BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The antioxidant properties of the methanol extract of leaves and flowers of Erica arborea and the ethyl acetate, butanol and water soluble fractions were investigated. The ethyl acetate extract was found to be the richest for phenolic and flavonoid content which showed the highest antioxidant activity.

背景与目标： : 研究了杜鹃花叶和花的甲醇提取物以及乙酸乙酯，丁醇和水溶性馏分的抗氧化性能。发现乙酸乙酯提取物的酚类和类黄酮含量最丰富，显示出最高的抗氧化活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Pancreatic insufficiency and a diminished bile acid pool cause malabsorption of important essential nutrients and other dietary components in cystic fibrosis (CF). Of particular significance is the malabsorption of fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols and coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)). Despite supplementation, CF patients are often deficient in these compounds, resulting in increased oxidative stress, which may contribute to adverse health effects. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the safety of a novel micellar formulation (CF-1) of fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants and to determine its efficacy in improving plasma levels of these compounds and reducing inflammatory markers in induced sputum. METHODS:Ten CF subjects, ages 8 to 45 years old, were given orally 10 ml of the CF-1 formulation daily for 56 days after a 21-day washout period in which subjects stopped supplemental vitamin use except for a standard multivitamin. Plasma obtained at -3, 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks was assayed for beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol, retinol, and CoQ(10) as well as for safety parameters (comprehensive metabolic panel and complete blood count). In addition, pulmonary function was measured and induced sputum was assayed for markers of inflammation and quantitative bacterial counts both prior and during dosing. RESULTS:No serious adverse effects, laboratory abnormalities or elevated nutrient levels (above normal) were identified as related to CF-1. Supplementation with CF-1 significantly increased beta-carotene levels at all dosing time points when compared to screening and baseline. In addition, gamma-tocopherol and CoQ(10) significantly increased from baseline in all subjects. Induced sputum myeloperoxidase significantly decreased and there was a trend toward decreases in PMN elastase and total cell counts with CF-1. There was a significant inverse correlation between the antioxidant levels and induced sputum changes in IL-8 and total neutrophils. Lung function and sputum bacterial counts were unchanged. CONCLUSION:The novel CF-1 formulation safely and effectively increased plasma levels of important fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants. In addition, improvements in antioxidant plasma levels were associated with reductions in airway inflammation in CF patients.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present study we demonstrate the identification of phenolic compounds and the phenolic contents of the methanol extracts from stem and buds of Calligonum polygonoides with antioxidant activity. Eleven and nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified from stem and buds, respectively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). p-Coumaric acid was predominant in stem and gallic acid in buds. In general, the samples with the highest phenolic contents had the highest antioxidant activities. Stem and buds sparked attention due to their high phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. The Results from present study reveal that the C. polygonoides could be considered as a promising source of antioxidant phytochemicals.

背景与目标： : 在本研究中，我们证明了酚类化合物的鉴定以及具有抗氧化活性的caligonum polygonoides茎和芽中甲醇提取物的酚类含量。通过高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分别从茎和芽中鉴定出11种和9种酚类化合物并对其进行定量。对香豆酸在茎中占主导地位，在芽中占主导地位。通常，酚类含量最高的样品具有最高的抗氧化活性。茎和芽由于其高酚类含量和抗氧化活性而引起了人们的关注。本研究的结果表明，多角藻可被认为是抗氧化剂植物化学物质的有希望的来源。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In recent years, ready-to eat breakfast cereals prepared with fruit ingredients have gained particular attention due to their polyphenolic contents and health promoting effects. In this study, the matrix effect of blueberry, oat meal, whole milk or skimmed milk on polyphenols, antioxidative potential as well as their potential bioavailability were investigated. The phenolic properties of whole milk, skimmed milk, blueberry and oat meal were investigated and the changes in combinations of the ingredients were determined. Milk addition decreased the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin content of samples statistically and had negative effect on antioxidant activity showing differences among different methods. According to HPLC results, it was not possible to detect catechin in mixtures due to milk addition. In vitro digestion method was used to determine potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds. According to in vitro digestion procedure results, whole or skimmed milk did not affect the total phenolic content of the proportion passing to the blood from intestine.

