BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Kashmir musk deer Moschus cupreus (KMD) are the least studied species of musk deer. We compiled genetically validated occurrence records of KMD to construct species distribution models using Maximum Entropy. We show that the distribution of KMD is limited between central Nepal on the east and north-east Afghanistan on the west and is primarily determined by precipitation of driest quarter, annual mean temperature, water vapor, and precipitation during the coldest quarter. Precipitation being the most influential determinant of distribution suggests the importance of pre-monsoon moisture for growth of the dominant vegetation, Himalayan birch Betula utilis and Himalayan fir Abies spectabilis, in KMD's preferred forests. All four Representative Concentration Pathway Scenarios result an expansion of suitable habitat in Uttarakhand, India, west Nepal and their associated areas in China in 2050s and 2070s but a dramatic loss of suitable habitat elsewhere (Kashmir region and Pakistan-Afghanistan border). About 1/4th of the current habitat will remain as climate refugia in future. Since the existing network of protected areas will only include a tiny fraction (4%) of the climatic refugia of KMD, the fate of the species will be determined by the interplay of more urgent short-term forces of poaching and habitat degradation and long-term forces of climate change.

背景与目标： : 克什米尔麝鹿Moschus cupreus (KMD) 是麝鹿研究最少的物种。我们汇编了经过遗传验证的KMD发生记录，以使用最大熵构建物种分布模型。我们表明，KMD的分布在东部的尼泊尔中部和西部的阿富汗东北部之间是有限的，主要取决于最干旱地区的降水，年平均温度，水蒸气和最冷地区的降水。降水是最有影响力的分布决定因素，表明季风前水分对KMD首选森林中主要植被，喜马拉雅桦木桦木和喜马拉雅冷杉冷杉的生长至关重要。所有四种代表性的集中途径情景都导致21世纪50年代和21世纪70年代北阿坎德邦，印度，西尼泊尔及其在中国相关地区的合适栖息地的扩大，但其他地方 (克什米尔地区和巴基斯坦-阿富汗边界) 的合适栖息地急剧丧失。未来，当前栖息地的约1/4仍将作为气候避难所。由于现有的保护区网络将仅包括KMD气候避难所的一小部分 (4%)，因此该物种的命运将取决于更紧迫的短期偷猎和栖息地退化力量与长期的相互作用。气候变化的长期力量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper presents and discusses the U.S. Army telemedicine support systems currently available to our deployed forces in Southwest Asia. Organization and structure of the support system are discussed, along with some of the business rules and policies developed for its use. Some of the lessons learned are directly applicable to any type of large-scale telemedicine deployment, civilian or military.

