BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only a cause of oxidative stress in a range of disease conditions but are also important regulators of physiological pathways in vivo. One mechanism whereby ROS can regulate cell function is by modification of proteins through the reversible oxidation of their thiol groups. An experimental challenge has been the relative lack of techniques to probe the biological significance of protein thiol oxidation in complex multicellular tissues and organs. We have developed a sensitive and quantitative fluorescence labeling technique to detect and localize protein thiol oxidation in histological tissue sections. In our technique, reduced and oxidized protein thiols are visualized and quantified on two consecutive tissue sections and the extent of protein thiol oxidation is expressed as a percentage of total protein thiols (reduced plus oxidized). We tested the application of this new technique using muscles of dystrophic (mdx) and wild-type C57Bl/10Scsn (C57) mice. In mdx myofibers, protein thiols were consistently more oxidized (19 ± 3%) compared with healthy myofibers (10 ± 1%) in C57 mice. A striking observation was the localization of intensive protein thiol oxidation (70 ± 9%) within myofibers associated with necrotic damage. Oxidative stress is an area of active investigation in many fields of research, and this technique provides a useful tool for locating and further understanding protein thiol oxidation in normal, damaged, and diseased tissues.

背景与目标： : 活性氧 (ROS) 不仅是一系列疾病条件下氧化应激的原因，而且还是体内生理途径的重要调节剂。ROS调节细胞功能的一种机制是通过蛋白质的巯基可逆氧化来修饰蛋白质。实验挑战是相对缺乏技术来探索复杂的多细胞组织和器官中蛋白质硫醇氧化的生物学意义。我们已经开发了一种灵敏且定量的荧光标记技术来检测和定位组织学组织切片中的蛋白质硫醇氧化。在我们的技术中，还原和氧化的蛋白质硫醇在两个连续的组织切片上进行可视化和定量，并且蛋白质硫醇氧化的程度表示为总蛋白质硫醇的百分比 (还原加氧化)。我们使用营养不良 (mdx) 和野生型C57Bl/10Scsn (C57) 小鼠的肌肉测试了这种新技术的应用。在mdx肌纤维中，与C57小鼠的健康肌纤维 (10 ± 1%) 相比，蛋白硫醇始终被氧化 (19 ± 3%)。一个引人注目的观察是与坏死损伤相关的肌纤维内蛋白质巯基氧化 (70 ± 9%) 的定位。氧化应激是许多研究领域中积极研究的领域，该技术为定位和进一步了解正常，受损和患病组织中的蛋白质硫醇氧化提供了有用的工具。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced a dose-dependent increase in tone of the circular muscles of guinea pig ileum in vitro. These actions of PGE2 were deleted in the cold-stored preparations and blocked by tetrodotoxin. Atropine reduced the effects of PGE2 and physostigmine potentiated the PGE2-induced contractions. The release of acetylcholine (ACh) by PGE2 was responsible for initiating this contraction. The effect of PGE2 was compared with that of an electrical stimulation which also initiated a non-receptor-mediated release of ACh. Hexamethonium abolished the effect of PGE2 but did not influence the actions of the electrical stimulations. Synaptosomal fractions of the circular muscles were prepared to study the release of [14C]ACh. However, PGE2 failed to evoke a marked increase in the efflux of radioactivity, even at the maximal concentration. Damage and/or removal of the myenteric plexus may be responsible for this result because electrical stimulations that exert a powerful spasmogenic effect on longitudinal muscles also induced an insensitive response. Alloxan and ethacrynic acid, inhibitors of adenylate cyclase, reduced the activity of PGE2 at a concentration insufficient to modify either the actions of ACh or the electrical stimulations. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) potentiated the responses to PGE2 at a dose sufficient to block the activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE). Imidazole, a stimulator of PDE, decreased the actions of PGE2 in a dose-dependent manner. IBMX, like imidazole, failed to modify the activities of both ACh and the electrical stimulations. These results indicate that PGE2 may function as a releaser of ACh in a cyclic AMP-dependent manner in the circular muscles of guinea pig ileum.

