内分泌
词汇介绍
拓展阅读
解析
glucagon 英 /'gluːkəg(ə)n; -gɒn/
释 义 n. [生化] 胰高血糖素;[生化] 胰增血糖素;高血糖因子
例 句 Here we examined the direct effects of glucagon on regulation of hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism in humans.本研究中我们观察了胰高血糖素在调节人类肝脏和肠道脂蛋白代谢的直接作用。
概述
概述
胰高血糖素是一种肽类激素,通过胰腺的α细胞产生。它可以提高血液中葡萄糖和脂肪酸的浓度,被认为是人体的主要分解代谢激素。它还用作治疗多种健康状况的药物。它的作用与胰岛素相反,后者可降低细胞外葡萄糖。
功能
胰高血糖素通过促进糖原异生和糖原分解升高血液中的葡萄糖浓度,胰高血糖素还可以减少脂肪组织和肝脏中的脂肪酸合成,并促进这些组织中的脂肪分解,从而使它们将脂肪酸释放到循环系统中,在需要时可以分解代谢脂肪酸以在组织(例如骨骼肌)中产生能量。胰高血糖素的产生似乎依赖于中枢神经系统,但是具体机制尚不清楚。据报道,在无脊椎动物中,去除眼球会影响胰高血糖素的产生。在年轻的小龙虾中消除视线会产生胰高血糖素诱导的高血糖症。
病理生理过程
该激素是从位于胰脏内分泌部分的Langerhans胰岛的α细胞(α细胞)合成和分泌的。胰岛淀粉样多肽抑制胰岛淀粉样蛋白(一种胰蛋白酶与胰岛素从胰岛β细胞共分泌的肽激素)抑制/调节生产,否则这种分泌是自由运转的,随着血浆葡萄糖水平的降低,胰岛淀粉样多肽分泌的减少减轻了其对α细胞的抑制,从而允许胰高血糖素的分泌。
患有1型糖尿病的儿科患者代谢适应的非侵入性评估
发表时间:2019-10-26
影响指数:5.7
作者: Phillip Trefz
期刊:J Clin Med
Despite all efforts to optimize insulin supply, most of the T1DM patients suffer from recurrent hyperglycemic episodes. Hyperglycemia has been related to (i) an increased polyol pathway flux, (ii) an increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE), (iii) an activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and (iv) an increased hexosamine pathway flux. Either of these mechanisms lead to the formation of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Hyperglycemia and glycemic variability are thus thought to induce oxidative stress and the latter is envisaged as the main culprit of macro- and microvascular disease and/or diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, reliable long-term metabolic control might be the best measure to prevent such comorbidities. Apart from the determination of HbA1C as an established marker of long-term glycemic control and the discontinuous determination of blood glucose for a targeted administration of insulin, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables a detailed assessment of glycemic variability via the measurement of interstitial glucose concentration in time intervals of only a few minutes. However, CGM is not suited for monitoring the induction of oxidative stress. As repeated invasive analysis is not applicable to routine medical practice, especially in pediatric patients, non-invasive methods are necessary for the analysis of metabolites originating from the activation of alternative metabolic pathways. Real-time analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is quick, point-of-care applicable, and most importantly, non-invasive. In general, hundreds of VOCs are detectable in trace amounts (parts per trillion by volume to parts per billion by volume (pptV–ppbV)) in human breath under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. As VOCs are exhaled shortly after their production, they may deliver metabolic insight quicker than conventional invasive techniques.
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