• 【焦虑敏感性维度的性别差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00005-4 复制DOI
    作者列表:Stewart SH,Taylor S,Baker JM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of anxiety-related sensations arising from beliefs that these sensations have harmful physical, psychological, or social consequences. AS is measured using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), a 16-item self-report questionnaire. Little is known about the origins of AS, although social learning experiences (including sex-role socialization experiences) may be important. The present study examined whether there were gender differences in(a) the lower- or higher-order factor structure of the ASI; and/or (b) pattern of ASI factor scores. The ASI was completed by 818 university students (290 males; 528 females). Separate principal components analyses on the ASI items of the total sample, males, and females revealed nearly identical lower-order three-factor structures for all groups, with factors pertaining to fears about the anticipated (a) physical, (b) psychological, and (c) social consequences of anxiety. Separate principal components analyses on the lower-order factor scores of the three samples revealed similar unidimensional higher-order solutions for all groups.

    Gender x AS dimension analyses on ASI lower-order factor scores showed thatfemales scored higher than males only on the physical concerns factor; females scored higher on the physical concerns factor relative to their scores on the social and psychological concerns factors; and males scored higher on the social and psychological concerns factors relative to their scores on the physical concerns factor. Finally, females scored higher than males on the higher-order factor representing the global AS construct. The present study provides further support for the empirical distinction of the three lower-order dimensions of AS, and additional evidence for the theoretical hierarchical structure of the ASI. Results also suggest that males and females differ on these various AS dimensions in ways consistent with sex role socialization practices.

    背景与目标: 焦虑敏感性 (AS) 是对焦虑相关感觉的恐惧,这种感觉源于对这些感觉有害的身体,心理或社会后果的信念。如使用焦虑敏感指数 (ASI) (一项16项自我报告问卷) 进行测量。尽管社会学习经验 (包括性角色社会化经验) 可能很重要,但对AS的起源知之甚少。本研究检查了 (a) ASI的低阶或高阶因子结构是否存在性别差异; 和/或 (b) ASI因子得分模式。ASI由818名大学生 (290名男性; 528名女性) 完成。对总样本ASI项目 (男性和女性) 的单独主成分分析显示,所有群体的低阶三因素结构几乎相同,其中因素与对预期 (a) 身体,(b) 心理和 (c) 焦虑的社会后果。对三个样本的低阶因子得分进行单独的主成分分析,揭示了所有组的相似的一维高阶解。
    性别x作为ASI低阶因子得分的维度分析表明,女性仅在身体关注因子上得分高于男性; 相对于其在社会和心理关注因素上的得分,女性在身体关注因素上的得分更高; 男性在社会和心理关注因素上的得分相对于其在身体关注因素上的得分更高。最后,在代表全局AS结构的高阶因子上,女性的得分高于男性。本研究为AS的三个低阶维度的经验区分提供了进一步的支持,并为ASI的理论层次结构提供了其他证据。结果还表明,男性和女性在这些AS方面的差异与性别角色社会化实践相一致。
  • 【在轻度至重度创伤性脑损伤中,脑震荡后的主诉,焦虑和抑郁与职业结局有关。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.039 复制DOI
    作者列表:van der Horn HJ,Spikman JM,Jacobs B,van der Naalt J
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To investigate the relation of postconcussive complaints, anxiety, and depression with vocational outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of various severities and to assess sex differences. DESIGN:A prospective cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING:Level I trauma center. PARTICIPANTS:Adults (N=242) with TBI of various severity. INTERVENTIONS:Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, return to work (RTW), Head Injury Symptom Checklist, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS:In 67% of the patients, complaints were present; 22% were anxious, and 18% were depressed. The frequency of complaints increased significantly with injury severity, in contrast to anxiety and depression. Frequencies of patients with anxiety and depression (9% and 5%) were lower with complete RTW than with incomplete RTW (42% and 37%; P<.001). Patients with minor TBI with complaints were more anxious (50% vs 27%; P<.05) and depressed (46% vs 23%; P<.05) compared with patients with other severity categories and patients with incomplete RTW (67% vs 36% and 60% vs 30%, respectively). A higher percentage of women with minor TBI were depressed (45% vs 13%; P=.01) and had incomplete RTW (50% vs 18%; P<.05) compared with men. Multiple regression analysis showed that injury severity, complaints, anxiety, and depression were all predictive of RTW (explained variance 45%). In all severity categories, anxiety and depression were predictive of RTW, complaints, and sex only for minor TBI. CONCLUSIONS:Anxiety and depression are related to vocational outcome after TBI, with a different profile in the minor TBI category, partly due to sex differences.
