × 10(-11); males, P=0.01). Fine SNP mapping of the TOMM40/APOE region identified both APOE (rs429358; P=3.66 × 10(-11)) and TOMM40 (rs11556505; P=2.45 × 10(-8)) as loci that were associated with cognitive ageing. Imputation and conditional analyses in the discovery and replication cohorts strongly suggest that this effect is due to APOE (rs429358). Functional genomic analysis indicated that SNPs in the TOMM40/APOE region have a functional, regulatory non-protein-coding effect. The APOE region is significantly associated with nonpathological cognitive ageing. The identity and mechanism of one or multiple causal variants remain unclear.
    背景与目标: : 认知能力下降是变老的一个令人恐惧的方面。这是导致老年生活质量下降和失去独立性的主要原因。我们调查了五个老年人群对非病理性认知衰老个体差异的遗传贡献。在英格兰和苏格兰的认知老化遗传学 (CAGES) 项目中,我们使用549   692单核苷酸多态性 (snp) 对3511无关的成年人进行了全基因组关联分析。这些个体具有详细的纵向认知数据,从中构建了用于测量每个人的认知变化的表型。位于tom40 (线粒体外膜40同源物的转位酶) 中的一个SNP-rs2075650与认知老化具有全基因组显着关联 (P = 2.5 × 10(-8))。该结果在三个独立的瑞典队列的荟萃分析中被复制 (P = 2.41 × 10(-6))。先前与认知衰老相关的载脂蛋白E (APOE) 单倍型 (与tom40相邻) 对笼子样本中的认知衰老具有显着影响 (P = 2.18 × 10(-8); 女性,P = 1.66 × 10(-11); 男性,P = 0.01)。Tom40/APOE区域的精细SNP图谱将APOE (rs429358; P = 3.66 × 10(-11)) 和tom40 (rs11556505; P = 2.45 × 10(-8)) 识别为与认知衰老相关的基因座。发现和复制队列中的插补和条件分析强烈表明,这种效应是由于APOE引起的 (rs429358)。功能基因组分析表明,tom40/APOE区域的snp具有功能性,调节的非蛋白质编码作用。APOE区域与非病理性认知老化显着相关。一种或多种因果变异的身份和机制仍不清楚。
  • 【产前吸烟与出生体重下降以及新生儿重症监护之间的性别差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/08964289.2012.703977 复制DOI
    作者列表:Tayie FA,Powell C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Gender-specific associations between prenatal smoking and birthweight, and neonate intensive health care were studied. Cross-sectional data from 11,583 newborns in the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008 early childhood data sets were used. Change in infant birthweight and likelihood of receiving neonatal intensive care by prenatal smoking exposure were assessed. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the influence of prenatal smoking on birthweight and likelihood of receiving intensive neonatal health care. Compared with infants from nonsmoking mothers, prenatal smoking associated with significant decrease in infant birthweight, -203.0 g ± 32.5, P < 0.001. The change in birthweight differed between infant boys, -220.2 g ± 44.5, and girls, -184.1 g ± 38.8. Newborns exposed to prenatal smoking were more likely to have low birthweight, odds ratio 1.46, P < 0.03, and to receive neonatal intensive health care, odds ratio 1.20; P < 0.04. It is imperative that prenatal counseling emphasizes prenatal maternal smoking.
