BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The World Health Organization and other institutions are considering Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technology that can potentially address some health system gaps, especially the reduction of global health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, because most AI-based health applications are developed and implemented in high-income countries, their use in LMICs contexts is recent and there is a lack of robust local evaluations to guide decision-making in low-resource settings. After discussing the potential benefits as well as the risks and challenges raised by AI-based health care, we propose five building blocks to guide the development and implementation of more responsible, sustainable, and inclusive AI health care technologies in LMICs.

背景与目标： : 世界卫生组织和其他机构正在考虑将人工智能 (AI) 视为一种技术，可以潜在地解决某些卫生系统差距，特别是减少中低收入国家 (lmic) 的全球卫生不平等现象。然而，由于大多数基于人工智能的卫生应用程序是在高收入国家开发和实施的，它们在lmic背景下的使用是最近的，并且缺乏强有力的本地评估来指导低资源环境下的决策。在讨论了基于人工智能的医疗保健带来的潜在好处以及风险和挑战之后，我们提出了五个构建模块，以指导lmic中更具责任感，可持续性和包容性的人工智能医疗技术的开发和实施。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Artificial sweeteners such as saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, and cyclamate produce at high concentrations an unpleasant after-taste that is generally attributed to bitter and metallic taste sensations. To identify receptors involved with the complex perception of the above compounds, preference tests were performed in wild-type mice and mice lacking the TRPV1 channel or the T1R3 receptor, the latter being necessary for the perception of sweet taste. The sweeteners, including cyclamate, displayed a biphasic response profile, with the T1R3 mediated component implicated in preference. At high concentrations imparting off-taste, omission of TRPV1 reduced aversion. In a heterologous expression system the Y511A point mutation in the vanilloid pocket of TRPV1 did not affect saccharin and aspartame responses but abolished cyclamate and acesulfame-K activities. The results rationalize artificial sweetener tastes and off-tastes by showing that at low concentrations, these molecules stimulate the gustatory system through the hedonically positive T1R3 pathway, and at higher concentrations, their aversion is partly mediated by TRPV1.

背景与目标： : 人造甜味剂，例如糖精，阿斯巴甜，安赛蜜和甜蜜素在高浓度下会产生令人不快的后味，通常归因于苦味和金属味。为了鉴定与上述化合物的复杂感知有关的受体，在野生型小鼠和缺乏TRPV1通道或T1R3受体的小鼠中进行了偏好测试，后者是感知甜味所必需的。甜味剂 (包括甜蜜素) 表现出双相反应，优先考虑T1R3介导的成分。在高浓度赋予异味时，省略TRPV1会减少厌恶。在异源表达系统中，TRPV1的香草样口袋中的Y511A点突变不影响糖精和阿斯巴甜反应，但消除了甜蜜素和乙酰磺胺酸钾活性。结果通过显示在低浓度下，这些分子通过享乐阳性的T1R3途径刺激味觉系统，从而合理化了人造甜味剂的味道和味道，而在较高浓度下，它们的厌恶部分由trpv1介导。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This paper is based on a panel discussion held at the Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe (AIME) conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in July 2007. It had been more than 15 years since Edward Shortliffe gave a talk at AIME in which he characterized artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine as being in its "adolescence" (Shortliffe EH. The adolescence of AI in medicine: will the field come of age in the '90s? Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1993;5:93-106). In this article, the discussants reflect on medical AI research during the subsequent years and characterize the maturity and influence that has been achieved to date. Participants focus on their personal areas of expertise, ranging from clinical decision-making, reasoning under uncertainty, and knowledge representation to systems integration, translational bioinformatics, and cognitive issues in both the modeling of expertise and the creation of acceptable systems.