背景与目标： : 前列腺素E2 (PGE2) 在体外诱导豚鼠回肠环形肌张力的剂量依赖性增加。PGE2的这些作用在冷藏制剂中被删除，并被河豚毒素阻断。阿托品降低了PGE2的作用，毒扁豆碱增强了PGE2-induced收缩。PGE2释放乙酰胆碱 (ACh) 是引发这种收缩的原因。将PGE2的作用与电刺激的作用进行了比较，电刺激也启动了非受体介导的ACh释放。六甲铵消除了PGE2的作用，但不影响电刺激的作用。环状肌肉的突触体部分准备研究 [14C]ACh的释放。然而，PGE2未能引起放射性外排的显着增加，即使在最大浓度下。肌间神经丛的损伤和/或去除可能是造成这一结果的原因，因为对纵向肌肉产生强大痉挛作用的电刺激也会引起不敏感的反应。四氧嘧啶和乙酸，腺苷酸环化酶的抑制剂，降低了PGE2的活性，其浓度不足以改变ACh或电刺激的作用。3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤 (IBMX) 以足以阻断磷酸二酯酶 (PDE) 活性的剂量增强了对PGE2的反应。咪唑，PDE的刺激剂，以剂量依赖的方式降低了PGE2的作用。像咪唑一样，IBMX未能改变ACh和电刺激的活性。这些结果表明PGE2可能以循环AMP依赖的方式在豚鼠回肠的环形肌肉中起到ACh的释放作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The cell cycle time of satellite cells in growing rats was determined to be approximately 32 hr, with an S-phase of 14 hr. The estimated cycle time was the same for satellite cells in both oxidative soleus and glycolytic EDL muscles and is consistent with the rate at which myonuclei are produced during growth. Continuous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to determine if all satellite cells had the same cycle time in vivo. Approximately 80% of the satellite cell population was readily labeled over the first 5 days of continuous infusion. Remaining satellite cells accumulated label at a much slower rate and were still not completely saturated after an additional 9 days of infusion. Only a small portion of the cells labeled with BrdU during the first 5 days could be labeled with a second label ([3H]thymidine) during tandem continuous infusion experiments, suggesting that they pass through a limited number of mitotic divisions prior to fusion. These results suggest that satellite cells in growing oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles can be subdivided into two distinct compartments. About 80% divide with a 32-hr cell cycle duration and are responsible chiefly for providing myonuclei to growing fibers. The remaining 20% of the cells divide more slowly, probably because the cells enter a G(0)-phase between mitotic divisions. These reserve cells, through asymmetric divisions, may generate the myonuclei-producing satellite cell population. Proliferative potential for regeneration and adaptive responses is likely located in this reserve population.

背景与目标： 确定生长中的大鼠中卫星细胞的细胞周期时间约为32小时，S期为14小时。氧化比目鱼肌和糖酵解EDL肌肉中的卫星细胞的估计周期时间相同，并且与生长过程中产生肌核的速率一致。连续输注溴脱氧尿苷 (BrdU) 用于确定所有卫星细胞在体内是否具有相同的循环时间。在连续输注的前5天，大约80% 的卫星细胞群容易被标记。剩余的卫星细胞以慢得多的速度积累标记，并且在输注另外9天后仍未完全饱和。在串联连续输注实验中，只有一小部分用BrdU标记的细胞可以用第二个标记 ([3H] 胸苷) 标记，表明它们在融合之前通过有限数量的有丝分裂分裂。这些结果表明，生长中的氧化和糖酵解骨骼肌中的卫星细胞可以细分为两个不同的区室。大约80% 次分裂，细胞周期持续时间为32小时，主要负责向生长中的纤维提供肌核。其余的20% 细胞分裂得更慢，可能是因为细胞进入有丝分裂分裂之间的G(0) 期。这些储备细胞通过不对称分裂，可能产生产生肌核的卫星细胞群。再生和适应性反应的增殖潜力可能位于该储备群体中。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The association between physical exercise and oxidative damage in the skeletal musculature has been the focus of many studies in literature, but the balance between superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and its relation to oxidative damage is not well established. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between regular treadmill physical exercise, oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in skeletal muscle of rats. Fifteen male Wistar rats (8-12 months) were randomly separated into two groups (trained n=9 and untrained n=6). Trained rats were treadmill-trained for 12 weeks in progressive exercise (velocity, time, and inclination). Training program consisted in a progressive exercise (10 m/min without inclination for 10 min/day). After 1 week the speed, time and inclination were gradually increased until 17 m/min at 10% for 50 min/day. After the training period animals were killed, and gastrocnemius and quadriceps were surgically removed to the determination of biochemical parameters. Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage, catalase, superoxide dismutase and citrate synthase activities, and muscular glycogen content were measured in the isolated muscles. We demonstrated that there is a different modulation of CAT and SOD in skeletal muscle in trained rats when compared to untrained rats (increased SOD/CAT ratio). TBARS levels were significantly decreased and, in contrast, a significant increase in protein carbonylation was observed. These results suggest a non-described adaptation of skeletal muscle against exercise-induced oxidative stress.