背景与目标： : 近年来，以水果成分制成的即食早餐谷物因其多酚含量和促进健康的作用而受到特别关注。在这项研究中，研究了蓝莓，燕麦粉，全脂牛奶或脱脂奶对多酚的基质效应，抗氧化潜力及其潜在的生物利用度。研究了全脂牛奶，脱脂牛奶，蓝莓和燕麦粉的酚醛特性，并确定了成分组合的变化。牛奶的添加在统计学上降低了样品中总酚，类黄酮和花青素的含量，并对抗氧化活性产生负面影响，表明不同方法之间存在差异。根据HPLC结果，由于添加牛奶，无法检测混合物中的儿茶素。体外消化法用于确定酚类化合物的潜在生物利用度。根据体外消化程序的结果，全脂或脱脂牛奶不会影响从肠道传递到血液的比例的总酚含量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have assesed the actions as free radical scavengers and inhibitors on peroxidation of hesperidin and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, two flavonoids, flavanone and dihydrochalcone respectively, as some of the pharmacological properties of flavonoids group have been related with these activities. Hesperidin just at 10(-4) and 5 · 10(-4)M is able to show a low inhibitory activity in the superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)) genesis (8.66 ± 1.40 and 11.69 ± 2.36% respectively), and on the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation at 10(-3)M dose (9.78 ± 0.35%), without affecting the hydroxyl radical (•OH) formation, generated by the ascorbic acid-Fe(3+)-EDTA system. In the other hand, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is an authentic antioxidant drug as tested at all doses. It showed a great scavenger activity and/or inhibition of formation on O(2)(-) radicals (31.53 - 84.62%) and a significant scavenging effect on OH radicals (6.00 - 23.49%), as well as an important inhibitory action on non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation (15.43-95.33%).

背景与目标： : 我们已经评估了自由基清除剂和抑制剂对橙皮苷和新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮，两种黄酮，黄烷酮和二氢查耳酮的过氧化作用，因为黄酮类化合物的某些药理特性与这些活性有关。橙皮苷仅在10(-4) 和5·10(-4)M时就能在超氧阴离子自由基 (O(2)(-)) 发生中显示出较低的抑制活性 (分别为8.66 ± 1.40和11.69 ± 2.36%)，并且在10(-3)M剂量 (9.78 ± 0.35%) 的非酶促脂质过氧化作用下，不影响由抗坏血酸-Fe(3)-EDTA系统生成的羟基自由基 (• OH) 的形成。另一方面，新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮是在所有剂量下测试的真实抗氧化剂药物。它对O(2)(-) 自由基 (31.53 - 84.62%) 具有很大的清除剂活性和/或抑制作用，对OH自由基 (6.00 - 23.49%) 具有明显的清除作用，并且对非酶脂质过氧化 (15.43-95.33%) 具有重要的抑制作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A series of berberine-thiophenyl hybrids were designed, synthesised, and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and as antioxidants. Among these hybrids, compounds 4f and 4i, berberine linked with o-methylthiophenyl and o-chlorothiophenyl by a 2-carbon spacer, were observed to be potent inhibitors of AChE, with IC50 values of 0.077 and 0.042 μM, respectively. Of the tested compounds, 4i was also the most potent inhibitor of BuChE, with an IC50 value of 0.662 μM. Kinetic studies and molecular modelling simulations of the AChE-inhibitor complex indicated that a mixed-competitive binding mode existed for these berberine derivatives. The biological studies also demonstrated that these hybrids displayed interesting activities, including Aβ aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.