背景与目标： : 本文介绍并讨论了我们在西南亚部署的部队目前可用的美国陆军远程医疗支持系统。讨论了支持系统的组织和结构，以及为使用该系统而开发的一些业务规则和策略。一些经验教训直接适用于任何类型的大规模远程医疗部署，无论是民用还是军用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of bloodstream infection (BSI). Strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemases are considered global priority pathogens for which new treatment and prevention strategies are urgently required, due to severely limited therapeutic options. South and Southeast Asia are major hubs for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) K. pneumoniae and also for the characteristically antimicrobial-sensitive, community-acquired "hypervirulent" strains. The emergence of hypervirulent AMR strains and lack of data on exopolysaccharide diversity pose a challenge for K. pneumoniae BSI control strategies worldwide. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of 365 BSI K. pneumoniae from seven major healthcare facilities across South and Southeast Asia, extracting clinically relevant information (AMR, virulence, K and O antigen loci) using Kleborate, a K. pneumoniae-specific genomic typing tool. RESULTS:K. pneumoniae BSI isolates were highly diverse, comprising 120 multi-locus sequence types (STs) and 63 K-loci. ESBL and carbapenemase gene frequencies were 47% and 17%, respectively. The aerobactin synthesis locus (iuc), associated with hypervirulence, was detected in 28% of isolates. Importantly, 7% of isolates harboured iuc plus ESBL and/or carbapenemase genes. The latter represent genotypic AMR-virulence convergence, which is generally considered a rare phenomenon but was particularly common among South Asian BSI (17%). Of greatest concern, we identified seven novel plasmids carrying both iuc and AMR genes, raising the prospect of co-transfer of these phenotypes among K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS:K. pneumoniae BSI in South and Southeast Asia are caused by different STs from those predominating in other regions, and with higher frequency of acquired virulence determinants. K. pneumoniae carrying both iuc and AMR genes were also detected at higher rates than have been reported elsewhere. The study demonstrates how genomics-based surveillance-reporting full molecular profiles including STs, AMR, virulence and serotype locus information-can help standardise comparisons between sites and identify regional differences in pathogen populations.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:FAS cell surface death receptor (FAS) gene has 2 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its promoter, FAS-1377G > A (rs2234767) and FAS-670A > G (rs1800682). Several studies have investigated the role of these 2 polymorphisms in etiology of breast cancer in Asian population while the outcomes are inconsistent. To derive a more precise assessment of the association between breast cancer susceptibility with FAS gene promoter SNPs, a meta-analysis of published studies was performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Chinese biomedical database (CBM) for papers published until November 1, 2018. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidential interval (95%CI) was conducted to evaluate the associations. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata13.0 software. A total of 8 studies covering 2564 cases and 2633 controls were included. RESULTS:The integrated results suggest the following: For the FAS-1377G/A polymorphism, we only found significant associations for allele G vs allele A (OR = 1.100, 95%CI = 1.004-1.206, P = .040). After stratification by ethnicity, a significant association was observed only for the AA+GA vs GG genotype in East Asian populations (OR = 1.177, 95% CI = 1.010-1.371, P = .037). The association was not found in West Asian populations. For the FAS -670A/G polymorphism, no association with cancer risk was found in any comparison model. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the meta-analysis results obtained after excluding any single study were similar to the original ones, suggesting that the meta-analysis results were not significantly affected by any single study. CONCLUSION:These results indicated that FAS-1377G/A polymorphism may contribute to the increased breast cancer susceptibility and could be a promising target for cancer risk prediction. Further studies are needed to determine if the FAS gene confers a risk of breast cancer in other ethnic groups, such as Africans and Latin Americans.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli are increasingly challenging to manage in hospitals and long term-care facilities worldwide. As the therapeutic options are limited, the International Society of Chemotherapy in collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Society of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology organised a consensus conference as part of the 13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection. A panel of international experts from Europe, the Americas and Asia were convened to discuss the issues of therapeutic options for the management of these difficult-to-treat pathogens.

背景与目标： : 由多重耐药和广泛耐药的革兰氏阴性杆菌引起的感染在世界各地的医院和长期护理机构中管理越来越具有挑战性。由于治疗选择有限，国际化学疗法学会与亚太临床微生物学和免疫学学会合作组织了一次共识会议，作为第13届亚太临床微生物学和感染大会的一部分。召集了来自欧洲，美洲和亚洲的国际专家小组，讨论了这些难以治疗的病原体的治疗选择问题。

