• 【发生在尿道或尿道憩室的原发性高级别浆液性癌: 2例极其罕见现象的报道。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/PGP.0b013e318253c71b 复制DOI
    作者列表:Flynn C,Oxley J,McCullagh P,McCluggage WG
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Serous carcinomas most commonly arise within the uterine corpus or ovary/fallopian tube, but there are 2 prior case reports of primary vaginal serous carcinoma. We report 2 examples of high-grade serous carcinoma arising within the urethra or a urethral diverticulum (1 case each). Both neoplasms exhibited the classic morphologic features of high-grade serous carcinoma, and a combination of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic examination excluded other possible sites of primary neoplasm.
    背景与目标: : 浆液性癌最常见于子宫体或卵巢/输卵管,但有2例原发性阴道浆液性癌。我们报告了2例尿道或尿道憩室内发生的高级别浆液性癌 (各1例)。两种肿瘤均表现出高级别浆液性癌的经典形态特征,并且临床,放射学和病理学检查的组合排除了原发肿瘤的其他可能部位。
  • 【在发作期后不动综合征之后的抗伤害感受现象中,中缝大核和网状核的5-HT(2) 5-羟色胺能受体参与了巨核/副膜复合神经网络。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.033 复制DOI
    作者列表:de Oliveira RC,de Oliveira R,Ferreira CM,Coimbra NC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The post-ictal immobility syndrome is followed by a significant increase in the nociceptive thresholds in animals and men. In this interesting post-ictal behavioral response, endogenous opioid peptides-mediated mechanisms, as well as cholinergic-mediated antinociceptive processes, have been suggested. However, considering that many serotonergic descending pathways have been implicated in antinociceptive reactions, the aim of the present work is to investigate the involvement of 5-HT(2)-serotonergic receptor subfamily in the post-ictal antinociception. The analgesia was measured by the tail-flick test in seven or eight Wistar rats per group. Convulsions were followed by statistically significant increase in the tail-flick latencies (TFL), at least for 120 min of the post-ictal period. Male Wistar rats were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for introduction of a guide-cannula in the rhombencephalon, aiming either the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) or the gigantocellularis complex. In independent groups of animals, these nuclei were neurochemically lesioned with a unilateral microinjection of ibotenic acid (1.0 microg/0.2 microL). The neuronal damage of either the NRM or nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis/paragigantocellularis complex decreased the post-ictal analgesia. Also, in other independent groups, central administration of ritanserin (5.0 microg/0.2 microL) or physiological saline into each of the reticular formation nuclei studied caused a statistically significant decrease in the TFL of seizing animals, as compared to controls, in all post-ictal periods studied. These results indicate that serotonin input-connected neurons of the pontine and medullarly reticular nuclei may be involved in the post-ictal analgesia.
    背景与目标: : 发作期后不动综合症之后,动物和男性的伤害性阈值显着增加。在这种有趣的发作期后行为反应中,已经提出了内源性阿片肽介导的机制以及胆碱能介导的抗伤害感受过程。然而,考虑到许多血清素能下降途径与抗伤害感受反应有关,因此本工作的目的是研究5-HT(2)-血清素能受体亚家族在发作期抗伤害感受中的参与。每组7或8只Wistar大鼠通过甩尾试验测量镇痛效果。抽搐后,至少在发作后的120分钟内,甩尾潜伏期 (TFL) 具有统计学上的显着增加。雄性Wistar大鼠接受立体定向手术,以在菱形脑中引入引导套管,以瞄准中缝大核 (NRM) 或千兆体复合体。在独立的动物组中,这些核通过单侧微量注射ibotenic酸 (1.0 microg/0.2 microL) 被神经化学损伤。NRM或网状核巨囊细胞/旁囊细胞复合物的神经元损伤降低了发作后的镇痛作用。同样,在其他独立组中,在研究的所有发作期后,与对照组相比,将利坦色林 (5.0 microg/0.2 microL) 或生理盐水集中施用到每个研究的网状形成核中,引起抓住动物的TFL在统计学上显着降低。这些结果表明,脑桥和延髓网状核的5-羟色胺输入连接的神经元可能参与了发作期后的镇痛。
  • 【用于MRI的自动脑干共同配准 (ABC)。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.050 复制DOI
