BACKGROUND & AIMS: Malnutrition is a common complication of HIV infection and plays a significant and independent role in morbidity and mortality. Many studies have been conducted to assess the appropriate role of nutrition in the clinical management of HIV infection. The complex nature of AIDS wasting, however, requires individualized strategies when providing nutritional support. Algorithms to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition in HIV infection serve as general guidelines.

背景与目标： 营养不良是HIV感染的常见并发症，在发病率和死亡率中起着重要而独立的作用。已经进行了许多研究，以评估营养在HIV感染的临床管理中的适当作用。然而，艾滋病浪费的复杂性要求在提供营养支持时采取个性化策略。协助诊断和治疗HIV感染中营养不良的算法是一般指南。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There is evidence that neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis and oxygen radical formation are disturbed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Medication might also influence these functions. Cyclic formation and depolymerisation of actin microfilaments is crucial in cell motility, but this phenomenon has not been studied in RA. The aim of this study was to investigate basal and dynamic (formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced) neutrophil actin polymerisation in ten RA patients (a) during therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and (b) after stopping NSAIDS> The results were compared with those of ten age-matched controls. Basal F-actin content in RA patients with NSAIDS was significantly lower than in RA patients without NSAIDS and controls35.5 (25.0-49.0), 50.5 (27.0-75.0) and 52.5 (32.0-85.0), respectively. Conversely, upon stimulation with fMLP, the actin polymerisation curve of RA patients with NSAIDS was higher than for RA patients without NSAIDS and controls. These results suggest that, in RA, the effects orf NSAIDS on neutrophil functions might be related to changes in the actin polymerisation-depolymerisation cycle.

背景与目标： 有证据表明，类风湿性关节炎 (RA) 的中性粒细胞功能 (例如趋化性和氧自由基形成) 受到干扰。药物也可能影响这些功能。肌动蛋白微丝的循环形成和解聚对细胞运动至关重要，但尚未在RA中研究这种现象。这项研究的目的是研究10名RA患者 (a) 在非甾体类抗炎药 (nsaid) 治疗期间的基础和动态 (甲酰基-甲硫氨酸-亮氨酸-苯丙氨酸 (fMLP) 诱导的) 中性粒细胞肌动蛋白聚合反应 (a) 和 (b) 停止nsaid后的结果进行比较有十个年龄匹配的对照。患有NSAIDS的RA患者的基础F-肌动蛋白含量显着低于没有NSAIDS和对照组的RA患者35.5 (25.0-49.0)，50.5 (27.0-75.0) 和52.5 (32.0-85.0)。相反，用fMLP刺激后，患有NSAIDS的RA患者的肌动蛋白聚合曲线高于没有NSAIDS的RA患者和对照组。这些结果表明，在RA中，orf nsaid对中性粒细胞功能的影响可能与肌动蛋白聚合-解聚周期的变化有关。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Few details are known about how the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA is trafficked in the cytoplasm. Part of this process is controlled by the activity of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP A2). The role of hnRNP A2 during the expression of a bona fide provirus in HeLa cells is investigated in this study. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques, we show that knockdown of hnRNP A2 expression in HIV-1-expressing cells results in the rapid accumulation of HIV-1 genomic RNA in a distinct, cytoplasmic space that corresponds to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). The RNA exits in the nucleus and accumulates at the MTOC region as a result of hnRNP A2 knockdown even during the expression of a provirus harboring mutations in the hnRNP A2-response element (A2RE), the expression of which results in nuclear retention of genomic RNA. We also demonstrate that hnRNP A2 expression is required for downstream trafficking of genomic RNA from the MTOC in the cytoplasm. Genomic RNA localization at the MTOC that was both the result of hnRNP A2 knockdown and the overexpression of Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein had little effect on pr55Gag synthesis but negatively influenced virus production and infectivity. These data indicate that altered HIV-1 genomic RNA localization modulates viral assembly and that the MTOC serves as a central site to which HIV-1 genomic RNA converges following its exit from the nucleus, with the host protein, hnRNP A2, playing a central role in taking it to and from this site in the cell.