    背景与目标:
  • 【慢性心脏病患者的抑郁和焦虑: 风险和预测因素的年龄差异。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/nur.4770130205 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nickel JT,Brown KJ,Smith BA
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Anxiety and depression for 399 survivors of a 1,102-member heart disease cohort were assessed 8 to 9 years post-hospitalization. Approximately one-third reported symptoms of emotional distress and one-fourth were on anti-anxiety drugs. Predictors of anxiety and depression were analyzed through logistic regression. Subjects age 65 and over were less likely than younger patients to report anxiety or depression and also reported less heart-associated disability, the strongest predictor of distress for both age groups. Other significant predictors included a previous history of distress, low income, female sex, and beta blocker use.
    背景与目标: : 住院后8至9年评估了一个由1,102名成员组成的心脏病队列的399幸存者的焦虑和抑郁。大约3分之1个报告的情绪困扰和4分之1症状是使用抗焦虑药物。通过logistic回归分析焦虑和抑郁的预测因子。与年轻患者相比,65岁及以上的受试者报告焦虑或抑郁的可能性较小,并且与心脏相关的残疾也较少,这是两个年龄组中困扰的最强预测指标。其他重要的预测因素包括以前的困扰史,低收入,女性性别和使用 β 受体阻滞剂。
  • 【焦虑症成人认知行为治疗结果的荟萃分析综述。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a 复制DOI
    作者列表:Norton PJ,Price EC
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatments (CBT) for anxiety in adults has been supported by multiple meta-analyses. However, most have focused on only 1 diagnosis, thereby disallowing diagnostic comparisons. This study examined the efficacy of CBT across the anxiety disorders. One hundred eight trials of CBT for an anxiety disorder met study criteria. Cognitive therapy and exposure therapy alone, in combination, or combined with relaxation training, were efficacious across the anxiety disorders, with no differential efficacy for any treatment components for any specific diagnoses. However, when comparing across diagnoses, outcomes for generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder were superior to those for social anxiety disorder, but no other differences emerged. CBT effects were superior to those for no-treatment and expectancy control treatments, although tentative evidence suggested equal effects of CBT when compared with relaxation-only treatments.
    背景与目标: : 认知行为治疗 (CBT) 对成年人焦虑的功效已得到多项荟萃分析的支持。然而,大多数只关注1个诊断,因此不允许进行诊断比较。这项研究检查了CBT在焦虑症中的功效。针对焦虑症的CBT试验达到了研究标准。单独使用认知疗法和暴露疗法,或与放松训练相结合,在焦虑症中是有效的,对于任何特定诊断的任何治疗成分都没有不同的功效。然而,当比较各种诊断时,广泛焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍的结果优于社交焦虑症,但没有其他差异。CBT效果优于无治疗和预期对照治疗,尽管初步证据表明CBT与仅松弛治疗相比具有相同的效果。
  • 【社交焦虑症的认知疗法: “自我关注的注意和安全行为实验” 对治疗过程的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1017/S1352465813000672 复制DOI
    作者列表:Schreiber F,Heimlich C,Schweitzer C,Stangier U
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Several studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, it remains unclear which of the complex interventions are associated with an anxiety reduction during the course of treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the intervention referred to as the "self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment" on treatment outcome. METHOD:This study was part of a randomized controlled trial including 16 sessions of either individual cognitive therapy (CT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT) for SAD. Of particular importance, a concomitant time-series analysis was used to investigate the impact of the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment on subsequent social anxiety (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the intervention) in 32 patients with SAD, who are receiving cognitive treatment. RESULTS:The results revealed a significant reduction of social anxiety after the self-focused attention and safety behaviours experiment during the subsequent month of treatment. CONCLUSION:The findings of the current study confirm current cognitive theories of SAD and demonstrate the importance of interventions that target self-focused attention and safety behaviour in cognitive therapy for SAD.