背景与目标： : 本文基于在2007年7月荷兰阿姆斯特丹举行的欧洲医学人工智能 (AIME) 会议上举行的小组讨论。自爱德华·肖特利夫 (Edward Shortliffe) 在AIME发表演讲以来，已经有15年多了，他在演讲中将医学中的人工智能 (AI) 描述为处于 “青春期” (Shortliffe EH。医学中的人工智能的青春期: 该领域会在90年代成熟吗？人工智能在医学1993;5:93-106)。在本文中，讨论者反思了随后几年的医学AI研究，并描述了迄今为止已达到的成熟度和影响力。参与者专注于他们的个人专业领域，从临床决策，不确定性下的推理和知识表示到系统集成，转化生物信息学以及在专业知识建模和可接受系统创建中的认知问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The patch-clamp technique was used to examine the plasma membranes of sensitive yeast spheroplasts exposed to partially purified killer toxin preparations. Asolectin liposomes in which the toxin was incorporated were also examined. Excised inside-out patches from these preparations often revealed at 118 pS conductance appearing in pairs. The current through this conductance flickered rapidly among three states: dwelling mostly at the unit-open state, less frequently at the two-unit-open state, and more rarely at the closed state. Membrane voltages from -80 to 80 mV had little influence on the opening probability. The current reversed near the equilibrium potential of K+ in asymmetric KCl solutions and also reversed near O mV at symmetric NaCl vs. KCl solutions. The two levels of the conductance were likely due to the toxin protein, as treatment of spheroplasts or liposomes with extracellular protein preparations from isogenic yeasts deleted for the toxin gene gave no such conductance levels. These results show that in vivo the killer-toxin fraction can form a cation channel that seldom closes regardless of membrane voltage. We suggest that this channel causes the death of sensitive yeast cells.

背景与目标： : 膜片钳技术用于检查暴露于部分纯化的杀伤毒素制剂的敏感酵母原生质膜。还检查了掺入毒素的分子脂质体。从这些制剂中切除的由内而外的斑块通常显示成对出现的118 pS电导。通过此电导的电流在三种状态下迅速闪烁: 主要停留在单元打开状态，在两个单元打开状态下频率较低，而在关闭状态下则很少。从-80到80 mV的膜电压对打开概率几乎没有影响。在不对称的KCl溶液中，电流在K的平衡电位附近反转，在对称的NaCl与KCl溶液中，电流在O mV附近反转。两个水平的电导可能是由于毒素蛋白引起的，因为用从毒素基因中删除的等基因酵母的细胞外蛋白制剂处理原生质体或脂质体没有这种电导水平。这些结果表明，在体内，杀伤毒素部分可以形成阳离子通道，无论膜电压如何，该通道很少闭合。我们建议该通道会导致敏感的酵母细胞死亡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To facilitate more accurate spore proteomic analysis, the current study focuses on inducing homogeneous sporulation by overexpressing kinA and assesses the effect of synchronized sporulation initiation on spore resistance, structures, the germination behavior at single-spore level and the proteome. The results indicate that, in our set up, the sporulation by overexpressing kinA can generate a spore yield of 70% within 8 h. The procedure increases spore wet heat resistance and thickness of the spore coat and cortex layers, whilst delaying the time to spore phase-darkening and burst after addition of germinant. The proteome analysis reveals that the upregulated proteins in the kinA induced spores, compared to spores without kinA induction, as well as the 'wildtype' spores, are mostly involved in spore formation. The downregulated proteins mostly belong to the categories of coping with stress, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as the regulation of sporulation. Thus, while kinA overexpression enhances synchronicity in sporulation initiation, it also has profound effects on the central equilibrium of spore formation and spore germination, through modulation of the spore molecular composition and stress resistance physiology.

背景与目标： : 为了促进更准确的孢子蛋白质组学分析，当前的研究重点是通过过度表达kinA诱导均质孢子形成，并评估同步孢子形成对孢子抗性，结构，单孢子水平的发芽行为和蛋白质组的影响。结果表明，在我们的设置中，过表达基纳的孢子形成可以在8小时内产生70% 的孢子产量。该程序增加了孢子的耐湿热性以及孢子被膜和皮质层的厚度，同时延迟了添加生发期后孢子相变暗和破裂的时间。蛋白质组分析表明，与没有基纳诱导的孢子以及 “野生型” 孢子相比，基纳诱导的孢子中上调的蛋白质主要参与孢子的形成。下调的蛋白质主要属于应对应激，碳和氮代谢以及孢子形成的调节。因此，尽管kinA过表达增强了孢子形成的同步性，但通过调节孢子分子组成和抗逆性生理，它也对孢子形成和孢子萌发的中心平衡产生了深远的影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective was to compare the endometrial thickness (ET) in a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle between transdermal and vaginal estrogen. Our secondary objectives were to compare the patient satisfaction and the pregnancy outcomes. Prospective monocentric cohort study between 01/2017 and 12/2017 at a single institution. Choice of administration was left to the patient. 119 cycles had transdermal estrogen (T-group) and 199 had vaginal estrogen (V-group). The ET at 10 ± 1 days of treatment was significantly higher in the T-group compared to the V-group (9.9 vs 9.3 mm, p = 0.03). In the T-group, the mean duration of treatment was shorter (13.6 vs 15.5 days, p < 0.001). The rate of cycle cancelation was comparable between the two groups (12.6% vs 8.5%, p = 0.24). Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower (268 vs 1332 pg/ml, p < 0.001), and serum LH levels were significantly higher (12.1 ± 16.5 vs 5 ± 7.5 mIU/ml, p < 0.001) in the T-group. Patient satisfaction was higher in the T-group (p = 0.04) and 85.7% (36/42) of women who had received both treatments preferred the transdermal over the vaginal route. Live birth rates were comparable between the two groups (18% vs 19%, p = 0.1). Transdermal estrogen in artificial FET cycles was associated with higher ET, shorter treatment duration and better tolerance.