背景与目标： : 设计，合成和评估了一系列小檗碱-噻吩杂化物，作为乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)，丁酰胆碱酯酶 (BuChE) 和 β-淀粉样蛋白 (A β) 聚集的抑制剂和抗氧化剂。在这些杂化物中，观察到化合物4f和4i，通过2-碳间隔物与o-甲基噻吩和o-氯噻吩连接的小檗碱是AChE的有效抑制剂，IC50值分别为0.077和0.042。在测试的化合物中，4i也是最有效的BuChE抑制剂，IC50值为0.662微米。AChE抑制剂复合物的动力学研究和分子建模模拟表明，这些小檗碱衍生物存在混合竞争结合模式。生物学研究还表明，这些杂种表现出有趣的活性，包括a β 聚集抑制和抗氧化特性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs) (S,S)-SDG-1 (major isomer in flaxseed) and (R,R)-SDG-2 (minor isomer in flaxseed) were synthesized from vanillin via secoisolariciresinol (6) and glucosyl donor 7 through a concise route that involved chromatographic separation of diastereomeric diglucoside derivatives (S,S)-8 and (R,R)-9. Synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 exhibited potent antioxidant properties (EC50=292.17±27.71 μM and 331.94±21.21 μM, respectively), which compared well with that of natural (S,S)-SDG-1 (EC50=275.24±13.15 μM). These values are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50=1129.32±88.79 μM) and α-tocopherol (EC50=944.62±148.00 μM). Compounds (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 also demonstrated powerful scavenging activities against hydroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 3.68±0.27; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.09±0.16; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 1.96±0.27], peroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.55±0.11; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.20±0.10; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 3.03±0.04] and DPPH [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=83.94±2.80 μM; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=157.54±21.30 μM; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: EC50=123.63±8.67 μM] radicals. These results confirm previous studies with naturally occurring (S,S)-SDG-1 and establish both (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 as potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers for potential in vivo use.

背景与目标： : secoisolicistrisulinol二葡糖苷 (SDGs) (S，S)-SDG-1 (亚麻籽中的主要异构体) 和 (R，R)-SDG-2 (亚麻籽中的次要异构体) 由香草醛经由secoisolaricyresinol (6) 和葡萄糖基供体7通过涉及非对映异构体二葡萄糖苷衍生物 (S，S)-8和 (R，R)-9的色谱分离的简洁途径合成。合成的 (S，S)-SDG-1和 (R，R)-SDG-2表现出有效的抗氧化性能 (分别为EC50 = 292.17 ± 27.71微米和331.94 ± 21.21微米)，与天然 (S，S)-SDG-1 (EC50 = 275.24 ± 13.15微米) 相比。这些值明显低于抗坏血酸 (EC50 = 1129.32 ± 88.79微米) 和 α-生育酚 (EC50 = 944.62 ± 148.00微米) 的值。化合物 (S，S)-SDG-1和 (R，R)-SDG-2也显示出强大的清除羟基活性 [天然 (S，S)-SDG-1: 3.68 ± 0.27; 合成 (S，S)-SDG-1: 2.09 ± 0.16; 合成 (R，R)-SDG-2: 1.96 ± 0.27]，过氧 [天然 (S，S)-SDG-1: 2.55 ± 0.11; 合成 (S，S)-SDG-1: 2.20 ± 0.10; 合成 (R，R)-SDG-2: 3.03 ± 0.04] 和DPPH [天然 (S，S)-SDG-1: EC50 = 83.94 ± 2.80微米; 合成 (S，S)-SDG-1: EC50 = 157.54 ± 21.30微米; 合成 (R，R)-SDG-2: EC50 = 123.63 ± 8.67微米] 自由基。这些结果证实了先前对天然存在的 (S，S)-SDG-1的研究，并确立了 (S，S)-SDG-1和 (R，R)-SDG-2作为潜在的体内使用的有效抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In vitro chemical properties and antioxidant potential and in vivo mutagenic activity of honey-sweetened cashew apple nectar (HSCAN), a beverage produced from the cashew pseudo-fruit (Anacardium occidentale L.) and of its constituents were assessed. Analytical procedures were carried out to investigate the honey used in the HSCAN preparation, and the results observed are in accordance with Brazilian legal regulations, except for diastase number. HSCAN and pulp were investigated for ascorbic acid, carotenoid, anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, and both showed high acid ascorbic concentrations. Antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and/or β-carotene/linoleic acid systems were applied and demonstrated a weak antioxidant capacity of honey and HSCAN, but cashew apple pulp demonstrated high antioxidant capacity. A weakly positive mutagenic effect of cashew pulp 20% was observed using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster only in the high-bioactivation (HB) cross. On the contrary, HSCAN was not mutagenic in both standard and high bioactivation crosses. HSCAN exhibited slight antioxidant activity, which could be associated with the high amount of ascorbic acid found in the samples evaluated. The beverage prepared did not induce DNA damage in somatic cells of D. melanogaster, which means that it is neither mutagenic nor recombinagenic in this test system.