    作者列表:Napadow V,Dhond R,Kennedy D,Hui KK,Makris N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Group data analysis in brainstem neuroimaging is predicated on accurate co-registration of anatomy. As the brainstem is comprised of many functionally heterogeneous nuclei densely situated adjacent to one another, relatively small errors in co-registration can manifest in increased variance or decreased sensitivity (or significance) in detecting activations. We have devised a 2-stage automated, reference mask guided registration technique (Automated Brainstem Co-registration, or ABC) for improved brainstem co-registration. Our approach utilized a brainstem mask dataset to weight an automated co-registration cost function. Our method was validated through measurement of RMS error at 12 manually defined landmarks. These landmarks were also used as guides for a secondary manual co-registration option, intended for outlier individuals that may not adequately co-register with our automated method. Our methodology was tested on 10 healthy human subjects and compared to traditional co-registration techniques (Talairach transform and automated affine transform to the MNI-152 template). We found that ABC had a significantly lower mean RMS error (1.22 +/- 0.39 mm) than Talairach transform (2.88 +/- 1.22 mm, mu +/- sigma) and the global affine (3.26 +/- 0.81 mm) method. Improved accuracy was also found for our manual-landmark-guided option (1.51 +/- 0.43 mm). Visualizing individual brainstem borders demonstrated more consistent and uniform overlap for ABC compared to traditional global co-registration techniques. Improved robustness (lower susceptibility to outliers) was demonstrated with ABC through lower inter-subject RMS error variance compared with traditional co-registration methods. The use of easily available and validated tools (AFNI and FSL) for this method should ease adoption by other investigators interested in brainstem data group analysis.
    背景与目标: : 脑干神经影像学中的组数据分析基于解剖结构的准确共配准。由于脑干由彼此密集相邻的许多功能异质核组成,因此在共同配准中相对较小的误差可能表现为检测激活的方差增加或敏感性降低 (或显着性)。我们设计了一种2阶段自动参考面罩引导的注册技术 (自动脑干共同注册或ABC),以改善脑干共同注册。我们的方法利用脑干掩模数据集对自动共同注册成本函数进行加权。我们的方法通过测量12个手动定义的地标上的均方根误差进行了验证。这些地标也被用作辅助手动共同注册选项的指南,该选项适用于可能无法与我们的自动方法充分共同注册的离群值个人。我们的方法在10名健康人类受试者上进行了测试,并与传统的共配准技术 (Talairach变换和自动仿射变换到MNI-152模板) 进行了比较。我们发现ABC的平均均方根误差 (1.22 +/-0.39毫米) 明显低于Talairach变换 (2.88 +/-1.22毫米,mu +/- sigma) 和全局仿射 (3.26 +/-0.81毫米) 方法。我们的手动地标引导选项 (1.51 +/-0.43毫米) 也提高了准确性。与传统的全球共配准技术相比,可视化单个脑干边界显示出ABC更加一致和统一的重叠。与传统的共配准方法相比,ABC通过较低的受试者间均方根误差方差证明了更高的鲁棒性 (对异常值的敏感性较低)。对于这种方法,使用易于获得和验证的工具 (AFNI和FSL) 应该可以简化对脑干数据组分析感兴趣的其他研究人员的采用。
  • 【在朊病毒疾病中没有朊蛋白的疾病特异性颗粒 -- 现象还是表象?】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00867.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Liberski PP,Brown P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The search for the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) has a long and tortuous history. In a recent paper, 25-nm virus-like particles were identified that were consistently observed in cell cultures infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie; they are similar to, or even identical with, the virus-like tubulovesicular structures (TVS) found in experimental scrapie as early as in 1968, and subsequently in all naturally occurring and experimentally induced TSEs. These particles have been viewed with caution by the scientific community because of the unverified or uninterpretable record of virus-like structures reported over the years in TSEs. TVS are spherical or tubular particles of approximate diameter 25-37 nm. They are smaller than synaptic vesicles, but larger than many particulate structures of the central nervous system, such as glycogen granules. Their electron density is higher compared with synaptic vesicles, and in experimental murine scrapie, they form paracrystalline arrays. None of these observations distinguish between TVS as an entity critical to the infectious process, or as a highly specific ultrastructural epiphenomenon, but their consistent presence in all TSEs demands further research.