背景与目标： : 目的是比较经皮和阴道雌激素在冷冻胚胎移植 (FET) 周期中的子宫内膜厚度 (ET)。我们的次要目标是比较患者的满意度和妊娠结局。单一机构01/2017和12/2017之间的前瞻性单中心队列研究。给药的选择留给患者。119周期有透皮雌激素 (T组)，199有阴道雌激素 (V组)。T组治疗10  ±   1天的ET显著高于V组 (9.9 vs 9.3  mm，p   =   0.03)。在T组中，平均治疗时间较短 (13.6天vs 15.5天，p  <  0.001)。两组的周期取消率相当 (12.6% vs 8.5%，p   =   0.24)。T组血清雌二醇水平显著降低 (268 vs 1332  pg/ml，p  <  0.001)，血清LH水平显著升高 (12.1   ±   16.5 vs 5   ±   7.5 mIU/ml，p  <  0.001)。T组患者满意度较高 (p   =   0.04)，接受过两种治疗的女性中有85.7% (36/42) 更喜欢透皮而不是阴道途径。两组的活产率相当 (18% vs 19%，p   =   0.1)。人工FET周期中的经皮雌激素与更高的ET，更短的治疗持续时间和更好的耐受性相关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We analysed the genome-wide regulatory properties of an artificial transcription activator in which the DNA-binding domain of the yeast transcription factor, Pdr1, was fused to the activation domain of Gal4 (Pdr1*GAD). This Pdr1*GAD chimera was put under the control of the inducible GAL1 promoter. DNA microarray analyses showed that all the target genes upregulated by the well-studied native gain-of-function Pdr1-3 mutant were similarly activated by the chimerical factor Pdr1*GAD upon galactose induction. Additionally, this kinetic approach led us not only to confirm previously published targets, but also to define a hierarchy among members of the Pdr1 regulon. Our observations prove, for the first time at the complete genome level, that the DNA-binding domain of Pdr1 is sufficient to guide its specificity. We propose that this approach could be useful for the study of new transcription factors identified in silico from sequenced organisms. Complete data are available at www.biologie.ens.fr/yeast-publi.html.

背景与目标： : 我们分析了人工转录激活因子的全基因组调控特性，其中酵母转录因子Pdr1的DNA结合结构域与Gal4 (Pdr1 * GAD) 的激活结构域融合。将该Pdr1 * GAD嵌合体置于诱导型GAL1启动子的控制下。DNA微阵列分析表明，经过充分研究的天然功能获得Pdr1-3突变体上调的所有靶基因在半乳糖诱导后被嵌合因子Pdr1 * GAD类似地激活。此外，这种动力学方法不仅使我们确认了先前发布的目标，而且还定义了Pdr1正则子成员之间的层次结构。我们的观察首次在完整基因组水平上证明，Pdr1的DNA结合域足以指导其特异性。我们建议这种方法可用于研究从测序生物在计算机中鉴定的新转录因子。完整的数据可在www.biologie.ens.fr/yeast-publi.html获得。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent studies have shown that balance performance assessment based on artificial intelligence (AI) is feasible. However, balance control is very complex and requires different subsystems to participate, which have not been evaluated individually yet. Furthermore, these studies only classified individual's balance performance across limited grades. Therefore, in this study we attempted to implement AI to precisely evaluate different types of balance control subsystems (BCSes). First, a total of 224 commonly used and newly developed features were extracted from the center of pressure (CoP) data for each participant, respectively. Then, regressors were employed in order to map these features to the evaluation scores given by physical therapists, which include the total score in Mini-Balance-Evaluation-Systems-Tests (Mini-BESTest) and its sub-scores on BCSes, namely anticipatory postural adjustments (APA), reactive postural control (RPC), sensory orientation (SO), and dynamic gait (DG). Their scoring ranges should be 0-28, 0-6, 0-6, 0-6, and 0-10, respectively. The results show that their minimum mean absolute errors from AI estimation reach up to 2.658, 0.827, 0.970, 0.642, and 0.98, respectively. In sum, our study is a preliminary study for assessing BCSes based on AI, which shows its possibility to be used in the clinics in the future.