背景与目标： : 评估了用腰果假果 (Anacardium occidentale L.) 生产的饮料蜂蜜甜味腰果苹果花蜜 (HSCAN) 的体外化学特性，抗氧化潜力和体内诱变活性及其成分。进行了分析程序以调查HSCAN制剂中使用的蜂蜜，观察到的结果符合巴西法律法规，但淀粉酶编号除外。研究了HSCAN和纸浆中的抗坏血酸，类胡萝卜素，花青素和总酚含量，两者均显示出较高的抗坏血酸浓度。使用2,2-二苯基-1-微肼基自由基 (DPPH) 和/或 β-胡萝卜素/亚油酸体系进行了抗氧化能力，表明蜂蜜和HSCAN的抗氧化能力较弱，但腰果苹果浆具有较高的抗氧化能力。仅在高生物活化 (HB) 杂交中，使用果蝇的体细胞突变和重组试验 (SMART) 观察到腰果果肉20% 的弱阳性诱变作用。相反，HSCAN在标准和高生物活化杂交中均没有诱变。HSCAN表现出轻微的抗氧化活性，这可能与评估样品中发现的大量抗坏血酸有关。制备的饮料不会诱导黑腹大白鼠体细胞的DNA损伤，这意味着它在该测试系统中既没有诱变性也没有重组性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: This study was undertaken in order to investigate the interactive effects of exercise training and chronic ethanol consumption on the antioxidant system in rat liver and plasma. Fisher-344 rats were treated in separate groups as followssedentary control (SC); exercise training (ET) for 6.5 weeks; ethanol 20% (2.0 g kg-1, p.o.) for 6.5 weeks; and ET and ethanol administration. In liver, ET significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level (73% of SC). Chronic ethanol significantly increased catalase (CAT) activity and MDA levels (126% and 135% of SC), respectively, and also depleted the reduced glutathione (GSH) level and the reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio (81% and 38% of SC), respectively. Exercise training plus ethanol significantly increased CAT and glutathione reductase (GR) activity (126% and 118% of SC), respectively, and decreased the MDA level (67% of SC). In plasma, ethanol significantly enhanced CAT activity and MDA levels (173% and 221% of SC), respectively. Ethanol ingestion also increased the CAT/superoxide dismutase (SOD) ratio (216% of SC) in plasma. Training plus ethanol ingestion significantly increased CAT activity and MDA levels (208% and 148% of SC), respectively, and increased CAT/SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)/SOD ratios (279% and 142% of SC), respectively. The data indicate that the combination of exercise and ethanol ingestion resulted in an enhanced hepatic CAT and GR activity to eliminate H2O2 and to maintain endogenous GSH levels. Thus, training ameliorated the ethanol-induced oxidative injury in the liver. The ratio of CAT/SOD in plasma increased twofold due to chronic ethanol intake and threefold due to the combination, which may be used as an index of oxidative stress.