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use in Taiwan. DESIGN AND SETTING:We studied a nationally representative random sample in the 2015 Taiwan Adult Smoking Behavior Survey. PARTICIPANTS:This study included 26 021 participants aged 15 years or older (51% women, 79% non-smokers, 16% aged 15-24 years), after excluding 31 persons (0.1%) who had missing information on e-cigarette use. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES:The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was calculated in the overall sample and by smoking status (current, former and never) or age (15-24, 25-44 and ≥45 years). We performed multivariable log-binomial regression to assess correlates of ever having used e-cigarettes among all participants and separately for subgroups by smoking status and age. RESULTS:Approximately 3% of all participants had ever used e-cigarettes. The prevalence of ever having used e-cigarettes was high in current smokers (14%) and people aged 18-24 years (7%). E-cigarette use was particularly common in people aged 15-24 years who were current (49-52%) or former (22-39%) smokers. Ever having used e-cigarettes was positively associated with tobacco smoking (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 21.5, 95% CI 15.4 to 29.8, current smokers; aPR: 8.3, 95% CI 15.2 to 13.1, former smokers), younger age and high socioeconomic status. Age remained a significant factor of ever having used e-cigarettes across smoking status groups. Among non-smokers, men had a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.5 to 3.8) greater prevalence of e-cigarette use than women. CONCLUSIONS:E-cigarette use was uncommon in the general population in Taiwan, but prevalence was high among smokers and young people. This study highlights challenges that e-cigarettes pose to tobacco control, which warrant high priority action by policymakers and public health professionals. E-cigarette regulations should focus on young people.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Fever commonly leads to healthcare seeking and hospital admission in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. There is only limited guidance for clinicians managing non-malarial fevers, which often results in inappropriate treatment for patients. Furthermore, there is little evidence for estimates of disease burden, or to guide empirical therapy, control measures, resource allocation, prioritisation of clinical diagnostics or antimicrobial stewardship. The Febrile Illness Evaluation in a Broad Range of Endemicities (FIEBRE) study seeks to address these information gaps. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:FIEBRE investigates febrile illness in paediatric and adult outpatients and inpatients using standardised clinical, laboratory and social science protocols over a minimum 12-month period at five sites in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeastern and Southern Asia. Patients presenting with fever are enrolled and provide clinical data, pharyngeal swabs and a venous blood sample; selected participants also provide a urine sample. Laboratory assessments target infections that are treatable and/or preventable. Selected point-of-care tests, as well as blood and urine cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, are performed on site. On day 28, patients provide a second venous blood sample for serology and information on clinical outcome. Further diagnostic assays are performed at international reference laboratories. Blood and pharyngeal samples from matched community controls enable calculation of AFs, and surveys of treatment seeking allow estimation of the incidence of common infections. Additional assays detect markers that may differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial causes of illness and/or prognosticate illness severity. Social science research on antimicrobial use will inform future recommendations for fever case management. Residual samples from participants are stored for future use. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Ethics approval was obtained from all relevant institutional and national committees; written informed consent is obtained from all participants or parents/guardians. Final results will be shared with participating communities, and in open-access journals and other scientific fora. Study documents are available online (https://doi.org/10.17037/PUBS.04652739).

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The analysis of a sample of skeletons from the 4,000-year-old site of Khok Phanom Di on the coast of central Thailand has identified a number of individuals with skeletal evidence suggestive of severe anemia. The differential diagnosis of the lesions is discussed and the presence of one of the thalassemia syndromes is proposed. The implications of this for southeast Asian prehistory are discussed. The presence of these conditions has been suggested in previous analyses of prehistoric southeast Asian populations, but this is the first population in which the evidence, including postcranial responses, is presented in detail.

背景与目标： 对来自泰国中部沿海拥有4,000年历史的Khok Phanom Di遗址的骨骼样本进行的分析发现，有许多骨骼证据表明患有严重贫血。讨论了病变的鉴别诊断疾病，并提出了一种地中海贫血综合征的存在。讨论了这对东南亚史前的影响。在先前对史前东南亚人群的分析中已经提出了这些条件的存在，但这是第一个详细介绍了包括颅后反应在内的证据的人群。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The coupled model AVIM-RIEMS2.0 is employed to examine the effects of climate change on the terrestrial ecosystem over East Asia during three decades since the 1980s. The vegetation parameters present significantly different responses to climate change in subregions, since the effects of climate change trigger seasonal signals on land surface processes at the regional scale. In the 1980s, the increasing temperature and rainfall lead to a decrease in biomass and leaf area index (LAI) in winter, but a slight increase in net primary productivity (NPP) over China. However, summertime precipitation shows interval changes of cyclic increase-decrease pattern over eastern China, and the similar pattern also occurs for the variations in biomass and LAI. In the 1990s, the temperature and precipitation over the most regions in East Asia demonstrate the opposite changes compared to the 1980s, which results in converse variations in LAI and vegetation carbon flux. In the 2000s, biomass and LAI in the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River basin and southeast coastal regions exhibit the same changes as precipitation in winter, and NPP shows a similar response to temperature. The biomass and LAI show consistent responses to regional climate change in summer, while different responses are seen for NPP. In general, climate change had a great impact on the vegetation in the 1990s, which produced the remarkable influences on LAI and biomass in winter and the significant impacts on NPP in summer. Over the regions affected significantly by East Asian monsoon, e.g. South China, the terrestrial ecosystem displays a roughly consistent response to regional climate change.