背景与目标： : 最近的研究表明，基于人工智能 (AI) 的平衡绩效评估是可行的。但是，平衡控制非常复杂，需要不同的子系统参与，尚未对其进行单独评估。此外，这些研究仅对个人在有限等级中的平衡表现进行了分类。因此，在这项研究中，我们尝试实现AI来精确评估不同类型的平衡控制子系统 (BCSes)。首先，分别从每个参与者的压力中心 (CoP) 数据中提取了总共224个常用和新开发的特征。然后，使用回归变量将这些特征映射到物理治疗师给出的评估分数，其中包括迷你平衡评估系统测试 (Mini-BESTest) 中的总分及其在BCSes上的子分数，即预期姿势调整 (APA)，反应姿势控制 (RPC)，感觉方向 (SO) 和动态步态 (DG)。他们的得分范围应分别为0-28、0-6和0-10。结果表明，来自AI估计的最小平均绝对误差分别达到2.658、0.827、0.970、0.642和0.98。总而言之，我们的研究是基于AI评估BCSes的初步研究，表明其将来有可能在诊所中使用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In order to automate routine fecal examination for parasitic diseases, we propose in this study a computer processing algorithm using digital image processing techniques and an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier. The morphometric characteristics of eggs of human parasites in fecal specimens were extracted from microscopic images through digital image processing. An ANN then identified the parasite species based on those characteristics. We selected four morphometric features based on three morphological characteristics representing shape, shell smoothness, and size. A total of 82 microscopic images containing seven common human helminth eggs were used. The first stage (ANN-1) of the proposed ANN classification system isolated eggs from confusing artifacts. The second stage (ANN-2) classified eggs by species. The performance of ANN was evaluated by the tenfold cross-validation method to obviate the dependency on the selection of training samples. Cross-validation results showed 86.1% average correct classification ratio for ANN-1 and 90.3% for ANN-2 with small variances of 46.0 and 39.0, respectively. The algorithm developed will be an essential part of a completely automated fecal examination system.

背景与目标： : 为了自动进行寄生虫病的常规粪便检查，我们在本研究中提出了一种使用数字图像处理技术和人工神经网络 (ANN) 分类器的计算机处理算法。通过数字图像处理从显微图像中提取粪便标本中人寄生虫卵的形态特征。然后，ANN根据这些特征确定了寄生虫物种。我们根据代表形状，壳光滑度和大小的三个形态特征选择了四个形态特征。总共使用了82张显微图像，其中包含七个常见的人类蠕虫卵。建议的ANN分类系统的第一阶段 (ANN-1) 将鸡蛋与混淆的人工制品隔离开来。第二阶段 (ANN-2) 按物种分类卵。通过十倍交叉验证方法评估了ANN的性能，以消除对训练样本选择的依赖性。交叉验证结果显示，ANN-1和90.3% 的平均正确分类比分别为46.0和39.0的小方差ANN-2。开发的算法将是全自动粪便检查系统的重要组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A hip joint simulator was developed to analyse the mechanism of loosening of cementless artificial hip cups. The machine induces vibrating motions and asymmetrical tilt shock loadings of the artificial cup. On measuring the primary stability of threaded cups, the simulation tests performed on pelvis substitute models, and animal and human acetabula failed to show any loosening of threaded cups fixed in place with a screw-in torque of more than 10 Nm. Instable cups became loose all the sooner, the lower the preload between the cup and femoral head. This demonstrates the importance of both the screw-in torque of the cup and the training status of the periarticular muscles.