背景与目标： 进行这项研究是为了研究运动训练和慢性乙醇消耗对大鼠肝脏和血浆抗氧化系统的相互作用。将Fisher-344的大鼠分为不同的组作为以下对照 (SC); 运动训练 (ET) 6.5周; 乙醇20% (2.0g kg-1，p.o.) 6.5周; 和ET和乙醇给药。在肝脏中，ET显着降低了丙二醛 (MDA) 水平 (SC的73%)。慢性乙醇分别显著增加过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性和MDA水平 (SC的126% 和135%)，并且还分别耗尽还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 水平和还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH/GSSG) 比 (SC的81% 和38%)。运动训练加乙醇分别显着增加CAT和谷胱甘肽还原酶 (GR) 活性 (SC的126% 和118%)，并降低MDA水平 (SC的67%)。在血浆中，乙醇分别显着提高CAT活性和MDA水平 (SC的173% 和221%)。乙醇摄入也增加了血浆中的CAT/超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 比 (SC的216%)。训练加乙醇摄入分别显着增加CAT活性和MDA水平 (SC的208% 和148%)，并分别增加CAT/SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (gsh-px)/SOD比率 (SC的279% 和142%)。数据表明，运动和乙醇摄入的结合导致肝CAT和GR活性增强，以消除H2O2并维持内源性GSH水平。因此，训练改善了乙醇诱导的肝脏氧化损伤。血浆中CAT/SOD的比例由于长期摄入乙醇而增加了两倍，由于该组合而增加了三倍，这可能用作氧化应激的指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:To investigate age-correlated radiosensitivity in highly radioresistant lepidopteran pest, Helicoverpa armigera, upon exposure to ionizing radiation and to examine the irradiation impact on stress-molecular responses in F1 (first-filial) progeny of irradiated (100 Gy) male moths in relation to its reproductive behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Efficacy of sub-lethal gamma radiation was evaluated on two markedly apart ontogenic stages, neonates and adult moths. Differential growth, reproductive behavior and stress-indicating molecular responses were examined upto F1 progeny of sub-sterilized moths. Free-radical scavenging enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Phenoloxidase cascade enzymes, pro-phenoloxidase (PPO), its activating enzyme (PPAE) were studied in irradiated and irradiated plus microbial challenge regimen (dual-stress) by Real-time RT-PCR (reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction). RESULTS:An inverse correlation of radiosensitivity with developmental age of insect was observed. F1 sterility was higher than parent sterility. F1 progeny exhibited protraction in development and decreased survival upon irradiation. Sex ratio in F1 progeny was skewed towards males. PPO, PPAE, SOD and CAT transcripts were downregulated upon neonate irradiation resulting in enhanced vulnerability of larvae to incidental microbial challenge. These transcripts were upregulated in F1 progeny of sub-sterilized male moths (100 Gy) upon dual-stress. CONCLUSIONS:Irradiation impact on stress-indicating molecular responses in F1 progeny is correlated with its reproductive performance. These observations will permit defining regimen having pragmatic viability of 'F1 sterility technique' for pest suppression. Gamma dose of 100 Gy would ensure balance between induced sterility of males and their field competitiveness. These parameters would facilitate integration of biocontrol strategy with parabiological 'Sterile Insect Release Technique'.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer slimy-mucoid type colony was isolated from sourdough and identified as Weissella cibaria MED17. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of EPS MED17 demonstrated that this EPS was a dextran type glucan ((1 → 6)-linked α-D-glucose core structure) containing (1 → 3)-linked α-D-glucose branches and proportion of (1 → 6)-linked α-D-glucose units to (1 → 3)-linked α-D-glucose units was 94.3:5.7%. The FTIR analysis also confirmed the (1 → 6)-linked α-D-glucose linkage. A high level of thermal stability was observed for glucan MED17 as no degradation up to 300 °C was observed by TGA and DSC analysis. The XRD analysis of glucan MED17 showed its semi- crystalline nature and its compact sheet-like morphology was observed by SEM analysis. Finally, antioxidant characteristics of glucan MED17 were determined by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity tests that revealed a moderate antioxidant activity of glucan MED17. These findings show potential techno-functional characteristics of glucan MED17.