    背景与目标:
  • 【初级保健中的抑郁、焦虑和躯体化: 综合征重叠和功能障碍。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.01.001 复制DOI
    作者列表:Löwe B,Spitzer RL,Williams JB,Mussell M,Schellberg D,Kroenke K
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine diagnostic overlap of depression, anxiety and somatization as well as their unique and overlapping contribution to functional impairment. METHOD:Two thousand ninety-one consecutive primary care clinic patients participated in a multicenter cross-sectional survey in 15 primary care clinics in the United States (participation rate, 92%). Depression, anxiety, somatization and functional impairment were assessed using validated scales from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) (PHQ-8, eight-item depression module; GAD-7, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; and PHQ-15, 15-item somatic symptom scale) and the Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate unique and overlapping associations of depression, anxiety and somatization with functional impairment. RESULTS:In over 50% of cases, comorbidities existed between depression, anxiety and somatization. The contribution of the commonalities of depression, anxiety and somatization to functional impairment substantially exceeded the contribution of their independent parts. Nevertheless, depression, anxiety and somatization did have important and individual effects (i.e., separate from their overlap effect) on certain areas of functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS:Given the large syndrome overlap, a potential consideration for future diagnostic classification would be to describe basic diagnostic criteria for a single overarching disorder and to optionally code additional diagnostic features that allow a more detailed classification into specific depressive, anxiety and somatoform subtypes.
    背景与目标:
  • 【使用父母书面材料对患有焦虑症的儿童进行书目疗法: 一项随机对照试验。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.436 复制DOI
    作者列表:Rapee RM,Abbott MJ,Lyneham HJ
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The current trial examined the value of modifying empirically validated treatment for childhood anxiety for application via written materials for parents of anxious children. Two hundred sixty-seven clinically anxious children ages 6-12 years and their parents were randomly allocated to standard group treatment, waitlist, or a bibliotherapy version of treatment for childhood anxiety. In general, parent bibliotherapy demonstrated benefit for children relative to waitlist but was not as efficacious as standard group treatment. Relative to waitlist, use of written materials for parents with no therapist contact resulted in around 15% more children being free of an anxiety disorder diagnosis after 12 and 24 weeks. These results have implications for the dissemination and efficient delivery of empirically validated treatment for childhood anxiety.
    背景与目标: : 当前的试验研究了修改经经验验证的儿童焦虑症治疗的价值,以通过书面材料为焦虑儿童的父母应用。将67名6-12岁的临床焦虑儿童及其父母随机分配到标准组治疗,候补名单或针对儿童焦虑症的书目疗法版本。通常,相对于候补名单,父母书目疗法对儿童具有益处,但效果不如标准组治疗。相对于候补名单,没有治疗师联系的父母使用书面材料导致大约15% 多的孩子在12周和24周后没有焦虑症诊断。这些结果对传播和有效实施经经验验证的儿童焦虑症治疗有影响。
  • 【神经影像学在焦虑症诊断和治疗中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1002/da.20499 复制DOI
    作者列表:Paulus MP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neuroimaging comprises a set of tools, which include different types of magnetic resonance imaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), and radiotracer imaging such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography. The focus of this review is to address the question whether fMRI can contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. Key anxiety processes and neural substrates are reviewed. The main findings and shortcomings of fMRI in the context of anxiety are briefly summarized. Finally, the next stages of developing fMRI for diagnosis and treatment are highlighted. The main conclusion of this review is that fMRI could become a clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders, but neuroimaging groups will need to better develop its specificity and sensitivity so that fMRI results can be meaningful for an individual patient not just for groups of individuals.
    背景与目标: : 神经成像包括一组工具,其中包括不同类型的磁共振成像,例如功能磁共振成像 (fMRI),磁共振波谱 (MRS),动脉自旋标记 (ASL) 和放射性示踪剂成像,例如正电子发射断层扫描和单光子发射计算机断层扫描。这篇综述的重点是解决功能磁共振成像是否有助于焦虑症的诊断和治疗的问题。回顾了关键的焦虑过程和神经底物。简要总结了焦虑背景下功能磁共振成像的主要发现和缺点。最后,重点介绍了开发用于诊断和治疗的功能磁共振成像的下一阶段。这篇综述的主要结论是,功能磁共振成像可能成为诊断和治疗焦虑症的临床工具,但神经成像组需要更好地发展其特异性和敏感性,以便功能磁共振成像结果对单个患者有意义,而不仅仅是对个体群体有意义。
  • 【GABA稳态有助于焦虑相关行为的发展规划。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.006 复制DOI
    作者列表:Depino AM,Tsetsenis T,Gross C
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :During development, when inhibitory and excitatory synapses are formed and refined, homeostatic mechanisms act to adjust inhibitory input in order to maintain neural activity within a normal range. As the brain matures, synaptogenesis slows and a relatively stable level of inhibition is achieved. Deficits in inhibitory neurotransmission are associated with increased anxiety-related behavior and drugs that potentiate GABA function, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, are effective anxiolytics. These observations raise the possibility that transient perturbations in the activity of neural circuits during development might induce compensatory changes in inhibition that could persist into adulthood and contribute to changes in anxiety-related behavior. To test this hypothesis, we treated mice continuously during the major period of forebrain synaptogenesis (P14-28) with the GABA-A receptor positive modulator diazepam and assessed anxiety-related behavior in adulthood. Control experiments confirmed anxiolytic effects of the drug following one day of treatment and the development of tolerance following two weeks of treatment. When tested in adulthood, one month after the end of treatment, diazepam-treated mice exhibited significantly increased behavioral inhibition in the open-field, elevated-plus maze, and novel object behavioral paradigms. Levels of benzodiazepine binding sites in amygdala and frontal cortex were specifically decreased in diazepam-treated mice demonstrating that homeostatic adjustments in GABA function persist into adulthood. Our results show that increased GABAergic activity can affect the developmental programming of anxiety-related behavior.