背景与目标： : 开发了髋关节模拟器，以分析无骨水泥人工臀杯松动的机理。该机器引起人造杯的振动运动和不对称的倾斜休克载荷。在测量螺纹杯的主要稳定性时，在骨盆替代模型以及动物和人类髋臼上进行的模拟测试未能显示出以超过10 Nm的旋入式扭矩固定在适当位置的螺纹杯的任何松动。不稳定的杯子越早松动，杯子和股骨头之间的预紧力越低。这证明了杯子的旋入扭矩和关节周围肌肉的训练状态的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intervertebral disc degeneration is an important social and economic problem. Presently available artificial intervertebral discs (AIDs) are insufficient and the main surgical intervention is still spinal fusion. The objective of the present study is to present a list of requirements for the development of an AID which could replace the human lumbar intervertebral disc and restore its function. The list addresses geometry, stiffness, range of motion, strength, facet joint function, center of rotation, fixation, failsafety and implantation technique. Date are obtained from the literature, quantified where possible and checked for consistency. Existing AIDs are evaluated according to the presented list of requirements. Endplate size is a weak point in existing AIDs. These should be large and fit vertebral bodies to prevent migration. Disc height and wedge angle should be restored, unless this would overstretch ligaments. Finally, stiffness and range of motion in all directions should equal those of the healthy disc, except for the axial rotation to relieve the facet joints.

背景与目标： : 椎间盘退变是一个重要的社会和经济问题。目前可用的人工椎间盘 (AIDs) 不足，主要的手术干预仍然是脊柱融合。本研究的目的是提出开发可替代人腰椎间盘并恢复其功能的辅助设备的要求清单。该列表涉及几何形状，刚度，运动范围，强度，小关节功能，旋转中心，固定，故障安全性和植入技术。日期从文献中获得，尽可能量化并检查一致性。根据提出的要求清单评估现有的辅助工具。终板尺寸是现有辅助设备的弱点。这些应该很大，适合椎体，以防止迁移。椎间盘高度和楔角应恢复，除非这会过度拉伸韧带。最后，除了轴向旋转以减轻小关节外，所有方向的刚度和运动范围都应等于健康椎间盘的刚度和运动范围。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Body size often declines with increasing temperature. Although there is ample evidence for this effect to be adaptive, it remains unclear whether size shrinking at warmer temperatures is driven by specific properties of being smaller (e.g., surface to volume ratio) or by traits that are correlated with size (e.g., metabolism, growth). We used 290 generations (22 months) of artificial selection on a unicellular phytoplankton species to evolve a 13-fold difference in volume between small-selected and large-selected cells and tested their performance at 22°C (usual temperature), 18°C (-4), and 26°C (+4). Warmer temperatures increased fitness in small-selected individuals and reduced fitness in large-selected ones, indicating changes in size alone are sufficient to mediate temperature-dependent performance. Our results are incompatible with the often-cited geometric argument of warmer temperature intensifying resource limitation. Instead, we find evidence that is consistent with larger cells being more vulnerable to reactive oxygen species. By engineering cells of different sizes, our results suggest that smaller-celled species are pre-adapted for higher temperatures. We discuss the potential repercussions for global carbon cycles and the biological pump under climate warming.