    背景与目标: : 寻找可传播的海绵状脑病 (TSEs) 的原因有着悠久而曲折的历史。在最近的一篇论文中,鉴定出25纳米病毒样颗粒,这些颗粒在感染克雅氏病 (CJD) 和瘙痒病的细胞培养物中一致观察到; 它们与,早在1968年就在实验性瘙痒病中发现了病毒样小管结构 (TVS),随后在所有自然发生和实验诱导的TSEs中发现。由于多年来在TSEs中报告的病毒样结构未经验证或无法解释的记录,因此科学界对这些粒子持谨慎态度。TVS是直径约为25-37 nm的球形或管状颗粒。它们比突触小泡小,但比中枢神经系统的许多颗粒结构 (如糖原颗粒) 大。与突触小泡相比,它们的电子密度更高,并且在实验性鼠瘙痒病中,它们形成了副晶体阵列。这些观察结果都没有区分TVS是对感染过程至关重要的实体,还是高度特定的超微结构现象,但是它们在所有TSEs中的一致存在需要进一步研究。
  • 【ABC转运蛋白ABC40在产黄青霉中编码苯乙酸出口系统。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.09.003 复制DOI
    作者列表:Weber SS,Kovalchuk A,Bovenberg RA,Driessen AJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is used for the industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics. The pathway for β-lactam biosynthesis has been resolved and involves the enzyme phenylacetic acid CoA ligase that is responsible for the CoA activation of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid (PAA) that is used for the biosynthesis of penicillin G. To identify ABC transporters related to β-lactam biosynthesis, we analyzed the expression of all 48 ABC transporters present in the genome of P. chryso-genum when grown in the presence and absence of PAA. ABC40 is significantly upregulated when cells are grown or exposed to high levels of PAA. Although deletion of this transporter did not affect β-lactam biosynthesis, it resulted in a significant increase in sensitivity to PAA and other weak acids. It is concluded that ABC40 is involved in weak acid detoxification in P. chrysogenum including resistance to phenylacetic acid.
    背景与目标: : 丝状真菌产黄青霉用于工业生产 β-内酰胺类抗生素。Β-内酰胺生物合成的途径已经解决,涉及苯乙酸CoA连接酶,该酶负责用于青霉素g生物合成的侧链前体苯乙酸 (PAA) 的CoA活化。为了鉴定与 β-内酰胺生物合成有关的ABC转运蛋白,我们分析了在存在和不存在PAA的情况下生长的chryso-genum基因组中存在的所有48个ABC转运蛋白的表达。当细胞生长或暴露于高水平的PAA时,ABC40显着上调。尽管该转运蛋白的缺失不会影响 β-内酰胺的生物合成,但会导致对PAA和其他弱酸的敏感性显着提高。结论是,ABC40参与了黄霉的弱酸解毒,包括对苯乙酸的抗性。
  • 【撞伤的环形分辨率 -- 一点公认的现象。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.01.012 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hunt AC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three examples are given of contusions resolving to form a ring pattern which might lead to a mistaken conclusion of causation.
    背景与目标: : 给出了三个挫伤的例子,这些挫伤会形成一个环形图案,这可能会导致因果关系的错误结论。
  • 7 Oblivion Phenomenon in Science. 复制标题 收藏 收藏

    【科学中的遗忘现象。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1109/MPULS.2019.2958026 复制DOI
    作者列表:Valentinuzzi ME
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recognition of true merits may not be a common virtue of the human being, as often achievements are either forgotten, not seen or just buried into oblivion. History of science has plenty of examples, occasionally tainted by endless and useless accusations or even lawsuits leading nowhere.