背景与目标： : 自20世纪80年代以来的三十年中，使用耦合模型AVIM-RIEMS2.0来研究气候变化对东亚陆地生态系统的影响。由于气候变化的影响在区域范围内触发了季节性信号，因此植被参数对次区域气候变化的响应存在显着差异。20世纪80年代，温度和降雨的增加导致冬季生物量和叶面积指数 (LAI) 下降，但中国的净初级生产力 (NPP) 略有增加。然而，夏季降水显示出中国东部地区循环增减模式的间隔变化，生物量和LAI的变化也出现类似的模式。20世纪90年代，与20世纪80年代相比，东亚大部分地区的温度和降水表现出相反的变化，这导致LAI和植被碳通量的相反变化。21世纪00年代，长江流域中下游和东南沿海地区的生物量和LAI与冬季的降水变化相同，NPP对温度的响应相似。生物量和LAI在夏季对区域气候变化表现出一致的响应，而NPP则表现出不同的响应。总的来说，气候变化对20世纪90年代植被的影响很大，冬季对LAI和生物量的影响很大，夏季对NPP的影响也很大。在受东亚季风影响较大的地区，例如华南地区，陆地生态系统对区域气候变化表现出大致一致的响应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High specificity in the Ficus-agaonid wasp mutualism has lead to the assumption of a mostly 'one-to-one' relationship, albeit with some exceptions. This view has been challenged by new molecular data in recent years, but surprisingly little is known about local and spatial genetic structuring of agaonid wasp populations. Using microsatellite markers, we analysed genetic structuring of Ceratosolen fusciceps, the fig wasp pollinating Ficus racemosa, a fig tree species widely distributed from India to Australia. In sampling stretching from the south of China to the south of Thailand we found evidence for only a single pollinating wasp species in continental South-East Asian mainland. We found no evidence for the co-occurrence of cryptic species within our subcontinent sampling zone. We observed no spatial genetic structure within sites and only limited structuring over the whole sampling zone, suggesting that F. racemosa is pollinated by a single population of a single agaonid wasp species all over continental South-East Asia. An additional sample of wasps collected on F. racemosa in Australia showed clear-cut genetic differentiation from the Asian continent, suggesting allopatric divergence into subspecies or species. We propose that the frequent local co-occurrence of sister species found in the literature mainly stems from contact zones between biogeographic regions, and that a single pollinator species over wide areas might be the more common situation everywhere else.

背景与目标： : 尽管有一些例外，但榕-agaonid wasp的高度特异性导致了大多数 “一对一” 关系的假设。近年来，新的分子数据对这种观点提出了挑战，但令人惊讶的是，对agaonid wasp种群的局部和空间遗传结构知之甚少。使用微卫星标记，我们分析了Ceratosolen fusciceps的遗传结构，Ceratosolen fusciceps是无花果黄蜂授粉榕花叶，这是一种从印度到澳大利亚广泛分布的无花果树种。在从中国南部到泰国南部的采样中，我们发现了东南亚大陆上只有一种授粉黄蜂物种的证据。我们没有发现在我们的次大陆采样区内同时出现隐秘物种的证据。我们在整个采样区域内没有观察到空间遗传结构，并且仅在整个采样区域内结构有限，这表明总状花序是由整个东南亚大陆的单个agaonid黄蜂物种的单个种群授粉的。在澳大利亚的总状花序上收集的另一只黄蜂样本显示出与亚洲大陆的明显遗传分化，表明异种分化为亚种或物种。我们认为，文献中发现的姐妹物种经常在当地同时出现，主要是由于生物地理区域之间的接触区，而在广阔的区域中，单个授粉媒介物种可能是其他地方更常见的情况。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :High numbers of children and adolescents in South-East Asia are traumatized by either natural disasters or human-made violence. Addressing traumatic sequelae in local populations with empirically based trauma treatments is challenged by the insufficiency inappropriately trained mental health provision. To meet this need for qualified therapists, the humanitarian/trauma capacity-building organization, Trauma Aid Germany, trained 37 therapists in psychotraumatology, including trauma stabilization. This study analyses the impact of trauma stabilization as a sole treatment intervention for post-traumatic stress (PTS) problems in children and adolescents. Each client was screened for PTS problems pre- and post-treatment using the Child Behaviour Checklist. Trauma stabilization (including psychoeducation) was the focus for subsequent data analysis. Those excluded were clients in receipt of trauma confrontation interventions. Trauma stabilization, as a sole treatment intervention, appeared to be sufficiently effective in reducing the PTS problems. The data set suggests that trauma stabilization has the potential to be effective, efficient, and sufficient treatment intervention for PTS problems in children and adolescents. Trauma stabilization techniques have the advantage of being relatively straightforward to teach and easy to integrate into practice. They are clinically safe, flexible, adaptable to the development stage and age of the client, and culturally and spiritually sensitive. A further advantage of trauma stabilization interventions is that they are bespoke - adjusted and adapted to the specific needs of the client. The discussion considers the implications for the potential utilization of mental health nurses and paraprofessionals in low- and middle-income countries in trauma stabilization interventions.