背景与目标： : 身体尺寸通常会随着温度的升高而下降。尽管有充分的证据表明这种效果是适应性的，但尚不清楚在较温暖的温度下尺寸收缩是由较小的特定特性 (例如，表面体积比) 还是由与尺寸相关的性状 (例如，代谢，生长) 驱动的。我们在单细胞浮游植物物种上使用了290代 (22个月) 的人工选择，以在小选择和大选择细胞之间进化出13倍的体积差异，并测试了它们在22 °C (通常温度)，18 °C (-4)，和26 °C (+ 4)。较高的温度会增加小选择个体的适应性，而大选择个体的适应性会降低，这表明仅大小变化就足以介导温度依赖性表现。我们的结果与经常引用的温度升高加剧资源限制的几何论点不兼容。相反，我们发现证据表明，较大的细胞更容易受到活性氧的影响。通过工程化不同大小的细胞，我们的结果表明，较小的细胞物种已预先适应更高的温度。我们讨论了气候变暖对全球碳循环和生物泵的潜在影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in comparison with conventional reinsemination using fertilization failed oocytes by conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). METHODS:Oocytes were collected from patients of IVF or ICSI cycles. Patients were grouped by fertilization techniques: group 1: conventional IVF; group 2: reinsemination after conventional IVF failure; group 3: regular ICSI; group 4: 1-day-old ICSI after conventional IVF failure; group 5: 2-day-old ICSI after conventional IVF failure; group 6: re-ICSI after regular ICSI failure. RESULTS:In different insemination groups, normal fertilization rate was higher (P < 0.001) in 1-day-old ICSI (47.1%) and 2-day-old ICSI groups (40.0%) than in reinsemination (14.7%). Abnormal fertilization rate was higher (P < 0.05) in re-ICSI group (21.7%) than any other groups (range: 0-8%). Cleavage rate was higher in 1-day-old (36.7%) and 2-day-old ICSI groups (36.0%) than in reinsemination (5.3%, P < 0.001) or re-ICSI groups (17.4%, P < 0.05). Pregnancy rate was 27.6% and 20.0% in conventional IVF and regular ICSI groups, respectively. However, 1-day-old ICSI (group 4) and 2-day-old ICSI (group 5) were attempted once embryo transfer (ET) but failed pregnancy occurred in each group. CONCLUSIONS:In fertilization failure cycles, late ICSI increases the rate of fertilization and embryonic development and may rescue the completely failed attempt of pregnancy.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Over the last 2 years, data on cervical mucus, thawed semen and their interaction in vitro have been collected at the time of insemination in all patients referred to our clinic for artificial insemination by donor (AID). A total of 37 patients have become pregnant, including one who became pregnant twice, and 27 patients have completed a course of 6-12 inseminations or withdrawn without becoming pregnant after a minimum of four cycles of treatment. A comparison of data from these two groups reveals significant differences in cellularity, penetrability and ferning of the cervical mucus and in the motility of spermatozoa in the thawed semen. In a comparison of sperm parameters in the same semen sample prior to freezing and after thawing, those samples which were fertile showed a lower reduction in motility due to freezing and thawing. Studies on the in vitro interaction between mucus and spermatozoa show that, in certain combinations, the mucus appears to induce abnormalities in the midpiece region or the tail, which impair sperm progression. Collection and analysis of data from up to three inseminations per cycle demonstrates that there is considerable variation between patients in the stability of their periovulatory mucus and has also allowed a number of patients with 'problem mucus' to be identified.

背景与目标： : 在过去的两年中，在授精时收集了所有患者的宫颈粘液，解冻的精液及其在体外相互作用的数据，这些患者转介给我们的诊所进行供体人工授精 (AID)。共有37名患者怀孕，其中1名两次怀孕，27名患者在至少四个周期的治疗后完成了6-12次人工授精或退出而没有怀孕。对这两组数据的比较表明，解冻的精液中宫颈粘液的细胞性，渗透性和发酵性以及精子的运动性存在显着差异。在冷冻前和解冻后同一精液样品中精子参数的比较中，那些可育的样品由于冷冻和解冻而表现出较低的运动性降低。对粘液与精子之间的体外相互作用的研究表明，在某些组合中，粘液似乎会诱导中段区域或尾巴的异常，从而损害精子的发展。对每个周期最多进行三次授精的数据的收集和分析表明，患者之间排卵周粘液的稳定性存在很大差异，并且还可以识别出许多患有 “问题粘液” 的患者。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by proliferation of eosinophils and their infiltration into tissues. Although cardiac involvement is rare, eosinophilic myocarditis can lead to life-threating fulminant congestive heart failure. Treatment of patients with eosinophilic myocarditis is challenging as heart failure can be caused by biventricular dysfunction. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature describing a patient with acute severe biventricular heart failure caused by eosinophilic myocarditis with mural left ventricular apical thrombus who was successfully treated with implantation of a total artificial heart as a bridge to heart transplant.

背景与目标： 特发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多综合征是一种病因不明的疾病，其特征是嗜酸性粒细胞增殖并浸润到组织中。尽管很少发生心脏受累，但嗜酸性心肌炎可导致危及生命的暴发性充血性心力衰竭。嗜酸性心肌炎患者的治疗具有挑战性，因为心力衰竭可能是由双心室功能障碍引起的。据我们所知，这是文献中报道的第一例病例，该病例描述了由嗜酸性心肌炎引起的急性严重双心室性心力衰竭患者，并伴有室壁左心室顶端血栓，成功地通过植入全人工心脏作为心脏移植的桥梁进行了治疗。