背景与目标： : 体育锻炼与骨骼肌肉组织氧化损伤之间的关系一直是许多文献研究的重点，但超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性之间的平衡及其与氧化损伤的关系尚未得到很好的确立。因此，本研究的目的是研究常规跑步机体育锻炼，氧化损伤和大鼠骨骼肌抗氧化防御之间的关系。将15只雄性Wistar大鼠 (8-12个月) 随机分为两组 (训练n = 9和未训练n = 6)。训练的大鼠在进行性运动 (速度，时间和倾斜度) 中进行跑步机训练12周。培训计划包括渐进式锻炼 (10 m/min，无倾斜度，每天10分钟)。1周后，速度，时间和倾斜度逐渐增加，直到10% 为17 m/min，持续50 min/天。训练期结束后，将动物杀死，并通过手术切除腓肠肌和股四头肌以确定生化参数。在分离的肌肉中测量脂质过氧化，蛋白质氧化损伤，过氧化氢酶，超氧化物歧化酶和柠檬酸合酶活性以及肌肉糖原含量。我们证明，与未经训练的大鼠相比，训练有素的大鼠骨骼肌中CAT和SOD的调节不同 (SOD/CAT比增加)。TBARS水平显着降低，相反，观察到蛋白质羰基化显着增加。这些结果表明，骨骼肌对运动引起的氧化应激的适应性未描述。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Forelimb alpha-motoneurones were intracellularly recorded in anaesthetized cats and iontophoretically filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). All motoneurones to the elbow flexors, elbow extensor and to the extensor carpi radialis muscles displayed in parallel homonymous recurrent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (RIPSPs) and axon collaterals. Homonymous RIPSPs and axon collaterals were missing in the nuclei to the long digit extensor muscles. Two populations of motoneurones, with and without recurrent axon collaterals, seem to be present in the extensor carpi ulnaris motor nucleus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the motoneurones to the extrinsic digit extensors lack a recurrent axonal system. This indicates that the contribution of the recurrent Renshaw systems to motor control may be more complex than hitherto assumed.

背景与目标： : 在麻醉的猫中，前肢 α-运动神经元在细胞内记录，并在离子电渗中充满辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)。肘部屈肌，肘部伸肌和腕侧伸肌的所有运动神经元均以平行的同名复发性抑制性突触后电位 (RIPSPs) 和轴突侧支显示。长指伸肌的核中缺少同名的ripsp和轴突侧支。尺骨伸肌运动核中似乎存在两个运动神经元群体，有或没有复发性轴突侧支。这些结果与以下假设一致: 外在手指伸肌的运动神经元缺乏复发性轴突系统。这表明recurrent Renshaw系统对运动控制的贡献可能比迄今为止所假设的更为复杂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Electrical activity and soreness in the quadriceps muscles were examined during a 48-h period after eccentric (EC) and concentric contraction (CC) to study the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the electrical signal after exercise and to study the relationship between the electrical signal and muscle soreness. The exercise protocol included a step test performed for 15 min using a 46-cm step in which one quadriceps contracted eccentrically and one contracted concentrically. Electrical activity was quantified by computing both root mean square electromyograph (rmsEMG) and mean power frequency of the myoelectrical signal during low-level contractions of the muscles. Recordings of muscle activity were made before exercise, immediately after exercise, 1, 12, 24 and 48 h after exercise in 12 volunteer subjects (mean age 28.5 yr). Recordings were made with the subject seated, holding the leg being tested slightly off the ground. Subjects were given a subjective pain rating scale. The before exercise values for rmsEMG (EC = 13.3 microV; CC = 13 microV) and mean power frequency (EC = 55.3 Hz; CC = 54.4 Hz) were within the range that would be expected for surface electrodes. The mean rating of soreness for the eccentrically exercised muscles ranged from slightly uncomfortable at 12 h after exercise to sore during the period 24-48 h after exercise. Subjects reported the concentrically exercised muscles as