    背景与目标: : 承认真正的优点可能不是人类的共同美德,因为通常成就要么被遗忘,要么被遗忘,要么被遗忘。科学史有很多例子,偶尔会被无休止的无用指控甚至无路可走的诉讼所污染。
  • 【白内障手术后由于Heimann-Bielschowsky现象而出现复视和视神经振荡。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1136/bjo.2007.135624 复制DOI
    作者列表:Jeong SH,Oh YM,Hwang JM,Kim JS
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Heimann-Bielschowsky phenomenon (HBP) refers to coarse vertical oscillation of the eye with impaired vision. The ocular movements are strictly monocular, occurring only in the eye with amblyopia. The vertical oscillation is of equal velocity in both vertical directions, or may sometimes be greater in the downward than upward direction. HBP develops several years after loss of vision. It can be differentiated from dissociated nystagmus in spasmus nutans, congenital nystagmus and internuclear ophthalmoplegia based on the strict unilaterality, vertical direction and low frequency. Previously, only a few reports described the development of oscillopsia due to HBP after cataract surgery, which resolved spontaneously or responded to gabapentin. However, visual impairments due to diplopia or oscillopsia from HBP after cataract surgery have received little attention. We report a man who developed persistent vertical diplopia and oscillopsia due to HBP after a cataract operation, which markedly impaired his vision.
    背景与目标: : Heimann-Bielschowsky现象 (HBP) 是指视力受损的眼睛的粗垂直振荡。眼球运动严格来说是单眼的,只发生在弱视眼。垂直振荡在两个垂直方向上的速度相等,或者有时在向下方向上大于向上方向。HBP在视力丧失后几年发展。根据严格的单侧性,垂直方向和低频,可以将其与分离的眼球震颤,先天性眼球震颤和核间眼肌麻痹区分开来。以前,只有少数报告描述了白内障手术后HBP引起的视神经振荡的发展,这种疾病自发消退或对加巴喷丁有反应。然而,白内障手术后因HBP引起的复视或视神经障碍引起的视力障碍很少受到关注。我们报告了一名男子,该男子在白内障手术后因HBP而出现持续性垂直复视和视神经振荡,这明显损害了他的视力。
  • 【ABC转运蛋白组氨酸通透酶的膜结合复合物的纯化和表征。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1023/a:1010797029183 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ames GF,Nikaido K,Wang IX,Liu PQ,Liu CE,Hu C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The bacterial histidine permease, an ABC transporter, from Salmonella typhimurium is composed of a membrane-bound complex, HisQMP2, comprising two hydrophobic subunits (HisQ and HisM), two copies of an ATP-hydrolyzing subunit, HisP, and a soluble receptor, HisJ. We describe the purification and characterization of HisQMP2 using a 6-histidines extension at the carboxy terminus of HisP [HisQMP2(his6)]. The purification is rapid and effective, giving a seven-fold purification with a yield of 85 and 98% purity. Two procedures are described differing in the detergent used (decanoylsucrose and octylglucoside, respectively) and in the presence of phospholipid. HisQMP2(his6) has ATPase and transport activities upon reconstitution into proteoliposomes (PLS). HisQMP2(his6) has a low level ATPase activity (intrinsic activity), which is stimulated to a different extent by the receptor--liganded and unliganded. Its pH optimum is 7.8-8.0, it requires a cation for activity and it displays cooperativity for ATP. The effect of various ATP analogs was analyzed. Determination of the molecular size of HisQMP2(his6) indicates that it is a monomer. The permeability properties of two kinds of reconstituted PLS preparations are described.
    背景与目标: : 来自鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的细菌组氨酸渗透酶 (ABC转运蛋白) 由膜结合复合物HisQMP2组成,该复合物包含两个疏水亚基 (HisQ和HisM),两个ATP水解亚基的拷贝,HisP和可溶性受体HisJ。我们描述了在HisP [HisQMP2(his6)] 的羧基末端使用6-组氨酸延伸来纯化和表征HisQMP2。纯化是快速和有效的,得到7倍纯化,产率为85和98% 纯度。描述了两种方法,它们在使用的洗涤剂 (分别是癸烷基蔗糖和辛基葡萄糖苷) 和磷脂存在下有所不同。HisQMP2(his6) 在重组为蛋白质脂质体 (PLS) 时具有atp酶和转运活性。HisQMP2(his6) 具有低水平的ATPase活性 (内在活性),其受到受体的不同程度的刺激-配体和未配体。它的最适pH为7.8-8.0,它需要活性阳离子,并且它显示出ATP的协同作用。分析了各种ATP类似物的作用。测定HisQMP2(his6) 的分子大小表明它是单体。描述了两种重构PLS制剂的渗透性。
  • 【[狼人动物-精神病理学现象的讨论]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1055/s-2001-13929 复制DOI
    作者列表:Garlipp P,Gödecke-Koch T,Haltenhof H,Dietrich DE
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The belief to be transformed into an animal is named Lycanthropy. "Zooanthropismus" is the German equivalent. Three case reports raised the question how this phenomenon, in our cases to be transformed into a frog, a bee or a wolf/dog, can be interpreted in a psychopathological and diagnostic regard. Is it pathognomonic for a special disease? With the three case reports and a survey of the literature this paper deals with Lycanthropy trying to put this perhaps neglected topic back into the focus of psychiatric interest and place it in psychopathology.