背景与目标： : 东南亚大量儿童和青少年受到自然灾害或人为暴力的创伤。通过基于经验的创伤治疗来解决当地人群的创伤后遗症，这是由于缺乏经过不适当培训的精神卫生提供而提出的挑战。为了满足对合格治疗师的需求，人道主义/创伤能力建设组织德国创伤援助组织对37名治疗师进行了精神创伤学培训，包括创伤稳定。这项研究分析了创伤稳定作为儿童和青少年创伤后应激 (PTS) 问题的唯一治疗干预措施的影响。使用儿童行为清单对每个客户进行治疗前和治疗后的PTS问题筛查。创伤稳定 (包括心理教育) 是后续数据分析的重点。被排除在外的是接受创伤对抗干预的客户。作为唯一的治疗干预措施，创伤稳定似乎在减少PTS问题方面足够有效。数据集表明，创伤稳定有可能对儿童和青少年的PTS问题进行有效，有效和充分的治疗干预。创伤稳定技术的优点是教学相对简单，易于融入实践。它们在临床上是安全的，灵活的，能够适应客户的发展阶段和年龄，并且在文化和精神上都很敏感。创伤稳定干预措施的另一个优点是，它们经过定制调整并适应客户的特定需求。讨论考虑了中低收入国家精神卫生护士和准专业人员在创伤稳定干预措施中的潜在利用的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Rabies is a major neglected zoonotic disease and causes a substantial burden in the Asian region. Currently, Pacific Oceania is free of rabies but enzootic areas throughout southeast Asia represent a major risk of disease introduction to this region. On September 25-26, 2019, researchers, government officials and related stakeholders met at an IABS conference in Bangkok, Thailand to engage on the topic of human rabies mediated by dogs. The objective of the meeting was focused upon snowballing efforts towards achieving substantial progress in rabies prevention, control and elimination within Asia by 2030, and thereby to safeguard the Pacific region. Individual sessions focused upon domestic animal, wildlife and human vaccination; the production and evaluation of quality, safety and efficacy of existing rabies biologics; and the future development of new products. Participants reviewed the progress to date in eliminating canine rabies by mass vaccination, described supportive methods to parenteral administration by oral vaccine application, considered updated global and local approaches at human prophylaxis and discussed the considerable challenges ahead. Such opportunities provide continuous engagement on disease management among professionals at a trans-disciplinary level and promote new applied research collaborations in a modern One Health context.