背景与目标： : 从酸面团中分离出胞外多糖 (EPS) 生产者粘液粘液型菌落，并鉴定为Weissella cibaria med17。EPS MED17的1h和13C NMR光谱表明，该EPS是葡聚糖型葡聚糖 ((1 → 6)-连接的 α-D-葡萄糖核心结构)，包含 (1 → 3)-连接的 α-D-葡萄糖分支和 (1 → 6)-连接的 α 的比例-D-葡萄糖单位与 (1 → 3)-连接的 α-D-葡萄糖单位94.3:5.7%。FTIR分析还证实了 (1 → 6) 连接的 α-D-葡萄糖连接。对于葡聚糖MED17观察到高水平的热稳定性，因为通过TGA和DSC分析未观察到高达300 °C的降解。葡聚糖MED17的XRD分析表明其半结晶性质，并通过SEM分析观察到其致密的片状形态。最后，通过ABTS和DPPH自由基清除活性测试确定了葡聚糖MED17的抗氧化特性，表明葡聚糖MED17具有中等的抗氧化活性。这些发现显示了葡聚糖med17的潜在技术功能特征。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This computational and experimental work aims to elucidate physicochemical and photophysical natures of free radical scavenging and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) filtering activities of five terpenoids available in the extract of marine fungus. The antioxidant activities of ochraceopone F (C1), aspertetranone D (C2), cycloechinulin (C3), wasabidienone E (C4), and mactanamide (C5) are evaluated by using density functional theory (DFT) at the M05-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory in the gas phase, water, and pentyl ethanoate (PEA). Double antioxidant mechanisms allowing the second (H+/e-) donation such as double hydrogen atom transfer (dHAT), double single electron transfer-proton transfer (dSET-PT), and double sequential proton loss-electron transfer (dSPL-ET) are considered. Reaction enthalpies (ΔrH0), standard Gibbs free energies (ΔrG0) and potential energy surfaces of reactions toward HOO• radical are then established to evaluate the hydrogen transfer (HT) and radical adduct formation (RAF) mechanisms. The computational results are supported by DPPH• and ABTS•+ antioxidant essays. Results show that all compounds C1-C5 are able to scavenge two free radicals via dHAT, dSET-PT, and dSPL-ET mechanisms. Among the compounds, C3 and C4 represent the most potential antioxidants, especially via HAT and RAF mechanisms in all the reaction media. Their rate constants for both HAT and RAF reactions are remarkably higher than that of Trolox and ascorbic acid. The kinetic calculations on activation Gibbs free energies (ΔG⧧) and rate constants (kTST) based on conventional transition state theory (TST) reveal that HAT and RAF processes are in competition in solvents. Photophysical processes occurring during UVR exposure are investigated using the time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) combined with UV-vis experiments. The obtained results highlight the promising activities of C1-C5 in UVR absorption in the ranges of UVA and UVB. Among them, C3 and C4 also show better UV absorption properties with the easiest excitations (band gaps equal to 4.06 and 3.65 eV). This study suggests the natural candidates possibly used in organic sunscreen.

背景与目标： : 这项计算和实验工作旨在阐明海洋真菌提取物中五种萜类化合物的自由基清除和光物理性质和紫外线辐射 (UVR) 过滤活性。利用密度泛函理论 (DFT) 在M05-2X/6-311G (D，p) 气相，水和戊基乙酸酯 (PEA) 的理论水平。允许第二次 (H/e-) 捐赠的双重抗氧化剂机制，例如双氢原子转移 (dHAT)，双单电子转移-质子转移 (dSET-PT) 和双顺序质子损失-电子转移 (dspl-et) 被考虑。然后建立反应焓 (ΔrH0)，标准吉布斯自由能 (ΔrG0) 和向HOO • 自由基反应的势能面，以评估氢转移 (HT) 和自由基加合物形成 (RAF) 机理。计算结果得到DPPH·和ABTS·+ 抗氧化论文的支持。结果表明，C1-C5的所有化合物都能够通过dHAT，dSET-PT和dspl-et机制清除两个自由基。在这些化合物中，C3和C4代表了最有潜力的抗氧化剂，尤其是在所有反应介质中通过HAT和RAF机理。HAT和RAF反应的速率常数均显着高于Trolox和抗坏血酸。基于常规过渡态理论 (TST) 的活化吉布斯自由能 (Δ g ⧧) 和速率常数 (kTST) 的动力学计算表明，HAT和RAF过程在溶剂中竞争。使用时间相关的密度泛函理论 (td-dft) 结合UV-vis实验研究了UVR暴露过程中发生的光物理过程。获得的结果突出了在UVA和UVB范围内C1-C5在UVR吸收中的有希望的活性。其中，C3和C4还在最容易激发 (带隙等于4.06和3.65 eV) 的情况下显示出更好的UV吸收性能。这项研究表明，可能用于有机防晒霜的天然候选物。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Neurodegenerative diseases share various pathological features, such as accumulation of aberrant protein aggregates, microglial activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological processes are associated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress and subsequent damage to essential molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Hence, enhanced ROS production and oxidative injury play a cardinal role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. To maintain a proper redox balance, the central nervous system is endowed with an antioxidant defense mechanism consisting of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Expression of most antioxidant enzymes is tightly controlled by the antioxidant response element (ARE) and is activated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In past years reports have highlighted the protective effects of Nrf2 activation in reducing oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we provide an overview of the involvement of ROS-induced oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease and we discuss the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidant enzymes and compounds that activate the Nrf2-ARE pathway.