normal to slightly uncomfortable during the whole recording period. Analysis of variance revealed a significant (P less than 0.05) difference between EC and CC rmsEMG value at 1 h after exercise (EC = 17.2 +/- 7.6; CC = 12.3 +/- 5.5) and at 12 h after exercise (EC = 15.0 +/- 5.0; CC = 12.3 +/- 4.2). The results suggest that an increase in the electrical activity of muscles is needed to produce the same pre-exercise contraction after performing eccentric exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

背景与目标： : 在偏心 (EC) 和同心收缩 (CC) 后的48小时内检查股四头肌的电活动和酸痛，以研究运动后电信号的幅度和频率特征，并研究电信号之间的关系和肌肉酸痛。运动方案包括使用46厘米步长进行15分钟的步长测试，其中股四头肌偏心收缩，股四头肌同心收缩。通过计算肌肉低水平收缩期间的均方根肌电图 (rmsEMG) 和肌电信号的平均功率频率来量化电活动。在运动前，运动后立即，运动后1、12、24和48小时对12名志愿者受试者 (平均年龄28.5岁) 进行肌肉活动记录。录音时，对象就座，将被测试的腿略微离地。对受试者进行了主观疼痛评定量表。rmsEMG的前运动值 (EC = 13.3 microV; CC = 13 microV) 和平均功率频率 (EC = 55.3Hz; CC = 54.4Hz) 在表面电极预期的范围内。偏心运动肌肉的酸痛平均评分范围从运动后12小时的轻微不适到运动后24-48小时的酸痛。受试者报告说，在整个记录期间，同心运动的肌肉正常至轻微不舒服。方差分析显示，运动后1小时 (EC = 17.2 +/- 7.6; CC = 12.3 +/- 5.5) 和运动后12小时 (EC = 15.0 +/- 5.0) EC和CC rmsEMG值之间存在显着差异 (P <0.05); CC = 12.3 +/- 4.2)。结果表明，在进行偏心运动后，需要增加肌肉的电活动才能产生相同的运动前收缩。(摘要截断为250字)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Sit-to-stand (SitTS) and stand-to-sit (StandTS) are very important functional tasks that become compromised in stroke patients. As in other voluntary movements, they require an adequate postural control (PC) involving the generation of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). In order to give clues for more efficient and directed rehabilitation programs, a deeper knowledge about APAs during challenging and daily life movements is essential. PURPOSE:To analyze the activation timing of tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles during SitTS and StandTS in healthy subjects and in post-stroke patients. METHODS:Two groups participated in this study: one composed of ten healthy subjects and the other by ten subjects with a history of stroke and increased H-reflex. Electromyographic activity (EMGa) of SOL and TA was analyzed during SitTS and StandTS in the ipsilateral (IPSI) and the contralateral (CONTRA) limb to the side lesion in stroke subjects, and in one limb in healthy subjects. A force plate was used to identify the movement onset. RESULTS:In both sequences, in the stroke group SOL activation timing occurred prior to movement onset, contrary to the pattern observed in the healthy subjects. Statistically significant differences were found in SOL activation timings between each lower limb of the stroke and healthy groups, but no significant differences were found between the IPSI and the CONTRA limb. The TA activation timing seems to be delayed in the CONTRA limb when compared to the healthy subjects and showed a better organization of TA timing activation in StandTS when compared to SitTS. CONCLUSION:Compared to healthy subjects, APAs seem to be altered in both limbs of the post-stroke subjects, with the SOL activation timing being anticipated in both SitTS and StandTS.