内分泌
词汇介绍
拓展阅读
解析
toll 英 /təʊl/ 美 /tol/
释 义 vt. 征收;敲钟
n. 通行费;代价;钟声
vi. 鸣钟;征税
例 句 Toll is a fixed charged or tax for passage across a bridge or along a road. 通行费是为了通过一座桥梁或一条道路所要缴的固定费用或税款。
receptor 英 /rɪ'septə/ 美 /rɪ'sɛptɚ/
释 义 n. [生化] 受体;接受器;感觉器官
例 句 Human tumor cells expressed high levels of growth factor and its receptor. 人类肿瘤细胞表达高水平的生长因子及其受体。
概述
Toll-like receptors in the functional orientation of cardiac progenitor cells复制标题
Toll样受体在心脏祖细胞功能定位中的作用
发表时间:2019-04-25
影响因子:4.5
作者: Mohammadreza Yousefi
期刊:J CELL PHYSIOL
TLRs are composed of family, which response to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by a numerous group of infectious microorganisms. This family is a group of transmembrane proteins that are highly conserved in all animals from insects to humans. Identification and classification of TLRs shed light on the better understanding of the innate immune system and/or cell function. Up to date, 10 members of TLRs in human and 13 orthologous members have been discovered in mice. According to the subcellular localization of TLRs, they can be divided into two main groups, including TLR1, 2, 4, 6, and 11 expressed on the plasma membrane, but other members TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 existed in the endolysosomal compartments. Each of the members of this family has specific cognate ligands. For example, TLR‐1 in cooperation with TLR‐6 or TLR‐2 can recognize different bacterial composites such as peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, and lipopeptides. Many viruses with double strand RNA are recognized by TLR3, while TLR‐7 and TLR‐8 recognize single strand RNA and imidazoquinolines. Also, TLR‐4 and TLR‐5 specifically attach to lipopolysaccharide and bacterial flagellin, respectively. TLR‐9 has a critical role in identifying oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) motifs. The extracellular domain of TLRs contains leucine‐rich repeats that interfere with PAMPs recognition and the intracellular domain contains toll‐interleukin 1 (IL‐1) receptor required for downstream signal transduction. TLRs per se stimulate the intracellular signaling pathway by the recognition of the PAMPs, leading to the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, type one interferon (IFN) and chemokine. By involving TLRs with their own PAMPs, the promotion of related signals results in activation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells NF‐kB and activator protein 1. In addition, TLRs have a critical role in coronary heart diseases, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases and so forth.
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