背景与目标： : 关于人类免疫缺陷病毒1型 (HIV-1) 基因组RNA如何在细胞质中运输的细节知之甚少。该过程的一部分受异质核核糖核蛋白A2 (hnRNP A2) 的活性控制。本研究研究了hnRNP A2在HeLa细胞中真正的前病毒表达中的作用。使用免疫荧光和荧光原位杂交技术，我们显示了HIV-1-expressing细胞中hnRNP A2表达的敲低导致HIV-1基因组RNA在与微管组织中心 (MTOC) 相对应的独特细胞质空间中快速积累。即使在hnRNP A2-response元件 (A2RE) 中携带突变的前病毒的表达过程中，由于hnRNP A2敲除，RNA也会在细胞核中离开并在MTOC区域积累，其表达导致基因组RNA的核保留。我们还证明hnRNP A2表达是细胞质中来自MTOC的基因组RNA下游运输所必需的。hnRNP A2敲低的结果和Rab7-interacting溶酶体蛋白的过表达在MTOC上的基因组RNA定位对pr55Gag的合成几乎没有影响，但对病毒的产生和感染性产生负面影响。这些数据表明，改变的HIV-1基因组RNA定位调节病毒组装，并且MTOC充当HIV-1基因组RNA从细胞核退出后会聚的中心位点，宿主蛋白hnrnpa2在将其带到和从细胞中的该位点中起着核心作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We studied changes in glutamate receptors, expression of immediate early genes, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brains of phenobarbital (PB)-dependent and -withdrawn rats to investigate the possible involvement of activation of glutamate receptors in PB withdrawal syndrome. PB-dependent rats were prepared by feeding drug-admixed food for 5 weeks. Autoradiographic analysis showed that binding of [3H(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imin e (MK-801), an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, increased significantly in the cerebral cortices of PB-dependent and 24-h-withdrawn rats. However, [3H]MK-801 binding in the hippocampus and [3H]6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and [3H]kainic acid binding in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were essentially unchanged in both groups. PB withdrawal seizures were followed by increased expression of c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and of c-jun mRNA in the cerebral cortex. The induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNA was suppressed by administration of MK-801. Furthermore, PB withdrawal enhanced AP-1 DNA binding activity in the brain. The present findings suggest functional enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission during the development of PB withdrawal syndrome.

背景与目标： 我们研究了苯巴比妥 (PB) 依赖性和退缩大鼠大脑中谷氨酸受体的变化，即刻早期基因的表达以及AP-1的DNA结合活性，以研究谷氨酸受体激活在PB戒断综合征中的可能参与。通过喂养混合药物的食物5周制备PB依赖性大鼠。放射自显影分析显示，N-甲基-d-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体拮抗剂 [3H(+)-5-甲基-10,11-二氢-5H-二苯并 [a，D] cyclohepten-5，10-敏e (MK-801) 的结合，PB依赖性和24h撤回大鼠的大脑皮层显着增加。然而，[3h] MK-801在海马和 [3H]6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2结合，海马和大脑皮层中的3-二酮 (CNQX) 和 [3H] 海藻酸结合在两组中基本上没有变化。铅戒断发作后，海马和大脑皮层中c-fos mRNA的表达增加，大脑皮层中c-6月mRNA的表达增加。诱导c-MK-801可抑制fos和c-6月mRNA。此外，铅戒断增强了大脑中的AP-1 DNA结合活性。目前的发现表明，在铅戒断综合征的发展过程中，谷氨酸能神经传递的功能增强。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is usually associated with systemic Ca(2+) homeostasis, but the CaR is also expressed in many other tissues, including pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In the present study, we have used human islets and an insulin-secreting cell line (MIN6) to investigate the effects of CaR activation using the calcimimetic R-568, a CaR agonist that activates the CaR at physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca(2+). CaR activation initiated a marked but transient insulin secretory response from both human islets and MIN6 cells at a sub-stimulatory concentration of glucose, and further enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by inhibitors of phospholipase C or calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinases, but not by a protein kinase C inhibitor. CaR activation was also associated with an activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and CaR-induced insulin secretion was reduced by an inhibitor of p42/44 MAPK activation. We suggest that the beta-cell CaR is activated by divalent cations co-released with insulin, and that this may be an important mechanism of intra-islet communication between beta-cells.

