首页 > 医学词汇大全 > Glucagon
Glucagon

内分泌

关键词内分泌 临床研究术语 血糖

词汇介绍

拓展阅读

解析

glucagon   英 /'gluːkəg(ə)n; -gɒn/

释    义   n. [生化] 胰高血糖素;[生化] 胰增血糖素;高血糖因子

例    句   Here we examined the direct effects of glucagon on regulation of hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism in humans.本研究中我们观察了胰高血糖素在调节人类肝脏和肠道脂蛋白代谢的直接作用。

概述

概述


胰高血糖素是一种肽类激素,通过胰腺的α细胞产生。它可以提高血液中葡萄糖和脂肪酸的浓度,被认为是人体的主要分解代谢激素。它还用作治疗多种健康状况的药物。它的作用与胰岛素相反,后者可降低细胞外葡萄糖。


功能


胰高血糖素通过促进糖原异生和糖原分解升高血液中的葡萄糖浓度,胰高血糖素还可以减少脂肪组织和肝脏中的脂肪酸合成,并促进这些组织中的脂肪分解,从而使它们将脂肪酸释放到循环系统中,在需要时可以分解代谢脂肪酸以在组织(例如骨骼肌)中产生能量。胰高血糖素的产生似乎依赖于中枢神经系统,但是具体机制尚不清楚。据报道,在无脊椎动物中,去除眼球会影响胰高血糖素的产生。在年轻的小龙虾中消除视线会产生胰高血糖素诱导的高血糖症。


病理生理过程


该激素是从位于胰脏内分泌部分的Langerhans胰岛的α细胞(α细胞)合成和分泌的。胰岛淀粉样多肽抑制胰岛淀粉样蛋白(一种胰蛋白酶与胰岛素从胰岛β细胞共分泌的肽激素)抑制/调节生产,否则这种分泌是自由运转的,随着血浆葡萄糖水平的降低,胰岛淀粉样多肽分泌的减少减轻了其对α细胞的抑制,从而允许胰高血糖素的分泌。

Non-Invasive Assessment of Metabolic Adaptation in Paediatric Patients Suffering from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 复制标题

患有1型糖尿病的儿科患者代谢适应的非侵入性评估

发表时间:2019-10-26

影响指数:5.7

作者: Phillip Trefz

期刊:J Clin Med

Despite all efforts to optimize insulin supply, most of the T1DM patients suffer from recurrent hyperglycemic episodes. Hyperglycemia has been related to (i) an increased polyol pathway flux, (ii) an increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE), (iii) an activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and (iv) an increased hexosamine pathway flux. Either of these mechanisms lead to the formation of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Hyperglycemia and glycemic variability are thus thought to induce oxidative stress and the latter is envisaged as the main culprit of macro- and microvascular disease and/or diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, reliable long-term metabolic control might be the best measure to prevent such comorbidities. Apart from the determination of HbA1C as an established marker of long-term glycemic control and the discontinuous determination of blood glucose for a targeted administration of insulin, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables a detailed assessment of glycemic variability via the measurement of interstitial glucose concentration in time intervals of only a few minutes. However, CGM is not suited for monitoring the induction of oxidative stress. As repeated invasive analysis is not applicable to routine medical practice, especially in pediatric patients, non-invasive methods are necessary for the analysis of metabolites originating from the activation of alternative metabolic pathways. Real-time analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is quick, point-of-care applicable, and most importantly, non-invasive. In general, hundreds of VOCs are detectable in trace amounts (parts per trillion by volume to parts per billion by volume (pptV–ppbV)) in human breath under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. As VOCs are exhaled shortly after their production, they may deliver metabolic insight quicker than conventional invasive techniques.

译文

尽管所有的努力,以优化胰岛素供应,大多数T1DM患者遭受复发性高血糖发作。高血糖与(i)多元醇途径通量增加,(ii)晚期糖基化终产物形成增加(AGE),(iii)蛋白激酶C亚型激活,以及(iv)己糖胺途径通量增加有关。这些机制中的任何一个都导致线粒体电子传递链形成超氧化物。因此,高血糖和血糖变异性可诱导氧化应激,而后者被认为是宏观和微血管疾病和/或糖尿病神经病变的主要罪魁祸首。因此,可靠的长期代谢控制可能是预防此类并发症的最佳措施。除了确定HbA1C作为长期血糖控制的一个既定标志物,以及不连续测定血糖用于靶向给药胰岛素外,连续血糖监测(CGM)可以通过测量间质葡萄糖浓度,在短短几分钟的时间间隔内,对血糖变异性进行详细评估。然而,CGM不适合监测氧化应激的诱导。由于重复侵入性分析不适用于常规医疗实践,特别是在儿科患者中,非侵入性方法对于分析来自激活替代代谢途径的代谢物是必要的。实时分析呼气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)具有快速、适用、无创等特点。一般来说,在不同的生理和病理生理条件下,人体呼吸中可检测到微量的VOCs(体积分数万亿到体积分数十亿)。由于挥发性有机化合物在产生后不久就被呼出,它们可能比传统的侵入性技术更快地提供代谢洞察力。

+1
+2
100研值 100研值 ¥99课程
检索文献一次
下载文献一次

去下载>

成功解锁2个技能,为你点赞

《SCI写作十大必备语法》
解决你的SCI语法难题!

技能熟练度+1

视频课《玩转文献检索》
让你成为检索达人!

恭喜完成新手挑战

手机微信扫一扫,添加好友领取

免费领《Endnote文献管理工具+教程》

微信扫码, 免费领取

手机登录

获取验证码
登录