    背景与目标: : 被转化为动物的信念被命名为狼人。“Zooanthropismus” 是德语的等价物。三个案例报告提出了一个问题,在我们的案例中,如何将这种现象转化为青蛙,蜜蜂或狼/狗,可以从心理病理学和诊断角度来解释。是特殊疾病的病理性吗?通过三个病例报告和文献调查,本文涉及Lycanthropy,试图将这个可能被忽略的话题重新纳入精神病学的关注重点,并将其置于精神病理学中。
  • 【冠状动脉疾病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后,左回旋支冠状动脉可防止无复流现象。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s00380-012-0281-2 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nagai T,Hirano T,Tsunoda M,Hosaka H,Kishino Y,Katayama T,Matsumura K,Miyagawa T,Kohsaka S,Anzai T,Fukuda K,Suzuki M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Despite the positive impact of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on reducing mortality, a small percentage of patients experience poor myocardial reperfusion following PCI. However, factors associated with no-reflow remain unclear. We investigated clinical factors associated with no-reflow following PCI for coronary artery disease (CAD). We retrospectively analyzed 1622 consecutive CAD patients who underwent PCI over a 5-year period at our institution. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (n = 31) or absence (n = 1591) of no-reflow, defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade <3 after PCI. No significant differences in patient characteristics or PCI strategy were seen between the no-reflow and normal flow groups. The incidence of no-reflow was significantly lower in the left circumflex artery (LCx) than in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) (P = 0.0015), with no differences in characteristics or PCI strategy between these two target vessels. Multivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the LCx was an independent protective factor against no-reflow (odds ratio 0.14, 95 % confidence interval 0.02-0.98, P = 0.044). In conclusion, LCx as the target vessel was protective against no-reflow compared with LAD following PCI for CAD. Our results suggest that embolic protection devices may be unnecessary in CAD patients with involvement of LCx.
    背景与目标: : 尽管经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI) 对降低死亡率有积极影响,但仍有一小部分患者在PCI后经历了不良的心肌再灌注。然而,与无回流相关的因素仍不清楚。我们研究了与冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) PCI后无复流相关的临床因素。我们回顾性分析了在我们机构连续5年接受PCI治疗的1622例CAD患者。根据无复流的存在 (n = 31) 或不存在 (n = 1591) 将患者分为两组,定义为PCI后心肌梗死血流分级 <3的溶栓。在无复流组和正常血流组之间,患者特征或PCI策略没有显着差异。左旋支动脉 (LCx) 的无复流发生率明显低于左前降支动脉 (LAD) (P = 0.0015),这两个目标血管之间的特征或PCI策略没有差异。多变量分析显示,LCx的参与是防止无复流的独立保护因素 (比值比0.14,95% 置信区间0.02-0.98,P = 0.044)。总之,与CAD PCI后的LAD相比,LCx作为目标血管可防止无回流。我们的结果表明,在涉及LCx的CAD患者中,栓塞保护装置可能是不必要的。
  • 【[住院医生现象的含义]。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Lehmann F,Brunelle Y,Dawes M,Boulé R,Bergeron R
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of 2 different systems of hospital care by means of a literature review. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE:Many areas remain unclear because several of the studies are opportunistic and report only isolated experiences or simple before-after observations. Few studies are really experimental, and all were conducted in academic settings, which limits their validity outside these settings. MAIN MESSAGE:The evidence supports the use of hospitalists who devote a minimum of 2 months each year to hospital work and practice full-time on the wards. More often than not, costs are reduced and better education for residents is provided with the hospitalist system. An important point regarding quality of care is that mortality rates are similar with both systems. CONCLUSION:Some questions remain unanswered. For example, what is the best type of training for preparing residents for hospital work and what is the best way for physicians to maintain their skills in this area?