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Unstable conditions during ambulance transportation are not conducive to the performance of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by emergency medical technicians. OBJECTIVE:The present study was conducted to clarify differences in the quality of chest compression and associated muscle activity between static and ambulance transportation conditions. METHODS:Nine paramedic students performed chest compression for 5 minutes on the floor and during ambulance transportation. Compression rate and depth and success and error rates of chest compression were determined using the Resusci Anne manikin with a PC SkillReporting System (Laerdal Medical). Integrated electromyography (i-EMG) values of eight different muscles were also recorded bilaterally during the first and last 30 seconds of compression. RESULTS:There was no significant difference in compression rate per minute (p = 0.232) and depth of chest compression (p = 0.174) between the two conditions. The success rate was significantly lower under the ambulance transportation condition than under the static condition (p = 0.0161). Compared with those under the static condition, the total i-EMG values were significantly lower for the multifidus (p = 0.0072) and biceps femoris (p < 0.0001) muscles and significantly higher for the deltoid (p = 0.0032), pectoralis major (p = 0.0037), triceps brachii (p = 0.0014), vastus lateralis (p < 0.0001), and gastrocnemius (p = 0.0004) muscles under the ambulance transportation condition. CONCLUSIONS:Chest compression is performed mainly through flexion and extension of the hip joint while kneeling on the floor and through the elbow and shoulder joints while standing in a moving ambulance. Therefore, the low quality of chest compression during ambulance transportation may be attributable to an altered technique of performing the procedure.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To establish whether botulinum A toxin (BTX-A) acts on modifying reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles in spasticity, 20 patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity lasting for more than 1 year were studied. Clinical examination, physiotherapeutic evaluation, standardized video-tape assessment and electrophysiological testing (flexor carpi radialis muscle M and H responses with study of reciprocal inhibition) were performed at baseline and 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4 months after BTX-A treatment. BTX-A induced a significant decrease of tone and an improvement of motility and functional status, with a significant decrease of the M wave and the H reflex. The reduction in both inhibitory phases of reciprocal inhibition did not change after BTX-A treatment differently from that reported in upper limb dystonia. These findings indicate that the efficacy of BTX-A in upper limb spasticity is mainly due to peripheral effects.

背景与目标： 为了确定肉毒杆菌毒素 (btx-a) 是否在改善痉挛状态下前臂肌肉之间的相互抑制作用，研究了20例中风后上肢痉挛持续超过1年的患者。在基线和btx-a治疗后2周，1、2、3、4个月进行临床检查，理疗评估，标准化录像带评估和电生理测试 (桡侧腕屈肌M和H反应，研究相互抑制)。Btx-a引起音调显着降低，运动和功能状态得到改善，M波和H反射显着降低。Btx-a治疗后，相互抑制的两个抑制阶段的减少与上肢肌张力障碍的报道不同。这些发现表明，btx-a在上肢痉挛中的功效主要是由于外周效应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed invertebrate muscles reveal the thick filament symmetries and cross-bridge configurations. The cross bridges are substantially angled to the filament axes. The results on symmetry are generally consistent with Squire's model.