    背景与目标: : 在发育过程中,当形成和完善抑制性和兴奋性突触时,稳态机制会调节抑制性输入,以将神经活动维持在正常范围内。随着大脑的成熟,突触发生减慢,并达到相对稳定的抑制水平。抑制性神经传递的缺陷与焦虑相关行为的增加有关,增强大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质GABA功能的药物是有效的抗焦虑药。这些观察结果增加了以下可能性: 发育过程中神经回路活动的瞬时扰动可能会引起抑制的补偿性变化,这种变化可能会持续到成年并导致焦虑相关行为的变化。为了验证这一假设,我们在前脑突触发生 (P14-28) 的主要时期连续使用GABA-A受体阳性调节剂地西epa治疗小鼠,并评估成年期的焦虑相关行为。对照实验证实了药物在治疗一天后的抗焦虑作用,并在治疗两周后产生了耐受性。在成年后 (治疗结束后一个月) 进行测试时,用地西epa处理的小鼠在开阔视野,高架迷宫和新颖的对象行为范式中表现出明显增强的行为抑制作用。在地西epa治疗的小鼠中,杏仁核和额叶皮层中苯二氮卓类结合位点的水平特异性降低,表明GABA功能的稳态调节持续到成年。我们的结果表明,gaba能活性的增加会影响焦虑相关行为的发育程序。
  • 【P物质及其在控制学习,焦虑和功能恢复的神经机制中的作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1054/npep.2000.0824 复制DOI
    作者列表:Hasenöhrl RU,Souza-Silva MA,Nikolaus S,Tomaz C,Brandao ML,Schwarting RK,Huston JP
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The neurokinin Substance P (SP) is widely distributed in the central nervous system and has been extensively studied in various functional aspects. This review focuses on the behavioral relevance of SP. Here we show that SP can have memory-promoting, reinforcing and anxiolytic-like effects when administered systemically or into the nucleus basalis of the ventral pallidum. These effects seem to be mediated via the SP-preferring NK(1)receptor and differentially related to N- versus C-terminal fragments of the undecapeptide. Secondly, SP injection into the ventral pallidum can lead to increases of acetylcholine in frontal cortex and dopamine in nucleus accumbens, suggesting that the hypermnestic, positively reinforcing and anxiolytic effects observed upon basal forebrain injection of SP are mediated by activation of the nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum circuitry. Furthermore, SP and certain SP-fragments may not only be considered to have beneficial behavioral effects in normal animals, but can also prevent lesion-induced functional deficits and improve the speed of recovery. This indicates that SP agonists might also have a neuroprotective capacity in parallel with recovery-promoting actions.