背景与目标： : 神经退行性疾病具有多种病理特征，例如异常蛋白聚集体的积累，小胶质细胞激活和线粒体功能障碍。这些病理过程与活性氧 (ROS) 的产生有关，活性氧 (ROS) 会导致氧化应激并随后对必需分子 (例如脂质，蛋白质和DNA) 造成损害。因此，增强的ROS产生和氧化损伤在神经退行性疾病的发生和发展中起主要作用。为了保持适当的氧化还原平衡，中枢神经系统具有由内源性抗氧化酶组成的抗氧化防御机制。大多数抗氧化酶的表达由抗氧化反应元件 (ARE) 严格控制，并由核因子E2-related因子2 (Nrf2) 激活。在过去的几年中，报告强调了Nrf2激活在减少神经退行性疾病的体外和体内模型中的氧化应激中的保护作用。在这里，我们概述了ROS诱导的氧化损伤在阿尔茨海默氏病，帕金森氏病和亨廷顿氏病中的作用，并讨论了激活Nrf2-ARE途径的抗氧化酶和化合物的潜在治疗作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Urea is a widespread organic pollutant, which can be a nitrogen source, playing different roles in the growth of submerged macrophytes depending on concentrations, while high cadmium (Cd) concentrations are often toxic to macrophytes. In order to evaluate the combined effect of urea and Cd on a submerged macrophyte, Cabomba caroliniana, the morphological and physiological responses of C. caroliniana in the presence of urea and Cd were studied. The results showed that high concentrations of urea (400mgL-1) and Cd (500µmolL-1) had negative effects on C. caroliniana. There were strong visible symptoms of toxicity after 4 days of exposure under Cd-alone, 400mgL-1 urea, and Cd+400mgL-1 urea treatments. In addition, 400mgL-1 urea and Cd had adverse effects on C. caroliniana's pigment system. Significant losses in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic rates, as well as Rubisco activity were also observed under Cd-alone, 400mgL-1 urea, and Cd+400mgL-1 urea treatments. 400mgL-1 urea markedly enhanced Cd toxicity in C. caroliniana, reflected by a sharp decrease in photosynthetic activity and more visible toxicity symptoms. The results of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) pointed to extreme oxidative stress in C. caroliniana induced under Cd or 400mgL-1 urea exposure. Exogenous ascorbate (AsA) protected C. caroliniana from adverse damage in 400mgL-1 urea, which further corroborated the oxidative stress claim under 400mgL-1 urea. However, results also demonstrated that lower urea concentration (10mgL-1) alleviated Cd-induced phytotoxicity by stimulating chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic activity, as well as activating the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), which may explain the alleviating effect of urea on C. caroliniana under Cd stress.