背景与目标： : 狂犬病是一种主要的被忽视的人畜共患传染病，在亚洲地区造成沉重负担。目前，大洋洲太平洋地区没有狂犬病，但整个东南亚的动物区是该地区引入疾病的主要风险。2019年9月25至26日，研究人员，政府官员和相关利益相关者在泰国曼谷举行的IABS会议上开会，讨论由狗介导的人类狂犬病的话题。会议的目标集中在为在亚洲2030年内的狂犬病预防，控制和消除方面取得实质性进展而进行的滚雪球努力，从而维护太平洋地区。个别会议的重点是家畜，野生动植物和人类疫苗接种; 生产和评估现有狂犬病生物制剂的质量，安全性和有效性; 以及新产品的未来开发。参与者回顾了迄今为止通过群体接种消除犬狂犬病的进展，描述了通过口服疫苗应用对肠胃外给药的支持方法，考虑了人类预防的最新全球和本地方法，并讨论了未来的巨大挑战。这样的机会提供了跨学科专业人员在疾病管理方面的持续参与，并在现代一个健康背景下促进了新的应用研究合作。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An assessment of the radiological situation due to exposure to gamma radiation, radon and thoron was carried out at selected former uranium mining and processing sites in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Gamma dose rate measurements were made using various field instruments and radon/thoron measurements were carried out using discriminative radon ((222)Rn)/thoron ((220)Rn) solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). The detectors were exposed for an extended period of time, including at least three seasonal periods in a year, in different outdoor and indoor public and residential environments at the selected uranium legacy sites. The results showed that gamma, Rn and Tn doses were in general low, which consequently implies a low/relatively low radiological risk. The major radiation hazard is represented by abandoned radioactive filtration material that was being used as insulation by some Minkush residents (Kyrgyzstan) for a longer period of time. Annual radiation doses of several hundred mSv could be received as a consequence of using this material domestically. In addition, the gamma and Rn/Tn dose rates at Digmai, Tajikistan, could reach values of several 10 mSv/a. The doses of ionizing radiation deriving from external radiation (gamma dose rate), indoor radon and thoron with their short-lived progenies in several cases exceeded the recommended annual effective dose threshold level of 10 mSv. At none of the sites investigated did the individual annual effective doses exceed 30 mSv, the internationally recommended value for considering intervention. Current doses of ionizing radiation do not represent a serious hazard to the health of the resident public, but this issue should be adequately addressed to further reduce needless exposure of the resident public to ionizing radiation.

背景与目标： : 在中亚国家哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦选定的前铀矿开采和加工地点，对暴露于伽马辐射、氡和索隆的辐射情况进行了评估。使用各种现场仪器进行伽马剂量率测量，并使用判别性氡 ((222)Rn)/thoron ((220)Rn) 固态核径迹探测器 (SSNTD) 进行氡/thoron测量。探测器在选定的铀遗留地点的不同室外和室内公共和住宅环境中暴露了很长一段时间，包括一年中的至少三个季节性时期。结果表明，γ，Rn和Tn剂量通常较低，因此意味着较低/相对较低的放射风险。主要的辐射危害表现为废弃的放射性过滤材料，这些材料被Minkush居民 (吉尔吉斯斯坦) 长期用作绝缘材料。由于在国内使用这种材料，可以接收到数百毫西弗的年辐射剂量。此外，塔吉克斯坦Digmai的 γ 和Rn/Tn剂量率可能达到10 mSv/a的值。在某些情况下，来自外部辐射 (伽马剂量率)，室内ra和thoron及其短寿命后代的电离辐射剂量超过了建议的10 mSv的年度有效剂量阈值水平。在所调查的所有站点中，单个年度有效剂量均未超过30 mSv，这是考虑干预的国际推荐值。目前的电离辐射剂量对居民公众的健康并不构成严重危害，但应充分解决这一问题，以进一步减少居民公众对电离辐射的不必要暴露。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CONTEXT:Human Taeniasis caused by the pork, Taenia solium, or beef, T saginata, tapeworm arises after eating pork or beef contaminated with metacestodes, the larval stage of these parasites. Taeniasis with T solium can lead to neurocysticercosis and threaten others by accidental ingestion of eggs released from asymptomatic Taeniasis patients. The 2003 World Health Assembly declared that T solium is of worldwide public-health importance, and that it is an eradicable parasitic disease worldwide. Adult taeniid tapeworms expelled from people in almost all Asian countries appeared to be T saginata (the so-called Asian Taenia), even though they ate pork. The organism is now named T asiatica, and has been found in Taiwan, Korea, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. But it has been difficult to differentiate T saginata from beef and Asian Taenia from pork. STARTING POINT:Marshall Lightowlers and colleagues (Int J Parasitol 2003; 33: 1207-17) recently demonstrated that recombinant oncosphere vaccines against several taeniid cestodes, including T ovis, T saginata, T solium, and Echinococcus granulosus, are highly effective. Protection was almost 100%, in the laboratory and in the field. These researchers found several common features, including a predicted secretory signal sequence, and one or two copies of a fibronectin type III domain, each encoded by separate exons within the associated gene. WHERE NEXT? Molecular and immunological techniques, including vaccine research and development of animal models for differentiation of taeniid species in humans, have greatly advanced over the past decade. The clinical importance of infections by these taeniids, including T asiatica, in humans, and the potential for cysticercosis attributable to T asiatica in humans, needs further study.

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