    背景与目标: : 神经激肽p物质 (SP) 广泛分布在中枢神经系统中,并已在各个功能方面进行了广泛研究。本文的重点是SP的行为相关性。在这里,我们表明,SP在全身或腹侧苍白球的基底核中施用时,可以具有促进记忆,增强和抗焦虑的作用。这些作用似乎是通过SP优先的NK(1) 受体介导的,并且与十一肽的N端与C端片段有差异关系。其次,将SP注射到腹侧苍白球中会导致额叶皮质中的乙酰胆碱和伏隔核中的多巴胺增加,这表明在基底前脑注射SP时观察到的高记忆,积极增强和抗焦虑作用是由伏隔核的激活介导的-腹侧苍白球回路。此外,SP和某些SP片段不仅可以被认为在正常动物中具有有益的行为作用,而且还可以防止病变引起的功能缺陷并提高恢复速度。这表明SP激动剂也可能与促进恢复的作用同时具有神经保护能力。
  • 【焦虑症中人格障碍的合并症: 30年研究的荟萃分析。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.004 复制DOI
    作者列表:Friborg O,Martinussen M,Kaiser S,Overgård KT,Rosenvinge JH
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A comprehensive meta-analysis to identify the proportions of comorbid personality disorders (PD) across the major subtypes of anxiety disorders (AD) has not previously been published. METHODS:A literature search identified 125 empirical papers from the period 1980-2010 on patients with panic disorders, social phobia, generalised anxiety, obsessive-compulsive (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several moderators were coded. RESULTS:The rate of any comorbid PD was high across all ADs, ranging from .35 for PTSD to .52 for OCD. Cluster C PDs occurred more than twice as often as cluster A or B PDs. Within cluster C the avoidant PD occurred most frequently, followed by the obsessive-compulsive and the dependent PD. PTSD showed the most heterogeneous clinical picture and social phobia was highly comorbid with avoidant PD. A range of moderators were examined, but most were non-significant or of small effects, except an early age of onset, which in social phobia increased the risk of an avoidant PD considerably. Gender or duration of an AD was not related to variation in PD comorbidity. LIMITATIONS:Blind rating of diagnoses was recorded from the papers as an indication of diagnostic validity. However, as too few studies reported it the validity of the comorbid estimates of PD was less strong. CONCLUSIONS:The findings provided support to several of the proposed changes in the forthcoming DSM-5. Further comorbidity studies are needed in view of the substantial changes in how PDs will be diagnosed in the DSM-5.
    背景与目标:
  • 【日本社区居民中Liebowitz社交焦虑量表的因子结构。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02381.x 复制DOI
    作者列表:Sugawara N,Yasui-Furukori N,Kaneda A,Sato Y,Tsuchimine S,Fujii A,Danjo K,Takahashi I,Matsuzaka M,Kaneko S
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study examined the internal consistency and structural/construct validity of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) for community-dwelling subjects in Japan. A cross-sectional study that included 929 participants was conducted. Structural/construct validity was assessed on confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency reliability was good for the overall LSAS scale (α = 0.97) and for its original four factors (α = 0.92-0.89). The original four-factor model fit the observed data relatively better than alternative models. These findings indicate that the LSAS is a valid and reliable measure of anxiety symptoms for this community-dwelling population in Japan.
    背景与目标: : 这项研究检查了日本社区居民的Liebowitz社交焦虑量表 (LSAS) 的内部一致性和结构/结构效度。进行了一项包括929名参与者的横断面研究。通过验证性因素分析评估结构/结构效度。内部一致性可靠性对于整体LSAS量表 (α = 0.97) 及其原始的四个因素 (α = 0.92-0.89) 是良好的。原始的四因素模型比替代模型相对更好地拟合了观察到的数据。这些发现表明,LSAS是日本这一社区居民焦虑症状的有效且可靠的衡量标准。
  • 【人格特质与抑郁和焦虑有不同的关系: 对一个大样本的普通成年人应用双变量多元二元逻辑回归的证据。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.24869/psyd.2019.448 复制DOI
    作者列表:Nouri F,Feizi A,Keshteli AH,Roohafza H,Afshar H,Adibi P
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to explore the association of five factors personality traits, as predictor variables, with the anxiety and depression as joint dependent variables in an Iranian adult population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:A total of 3175 subjects living in Isfahan participated in this cross-sectional population-based study (SEPAHAN) and completed self-administered questionnaires about demographic, life style, gastrointestinal disorders, personality traits, social support, and psychological problems. Data was analyzed using bivariate multiple binary logistic regression in R Free statistical software. RESULTS:The results indicated high scores of neuroticisms increase the risk of anxiety and depression after adjustment for the potential confounders in total sample (OR (95% CI): 1.22 (1.19-1.24) and 1.19 (1.17-1.21), respectively) as well as in both male and female. In contrast, joint inverse associations were found between anxiety and depression with high extraversion (OR (95% CI): 0.90 (0.88-0.92) and 0.91 (0.89-0.92), respectively), agreeableness (0.93 (0.91-0.96) and 0.94 (0.92-0.96) respectively) and conscientiousness scores (0.95 (0.93-0.97) and 0.95 (0.94-0.97) respectively) as well as in both male and female. Furthermore, higher scores of openness had significant inverse association with depression in male. CONCLUSION:The present study indicated that higher scores of neuroticism, however lower extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness scores are risk factors for both anxiety and depression in Iranian adult population. It is suggested to perform family studies or twin and genetic association studies with considering combinations of personality traits (personality styles), and also measuring personality traits at the facet level.