    背景与目标: : 研究了产前吸烟与出生体重之间的性别特异性关联,以及新生儿重症监护。使用了连续国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 2003-2008幼儿数据集中的11,583个新生儿的横断面数据。评估了婴儿出生体重的变化以及通过产前吸烟暴露接受新生儿重症监护的可能性。多变量回归模型用于评估产前吸烟对出生体重的影响以及接受重症新生儿保健的可能性。与非吸烟母亲的婴儿相比,产前吸烟与婴儿出生体重显着降低有关,-203.0g ± 32.5,P <0.001。婴儿男孩 (-220.2g ± 44.5) 和女孩 (-184.1g ± 38.8) 的出生体重变化不同。暴露于产前吸烟的新生儿更有可能出生体重低,比值比1.46,P <0.03,并接受新生儿重症监护,比值比1.20; P <0.04。产前咨询必须强调产前母亲吸烟。
  • 【外周静脉疾病与动脉内皮功能障碍的关系: 概念验证研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1258/phleb.2012.012048 复制DOI
    作者列表:Moro L,Pedone C,Serino FM,Incalzi RA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between peripheral venous disease (PVD) and arterial endothelial dysfunction (ED). Arterial and venous diseases have been always considered as two completely different entities, but the recent discovery of a relationship between arterial and venous thrombosis have challenged this assumption. ED, considered to be an early process in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic disease, could represent a common pathogenetic background. We studied 39 healthy volunteers (median age: 34 years; men: 25.6%). PVD was diagnosed using ultrasound examination, arterial ED using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and FMD normalized for the peak shear rate (nFMD). Compared with controls, participants with PVD had a lower FMD (15.2 versus 23.4%, P < 0.001) and nFMD (12.7 × 10(-3) versus 19 × 10(-3)/second, P < 0.001). People with the most clinically evident disease had the worst endothelial function. In conclusion, our findings, if confirmed in larger population, might corroborate the idea that venous and arterial disease could have common causes.
    背景与目标: : 该研究的目的是评估外周静脉疾病 (PVD) 与动脉内皮功能障碍 (ED) 之间的关系。动脉和静脉疾病一直被认为是两个完全不同的实体,但是最近发现动脉和静脉血栓形成之间的关系对这一假设提出了挑战。ED被认为是动脉粥样硬化疾病病理生理的早期过程,可能代表了共同的发病背景。我们研究了39名健康志愿者 (中位年龄: 34岁; 男性: 25.6%)。使用超声检查诊断PVD,使用血流介导的扩张 (FMD) 进行动脉ED,并针对峰值剪切速率 (nFMD) 标准化FMD。与对照组相比,PVD参与者的FMD (15.2 vs 23.4%,P <0.001) 和nFMD (12.7 × 10(-3) vs 19 × 10(-3)/秒,P <0.001) 较低。临床上最明显的疾病患者的内皮功能最差。总之,如果在更多人群中得到证实,我们的发现可能证实了静脉和动脉疾病可能具有共同原因的观点。
  • 【精神分裂症患者的错配负性与皮质厚度之间是否存在关联?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/1550059417714705 复制DOI
    作者列表:Seol JJ,Kim M,Lee KH,Hur JW,Cho KIK,Lee TY,Chung CK,Kwon JS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to reflect preattentive, automatic auditory processing. Reduced MMN amplitude is among the most robust findings in schizophrenia research. MMN generators have been shown to be located in the temporal and frontal cortices, which are key areas in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study investigated whether frontotemporal cortical thickness was associated with reduced MMN current source density (CSD) strength in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS:Sixteen schizophrenia patients and 18 healthy controls (HCs) were examined using magnetoencephalography while they performed a passive auditory oddball paradigm. All participants underwent a T1 structural magnetic resonance imaging scan in a separate session. We evaluated MMN CSD and cortical thickness, and their associations, in the superior and transverse temporal gyri, as well as in the inferior and middle frontal gyri. RESULTS:Patients exhibited significantly reduced CSD strength in all temporal and frontal areas of interest relative to HCs. There was a positive correlation between CSD strength and cortical thickness in both temporal and frontal areas in HCs. However, schizophrenia patients showed negative correlations between CSD strength and cortical thickness in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri. Additionally, we found positive correlations between frontal cortical thickness and negative and total scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). CONCLUSIONS:Our findings provide evidence for deficient temporal and frontal MMN generators and a disruption of normal structure-function relationship in patients with schizophrenia.