背景与目标： : 尿素是一种广泛存在的有机污染物，可能是氮源，根据浓度的不同，在淹没的大型植物的生长中起不同的作用，而高浓度的镉 (Cd) 通常对大型植物有毒。为了评估尿素和Cd对淹没的大型植物Cabomba caroliniana的综合作用，研究了在尿素和Cd存在下caroliniana的形态和生理响应。结果表明，高浓度的尿素 (400mgL-1) 和Cd (500µmolL-1) 对C. caroliniana有负面影响。在单独的Cd，400mgL-1尿素和Cd 400mgL-1尿素处理下暴露4天后，出现了强烈的可见毒性症状。此外，400mgL-1尿素和Cd对C. caroliniana的色素系统也有不利影响。在单独的Cd，400mgL-1尿素和Cd 400mgL-1尿素处理下，还观察到叶绿素荧光和光合速率以及Rubisco活性的显着损失。400mgL-1尿素显着增强了C. caroliniana的Cd毒性，这反映在光合作用活性急剧下降和更明显的毒性症状上。硫代巴比妥酸反应性物质 (TBARS) 的结果表明，在Cd或400mgL-1尿素暴露下，caroliniana会引起极端的氧化应激。外源性抗坏血酸 (AsA) 保护了caroliniana免受400mgL-1尿素的不利损害，这进一步证实了400mgL-1尿素下的氧化应激要求。然而，结果还表明，较低的尿素浓度 (10mgL-1) 通过刺激叶绿素合成和光合活性以及激活过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 (GST) 的活性来减轻Cd诱导的植物毒性，这可以解释尿素在Cd胁迫下对C. caroliniana的缓解作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mucuna pruriens, an underutilized native legume of South India has been reported to have high levels of L-Dopa, and used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Cellular damage arising from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is said to cause neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidants could assuage this oxidative damage of tissue directly and/or indirectly by enhancing natural defenses and also scavenging the free radicals. In this context, the antioxidative potential of different germplasm of Mucuna species was analyzed. Assays were performed to evaluate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in the extracts. Methanolic extracts of Mucuna (black germplasm) yielded high levels dietary antioxidants viz., flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and phlobotannins qualitatively. Tannins, total phenols, flavanoids, and steroids accounted for 13.60±1.8 tannic acid equivalents, 58.47±3.19 gallic acid equivalents, 23.7±3.12 quercetin equivalents, and 20.3±1.0 mg per 100 mg β-sitosterol equivalents, respectively. Percentage of scavenging activity against hydroxyl, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide radicals were 39.12%; 57.1%; 41.26%, and 25.68%, respectively. Reducing capacity (17.74%) was seen to concurrently increase with extract concentration. Catalase, glutathione reductase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were found to be 30.15; 26.6 and 42.5 μmol/mg of protein, respectively. The methanolic extract yielded the most potent levels of dietary antioxidants and exhibited high free-radical-scavenging activity.

背景与目标： : Mucuna pruriens是印度南部未充分利用的本地豆类，据报道其L-多巴含量很高，可用于治疗帕金森氏病。活性氧和氮引起的细胞损伤据说会导致神经退行性疾病。抗氧化剂可以通过增强自然防御能力并清除自由基来直接和/或间接缓解组织的这种氧化损伤。在这种情况下，分析了Mucuna物种不同种质的抗氧化潜力。进行测定以评估提取物中的酶和非酶抗氧化剂。Mucuna (黑色种质) 的甲醇提取物定性地产生了高水平的饮食抗氧化剂，即类黄酮，生物碱，皂苷，类固醇和phlobotanins。单宁，总酚，类黄酮和类固醇分别占13.60 ± 1.8鞣酸当量，58.47 ± 3.19没食子酸当量，23.7 ± 3.12槲皮素当量和20.3 ± 1.0 mg/100 mg β-谷甾醇当量。对羟基、超氧阴离子、一氧化氮和过氧化氢自由基的清除活性百分比分别39.12%; 57.1%; 41.26% 和25.68%。可见还原能力 (17.74%) 随着提取物浓度的增加而同时增加。发现过氧化氢酶，谷胱甘肽还原酶和多酚氧化酶活性30.15; 分别为26.6和42.5 μ mol/mg蛋白质。甲醇提取物可产生最有效的膳食抗氧化剂，并具有很高的自由基清除活性。