    背景与目标:
  • 【我的性生活可以吗?性焦虑在儿童性虐待和对妇女的性胁迫之间的关联中的中介作用。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1080/10538712.2020.1774697 复制DOI
    作者列表:Girard M,Dugal C,Hébert M,Godbout N
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Empirical studies suggest that childhood sexual abuse is associated with sexual revictimization by a male romantic partner in female survivors. Yet, the potential mechanisms underlying this association remain understudied. Past studies indicated that women childhood sexual abuse survivors report more sexual anxiety, which in turn was linked to an increased risk of sustaining sexual coercion. The current study, conducted with a sample of 448 adult women from the community, aimed to examine sexual anxiety as a potential mechanism in the association between childhood sexual abuse and sexual coercion sustained by women in heterosexual romantic relationships. Results from path analyses confirmed the indirect effect of sexual anxiety in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual coercion victimization. Findings indicated that childhood sexual abuse is associated with higher levels of sexual anxiety, which in turn, was linked to a higher frequency of sexual coercion experiences perpetrated by the romantic partner. This study contributes to a better understanding of the determinants of sexual violence against women and provides an empirical basis to better inform prevention initiatives and guide future interventions.
    背景与目标: : 实证研究表明,儿童时期的性虐待与女性幸存者中男性浪漫伴侣的性伤害有关。然而,这种关联背后的潜在机制仍未得到充分研究。过去的研究表明,女性童年性虐待幸存者报告了更多的性焦虑,这反过来又与持续性胁迫的风险增加有关。当前的研究以来自社区的448名成年女性为样本,旨在研究性焦虑是儿童性虐待与异性恋浪漫关系中女性所遭受的性胁迫之间的潜在联系。路径分析的结果证实了性焦虑在儿童性虐待与性胁迫受害之间的间接影响。研究结果表明,儿童时期的性虐待与较高水平的性焦虑有关,而这又与浪漫伴侣进行的性胁迫经历的频率更高有关。这项研究有助于更好地了解对妇女的性暴力的决定因素,并为更好地为预防举措提供信息和指导未来的干预措施提供了经验基础。
  • 【无重大认知障碍的神经危重症患者及其家庭照顾者中,住院期间的弹性因素和焦虑对其纵向焦虑的影响。】 复制标题 收藏 收藏
    DOI:10.1007/s12028-020-00913-7 复制DOI
    作者列表:Meyers EE,Presciutti A,Shaffer KM,Gates M,Lin A,Rosand J,Vranceanu AM
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:Anxiety is common in patients experiencing neurocritical illness and their family caregivers. Resilience factors like mindfulness and coping skills may be protective against symptoms of emotional distress, including anxiety. Less is known about the interplay of anxiety symptoms and resilience factors between patients and caregivers. The purpose of this study is to examine the trajectory of anxiety symptoms among dyads of neurocritical care patients without major cognitive impairment and their family caregivers and to elucidate the relationship between resiliency (e.g., mindfulness and coping) and anxiety in these dyads. METHODS:Prospective, longitudinal study of adults admitted to the neurological intensive care unit (Neuro-ICU) and their caregivers. Dyads of patients (N = 102) and family caregivers (N = 103) completed self-report measures of mindfulness (Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised) and coping (Measure of Current Status-Part A) during Neuro-ICU hospitalization and anxiety symptoms (anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) during hospitalization and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. We used actor-partner interdependence modeling to predict the effect of one's own baseline characteristics on one's own and one's partner's future anxiety symptoms. RESULTS:Rates of clinically significant anxiety symptoms were 40% for patients and 42% for caregivers at baseline. Of these, 20% of patients and 23% of caregivers showed moderate and severe symptoms. Approximately, one-third of patients and caregivers reported clinically significant anxiety symptoms at 3- and 6-month follow-ups, with more than 20% endorsing moderate or severe symptoms. Patients' own baseline mindfulness, coping, and anxiety symptoms were associated with lower anxiety symptoms at all time points (ps < 0.001)-this was also true for caregivers. For both patients and caregivers, one's own baseline mindfulness predicted their partner's anxiety symptoms 3 months later (p = 0.008), but not at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:Anxiety symptoms in Neuro-ICU patient-caregiver dyads are high through 6 months following admission. Mindfulness is interdependent and protective against anxiety in dyads at 3-month but not 6-month follow-up. Early, dyad-based interventions may prevent the development of chronic anxiety in patients without major cognitive impairment and caregivers.
    背景与目标:

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