背景与目标： : 松弛的无脊椎动物肌肉的x射线衍射图揭示了粗丝对称性和跨桥构型。横桥基本上与细丝轴成角度。关于对称性的结果通常与Squire模型一致。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of training intervention and resting on protein expression and stability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and mitochondrial proteins, and determine whether glucose homeostasis can be regulated through stable expression of these proteins after training. Rats swam daily for 3, 6, 9, 14, or 28 days, and then allowed to rest for 5 days post-training. Protein and mRNA levels were measured in the skeletal muscles of these rats. PPARβ was overexpressed and knocked down in myotubes in the skeletal muscle to investigate the effects of swimming training on various signaling cascades of PGC-1α transcription, insulin signaling, and glucose uptake. Exercise training (Ext) upregulated PPARβ, PGC-1α, GLUT4, and mitochondrial enzymes, including NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUO), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1), citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome c (Cyto C) in a time-dependent manner and promoted the protein stability of PPARβ, PGC-1α, GLUT4, NUO, CS, and Cyto C, such that they were significantly upregulated 5 days after training cessation. PPARβ overexpression increased the PGC-1α protein levels post-translation and improved insulin-induced signaling responsiveness and glucose uptake. The present results indicate that Ext promotes the protein stability of key mitochondria enzymes GLUT4, PGC-1α, and PPARβ even after Ext cessation.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在研究训练干预和静息对过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 β/δ (ppar β)，过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ 共激活物1-α (PGC1α)，葡萄糖转运蛋白4 (GLUT4) 和线粒体蛋白的表达和稳定性的长期影响，并确定在训练后这些蛋白质的稳定表达是否可以调节葡萄糖稳态。大鼠每天游泳3、6、9、14或28天，然后在训练后休息5天。在这些大鼠的骨骼肌中测量了蛋白质和mRNA水平。Ppar β 在骨骼肌的肌管中过表达并被击倒，以研究游泳训练对PGC-1α 转录，胰岛素信号传导和葡萄糖摄取的各种信号级联的影响。运动训练 (Ext) 上调ppar β，PGC-1α，GLUT4和线粒体酶，包括NADH-泛醌氧化还原酶 (NUO)，细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I (COX1)，柠檬酸合酶 (CS)，和细胞色素c (Cyto C) 以时间依赖性方式促进了ppar β，PGC-1α，GLUT4，NUO，CS和Cyto C的蛋白质稳定性，因此它们在训练停止后5天显着上调。Ppar β 过表达增加了翻译后PGC-1α 蛋白水平，并改善了胰岛素诱导的信号反应性和葡萄糖摄取。本结果表明，即使在Ext停止后，Ext仍可促进关键线粒体酶GLUT4，PGC-1α 和ppar β 的蛋白质稳定性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motoneurons (MNs), with no effective treatment currently available. The molecular mechanisms that are involved in MN death are complex and not fully understood, with partial contributions of surrounding glial cells and skeletal muscle to the disease. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a trophic factor highly expressed in MNs and neuromuscular junctions. Recent studies have suggested a crucial role of the isoform I (NRG1-I) in the collateral reinnervation process in skeletal muscle, and NRG1-III in the preservation of MNs in the spinal cord, opening a window for developing novel therapies for neuromuscular diseases like ALS. In this study, we overexpressed NRG1-I widely in the skeletal muscles of the SOD1G93A transgenic mouse. The results show that NRG1 gene therapy activated the survival pathways in muscle and spinal cord, increasing the number of surviving MNs and neuromuscular junctions and reducing the astroglial reactivity in the spinal cord of the treated SOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, NRG1-I overexpression preserved motor function and delayed the onset of clinical disease. In summary, our data indicates that NRG1 plays an important role on MN survival and muscle innervation in ALS, and that viral-mediated overexpression of NRG1 isoforms may be considered as a promising approach for ALS treatment.

背景与目标： 肌萎缩性侧索硬化症 (ALS) 是一种影响运动神经元 (MNs) 的神经退行性疾病，目前尚无有效的治疗方法。与MN死亡有关的分子机制很复杂，尚未完全了解，周围的神经胶质细胞和骨骼肌对该疾病有部分贡献。神经调节蛋白1 (NRG1) 是一种在MNs和神经肌肉接头中高表达的营养因子。最近的研究表明，同工型I (NRG1-I) 在骨骼肌的侧支神经支配过程中起着至关重要的作用，NRG1-III在脊髓中MNs的保存中，为开发针对ALS等神经肌肉疾病的新疗法打开了窗口。在这项研究中，我们在SOD1G93A转基因小鼠的骨骼肌中广泛表达了NRG1-I。结果表明，NRG1基因疗法激活了肌肉和脊髓的存活途径，增加了存活的MNs和神经肌肉接头的数量，并降低了经治疗的SOD1G93A小鼠脊髓中的星形胶质反应性。此外，NRG1-I过表达保留了运动功能并延迟了临床疾病的发作。总之，我们的数据表明NRG1在ALS的MN存活和肌肉神经支配中起重要作用，并且病毒介导的NRG1亚型的过表达可能被认为是ALS治疗的有希望的方法。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Three beta-adrenoceptor mediated effects were measured in vitro on tissues from guinea-pig: (a) relaxation of the trachea (mainly beta 2), (b) increase in the force of contraction of the papillary muscle (beta 1), and (c) depression of the subtetanic contractions of the soleus muscle (beta 2). The relaxant effect of ephedrine on the trachea was weak but was resistant to reserpine pretreatment. There was no appreciable agonistic effect of ephedrine on the soleus muscle. Ephedrine per se had a marked positive inotropic effect on the papillary muscle with a pD2 of about 6.0. This effect disappeared completely after pretreatment with reserpine. Ephedrine inhibited the response to isoprenaline. The apparent pA2 was about 4.8 in all tissues studied.

