儿科
词汇介绍
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解析
neonatal 英 /,niːə(ʊ)'neɪt(ə)l/ 美 /,nio'netl/
释 义 adj. 新生的；初生的
例 句 Jaundice in adults and older children is not related to neonatal jaundice; it is usually the sign of a health problem. 黄疸在成人和年龄较大的儿童是不相关的新生儿黄疸，这是通常的迹象是一个健康问题。
respiratory 英 /rɪˈspɪrət(ə)ri/ 美 /ˈrɛspərəˌtɔri/
释 义 adj. 呼吸的
例 句 The study in the European Respiratory Journal zinked this with weight gain and pressure on the lungs and trachea caused by the distended abdomen. 该项发表于《欧洲呼吸期刊》的研究认为，此与体重增加，以及肺部和气管受到腹部膨胀造成的压力有关。
distress 英 /dɪ'stres/ 美 /dɪ'strɛs/
释 义 n. 危难，不幸；贫困；悲痛
vt. 使悲痛；使贫困
例 句 Many individuals are more apt to seek informal support from family and friends, which may not be sufficient to prevent long-term distress for some. 许多人还是更加倾向于从家人和朋友处寻求支持，而这些支持对某些人来说并不足以抵抗长期的痛苦。
syndrome 英 /'sɪndrəʊm/ 美 /'sɪndrəm/
释 义 n. [临床] 综合症状；并发症状；校验子；并发位
例 句 Women complain about premenstrual syndrome, but I think of it as the only time of the month that I can be myself. 女人会抱怨经前期综合症，但是我认为这是一个月中我唯一可以做回我自己的日子。
概述
概述
新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）是由于肺表面活性物质（PS）缺乏而引起的导致新生儿呼吸衰竭甚至死亡的呼吸系统疾病，以前普遍认为 RDS 主要发生于早产儿，然而随着早产儿分娩前使用糖皮质激素促进肺发育成熟以及出生后PS的有效使用，使得早产儿RDS的治疗率及存活率不断提高。NRDS 的治疗主要为呼吸支持及对症治疗。
病因及临床意义
新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征是由于各种原因引起肺表面活性物质缺乏或异常，导致进行性肺不张，严重时可引起呼吸衰竭。PS 缺乏或结构不成熟是导致此病的重要原因，病理上由于肺泡壁至终末细支气管壁嗜伊红细胞增多，在气管上形成透明薄膜类似物，故又称肺透明膜病（HMD）。
症状表现
RDS临床表现，急性起病，出生不久出现进行性呼吸困难、呻吟、青紫、吸氧无效，需要无创正压通气或机械通气；胸部X线表现为双肺普遍性透亮度降低，可呈弥漫性均匀一致的颗粒网状影，支气管充气征，严重时双肺野均成白色，称者为“白肺”。
诊断方法
临床表现：急性起病，出生不久出现进行性呼吸困难、呻吟、青紫、吸氧无效，需要无创正压通气或机械通气；
胸部X线表现：为双肺普遍性透亮度降低，可呈弥漫性均匀一致的颗粒网状影，支气管充气征，严重时双肺野均成白色，称者为“白肺”；
动脉血气分析显示低氧、高碳酸血症，和氧张力/分数氧比（PaO2 /FiO2）≤26.7 kPa；
2018 year in review: Part 2 of 4: Neonatal lung disease
复制标题
2018回顾年: 部分: 新生儿肺病
发表时间：2019-01-29
影响指数：2.8
作者： Richard L Auten
期刊：Pediatr Pulmonol
Thunqvist and colleagues reported that pulmonary function testing using spirometry and oscillometry 6.5 years after pre-term birth at 22- 26 weeks EGA showed increased bronchore activity to β-agonist treatment along with impaired FVC and FEV1.The authors reported that nearly all their subjects were diagnosed with BPD, which likely affected the magnitude of impaired pulmonary function. As expected, the severity of BPD correlated with the severity of impairment. Lo and colleagues reported parallel decrements of FRC in survivors of preterm birth at 26 weeks that were measured by plethysmography and Hedilution at age 1 year and age 11-14 years. The superimposition of rapid weight gain may also contribute in this setting. Lowe and colleagues correlated high rates of fetal and infant growth among the prematurely born with postnatally reported wheezing. The effect was further worsened by maternal smoking.Jackson and colleagues analyzed data from the multi-center ELGAN study to identify risk factors for BPD and correlations with parent reported asthma in those study subjects. They found that growth restriction and gestational age affected BPD risk, but that BPD only predicted bronchodilator use at 1 and 2 years, not asthma at 10 years. As others have shown, the wheezing in patients with BPD is not allergic asthma: wheezing may be driven by abnormal airway structural development. We know that effects of BPD and prematurity on airway resistance and FRC are long-standing, but this does not appear to be the same as increasing the risk for allergic asthma. Along with other reports, the authors found that weight gain velocity during infancy also increased the risk for asthma along with maternal SES, another example of disturbed developmental programming.
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