    背景与目标:
  • 【甲状腺球蛋白特异性抑制T细胞功能在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病中的研究。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1210/jcem-61-2-306 复制DOI
    作者列表:Mori H,Hamada N,DeGroot LJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :T cell regulation of the generation of thyroglobulin plaque-forming cells (Tg PFC) and protein A plaque-forming cells (Prot A PFC) was investigated using lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. T and B cell mixed cultures (T-B MC) were carried out without mitogenic or antigenic stimulation to identify physiological T cell effects in the system. Tg PFC were found in 8 (44%) of 18 patients who had high titers of thyroglobulin antibody in their sera. Tg-specific and nonspecific immunoregulation by T cells from patients and normal subjects was studied using B cells from these eight patients in the T-B MC system. Remarkably lower values of Tg PFC induction compared to Prot A PFC induction were found after T cell addition. Normal T cells inhibited Tg PFC induction, but patient T cells did not, while the same extent of helper effects were found on Prot A PFC induction by the addition of patient and normal T cells. Irradiation (1500 rads) of T cells from patients and normal subjects significantly enhanced both TgPFC and Prot A PFC induction. Thus, Tg-specific suppressor T cells are present in all normal subjects as part of the radiosensitive suppressor T cell subset. The increase in Tg-PFC caused by irradiation-induced inhibition of Tg-specific suppressor T cell function was significantly greater in normal subjects than in patients. Histamine type 2 receptor-bearing T cells inhibited Prot A PFC induction, but not Tg PFC induction, in the autologous T-B MC system. No Tg PFC were induced from normal B cells in any combination with untreated T cells, irradiated T cells, or histamine type 2 receptor-negative T cells from patients or normal subjects. These data indicate that in vitro Tg-specific T cell regulation can be studied in the T-B MC system by using B cells from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease with high Tg antibody titers in their sera. Tg-specific suppressor T cells appear to be present in all individuals and to be involved in the regulation of Tg antibody production. The lower activity of Tg-specific suppressor T cells in patients compared to that in normal subjects may be related to Tg antibody production in vivo. This abnormality, however, is heterogeneous and is not a complete but, rather, is a relative defect of Tg-specific suppressor T cells.
    背景与目标: : 使用自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的淋巴细胞研究了甲状腺球蛋白斑块形成细胞 (Tg PFC) 和蛋白A斑块形成细胞 (Prot A PFC) 生成的T细胞调节。在没有促有丝分裂或抗原刺激的情况下进行T细胞和b细胞混合培养 (t-b MC),以鉴定系统中的生理T细胞作用。在18例血清中甲状腺球蛋白抗体滴度较高的患者中,有8例 (44% 例) 发现了Tg PFC。在t-b MC系统中,使用这八名患者的b细胞研究了患者和正常受试者的T细胞对Tg的特异性和非特异性免疫调节。添加T细胞后,与Prot A PFC诱导相比,Tg PFC诱导值明显降低。正常T细胞抑制Tg PFC诱导,但患者T细胞不抑制,而通过添加患者和正常T细胞对Prot A PFC诱导发现了相同程度的辅助作用。来自患者和正常受试者的T细胞的照射 (1500 rads) 显着增强了TgPFC和Prot A PFC的诱导。因此,Tg特异性抑制T细胞作为放射敏感性抑制T细胞亚群的一部分存在于所有正常受试者中。在正常受试者中,由辐射诱导的Tg特异性抑制T细胞功能抑制引起的tg-pfc的增加明显大于患者。在自体t-b MC系统中,带有组胺2型受体的T细胞抑制Prot A PFC诱导,但不抑制Tg PFC诱导。正常b细胞与未经治疗的T细胞,辐照的T细胞或来自患者或正常受试者的组胺2型受体阴性T细胞的任何组合均未诱导Tg PFC。这些数据表明,可以使用来自血清中Tg抗体滴度较高的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病患者的b细胞,在t-b MC系统中研究体外Tg特异性T细胞调控。Tg特异性抑制T细胞似乎存在于所有个体中,并参与Tg抗体产生的调节。与正常受试者相比,患者中Tg特异性抑制T细胞的活性较低可能与体内Tg抗体的产生有关。然而,这种异常是异质的,不是完整的,而是Tg特异性抑制T细胞的相对缺陷。

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