背景与目标： : 在体外对豚鼠组织测量了三种 β-肾上腺素受体介导的作用 :( a) 气管的松弛 (主要是 β2)，(b) 乳头肌收缩力的增加 (β1)，和 (c) 比目鱼肌 (β2) 的强直下收缩的抑制。麻黄碱对气管的松弛作用较弱，但对利血平预处理具有抵抗力。麻黄碱对比目鱼肌没有明显的激动作用。麻黄碱本身对乳头肌具有明显的正性肌力作用，pD2约为6.0。用利血平预处理后，这种作用完全消失。麻黄碱抑制对异丙肾上腺素的反应。在所有研究的组织中，表观pA2约为4.8。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Endurance exercise training promotes numerous biochemical adaptations within skeletal muscle fibers culminating into a phenotype that is safeguarded against numerous perils including doxorubicin-induced myopathy and inactivity-induced muscle atrophy. This exercise-induced protection of skeletal muscle fibers is commonly termed "exercise preconditioning". This review will discuss the biochemical mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced protection of skeletal muscle fibers against these harmful events. The first segment of this report highlights the evidence that endurance exercise training provides cytoprotection to skeletal muscle fibers against several potentially damaging insults. The second and third sections of the review will discuss the cellular adaptations responsible for exercise-induced protection of skeletal muscle fibers against doxorubicin-provoked damage and inactivity-induced fiber atrophy, respectively. Importantly, we also identify gaps in our understanding of exercise preconditioning in hopes of stimulating future research.

背景与目标： : 耐力运动训练促进骨骼肌纤维内的大量生化适应，最终形成一种表型，可防止多种危险，包括阿霉素引起的肌病和缺乏活动引起的肌肉萎缩。这种运动引起的对骨骼肌纤维的保护通常称为 “运动预处理”。这篇综述将讨论负责运动诱导的保护骨骼肌纤维免受这些有害事件的生化机制。本报告的第一部分强调了耐力运动训练为骨骼肌纤维提供细胞保护以抵抗几种潜在的破坏性损伤的证据。综述的第二和第三部分将分别讨论负责运动诱导的骨骼肌纤维免受阿霉素引起的损伤和无活动诱导的纤维萎缩的细胞适应。重要的是，我们还发现了我们对运动预处理的理解中的差距，以期刺激未来的研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The purpose of our work was to verify the hypothesis that muscle insertions and ligament attachments have an impact on the course of typical break lines in the area of the trochanteric massif, i.e., to provide a more detailed description of the origins and insertions of the musculo-ligamentous apparatus on the surface of the proximal femur, and to find a potential morphological correlate between muscle insertions and ligament attachments to the proximal femur and the course of the break line in a typical pertrochanteric fracture. METHODS:A detailed dissection of areas of trochanter major et minor, linea et crista intertrochanterica was performed in 50 anatomical preparations of the proximal femur, and the insertions of the muscular-ligamentous structures were described. The set of 600 radiographs were used to obtain projections of typical break lines on the proximal femur, and corresponding areas of exposed bone surface were identified in the anatomical preparations based on the projections and on 15 real specimens of patients after the pertrochanteric fracture osteosynthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Bone covered only with the periosteum, with no reinforcing elements of the origin or insertions of muscles or attachments of ligaments, represents the locus minoris resistentiae for beginning of fractures. Variability in the sizes and shapes of pertrochanteric fracture fragments also depends on variability of the locations and sizes of soft tissue attachment areas at specified sites on the proximal femur.

背景与目标：