    背景与目标:
  • 【布鲁斯特现象的近端刺激等同于惠斯通的立体图。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1177/0301006616683478 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ono H,Lillakas L
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined Brewster's perceptual phenomenon that is produced by the same binocularly equivalent proximal stimulus as Wheatstone's stereogram. We then constructed and observed the perceptual effect created by another distal stimulus that also created an equivalent binocular proximal stimulus. All three stimulus situations produced the appearance of a tilted line in the median plane which is consistent with Hering's rule that the average of the two local signs and binocular eye position determine visual direction. The characteristics of the proximal stimulus are also relevant to the question raised by Helmholtz regarding the empirical vertical horopter.
    背景与目标: : 我们研究了布鲁斯特的感知现象,该现象是由与惠斯通的立体图相同的双区域等效的近端刺激产生的。然后,我们构建并观察了另一种远端刺激所产生的感知效应,该刺激也产生了等效的双眼近端刺激。所有这三种刺激情况都在中间平面中出现了一条倾斜线,这与Hering的规则一致,Hering的规则是两个局部符号的平均值和双目眼睛的位置决定了视觉方向。近端刺激的特征也与亥姆霍兹 (Helmholtz) 提出的有关经验垂直飞尺的问题有关。
  • 【亚得里亚海北部的粘液现象。对当前科学假设的批判性回顾。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI: 复制DOI
    作者列表:Degobbis D,Malej A,Umani SF
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the summers of 1988, 1989, and 1991 large quantities of sticky mucilaginous masses occurred in the Adriatic Sea, particularly in its northern part. The mucilage phenomenon has been studied by scientists during past events, but the previous scientific reports back to the thirties of this century. Great efforts have been made since 1988 to understand the nature of the phenomenon. Although remarkable scientific results have been achieved, many questions related to such a complex phenomenon have remained open. In this paper results and hypotheses related to the chemical and biological composition, causes, triggering mechanisms, and responsible organisms for the mucilage phenomenon are briefly reviewed. Finally, some suggestions for future researches are proposed.
    背景与目标: : 在1988年、1989和1991的夏季,亚得里亚海,特别是在其北部,发生了大量粘性粘液团。在过去的事件中,科学家已经研究了粘液现象,但是以前的科学报告可以追溯到本世纪的30年代。1988年为理解这一现象的本质做出了巨大努力。尽管已经取得了显著的科学成果,但与这种复杂现象有关的许多问题仍然悬而未决。本文简要回顾了与粘液现象的化学和生物组成,原因,触发机制以及负责生物有关的结果和假设。最后,对今后的研究提出了一些建议。
  • 【肝细胞特异性ATP结合盒 (ABC) 转运蛋白分析确定了小鼠脂质稳态的新候选者。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.021 复制DOI
    作者列表:Ye D,Hoekstra M,Out R,Meurs I,Kruijt JK,Hildebrand RB,Van Berkel TJ,Van Eck M
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:ABC-transporters play an important role in lipid trafficking. Therefore, hepatic expression patterns of ABC-transporters involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS:RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression of 38 ABC-transporters detected in livers of C57Bl/6 mice varied greatly. Although most ABC-transporters were ubiquitously expressed, some members displayed very restricted expression patterns, e.g. ABCA6, A8, B1, B8, B10, B11, C3, D2, and G5/G8 were exclusively (>99%) expressed in parenchymal cells. Interestingly, another 13 ABC-transporters, including ABCA4, A5, A9, A13, B2, B9, C1, C5, D3, D4, F2, G1, and G4 were primarily expressed in Kupffer cells. Although Kupffer cells only contribute to 2.5% of the total liver protein, these 13 genes did contain 9-27% of the total liver expression. Western-type diet feeding (0.25% cholesterol, 15% fat) induced the expression of several primarily Kupffer cell expressed genes, including ABCA5, B9, D3, and D4 (2 to 3-fold higher), whereas the other ABC-transporters were not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings underscore the importance of cellular localization for studying the regulation of key ABC-transporters in liver cholesterol homeostasis. Furthermore, several novel ABC-transporters, including ABCA5, B9, D3, and D4 were identified as putative novel candidates involved in liver macrophage cholesterol homeostasis.
    背景与目标:

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