背景与目标： : 细胞外钙感应受体 (CaR) 通常与全身Ca(2) 稳态有关，但CaR也在许多其他组织中表达，包括朗格汉斯的胰岛。在本研究中，我们使用人类胰岛和胰岛素分泌细胞系 (MIN6) 来研究使用钙拟R-568 (一种在细胞外Ca(2) 的生理浓度下激活CaR的CaR激动剂) 激活CaR的作用。CaR激活在葡萄糖的亚刺激浓度下启动了人类胰岛和MIN6细胞的显着但短暂的胰岛素分泌反应，并进一步增强了葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌。磷脂酶C或钙-钙调蛋白依赖性激酶的抑制剂可减少CaR诱导的胰岛素分泌，但蛋白激酶C抑制剂不能减少。CaR激活也与p42/44丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 的激活有关，并且CaR诱导的胰岛素分泌被p42/44 MAPK激活的抑制剂减少。我们建议 β 细胞CaR被与胰岛素共同释放的二价阳离子激活，这可能是 β 细胞之间胰岛内通讯的重要机制。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Biological mineralization of tissues in living organisms relies on proteins that preferentially nucleate minerals and control their growth. This process is often referred to as "templating," but this term has become generic, denoting various proposed mineral-organic interactions including both chemical and structural affinities. Here, we present an approach using self-assembled networks of elastin and fibronectin fibers, similar to the extracellular matrix. When induced onto negatively charged sulfonated polystyrene surfaces, these proteins form fiber networks of approximately 10-mum spacing, leaving open regions of disorganized protein between them. We introduce an atomic force microscopy-based technique to measure the elastic modulus of both structured and disorganized protein before and during calcium carbonate mineralization. Mineral-induced thickening and stiffening of the protein fibers during early stages of mineralization is clearly demonstrated, well before discrete mineral crystals are large enough to image by atomic force microscopy. Calcium carbonate stiffens the protein fibers selectively without affecting the regions between them, emphasizing interactions between the mineral and the organized protein fibers. Late-stage observations by optical microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveal that Ca is concentrated along the protein fibers and that crystals form preferentially on the fiber crossings. We demonstrate that organized versus unstructured proteins can be assembled mere nanometers apart and probed in identical environments, where mineralization is proved to require the structural organization imposed by fibrillogenesis of the extracellular matrix.

背景与目标： : 生物体组织的生物矿化依赖于优先使矿物质成核并控制其生长的蛋白质。此过程通常称为 “模板”，但该术语已成为通用术语，表示各种拟议的矿物-有机相互作用，包括化学和结构亲和力。在这里，我们提出了一种使用弹性蛋白和纤连蛋白纤维的自组装网络的方法，类似于细胞外基质。当在带负电荷的磺化聚苯乙烯表面上诱导时，这些蛋白质形成约10-mum间距的纤维网络，在它们之间留下无序蛋白质的开放区域。我们介绍了一种基于原子力显微镜的技术，用于在碳酸钙矿化之前和过程中测量结构化和杂乱无章的蛋白质的弹性模量。在矿化的早期阶段，矿物引起的蛋白质纤维的增稠和硬化得到了清楚的证明，早在离散的矿物晶体足够大以通过原子力显微镜成像之前。碳酸钙选择性地使蛋白质纤维变硬，而不会影响它们之间的区域，从而强调了矿物质与有组织的蛋白质纤维之间的相互作用。通过光学显微镜和二次离子质谱进行的后期观察表明，Ca沿蛋白质纤维集中，并且晶体优先在纤维交叉上形成。我们证明，有组织的蛋白质与非结构化的蛋白质可以仅在纳米之间组装并在相同的环境中进行探测，在这种环境中，矿化被证明需要由细胞外基质的原纤维形成所施加的结构组织。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: CD4+ anti-tumor T cells reactive with rat adenocarcinoma 13762 kill tumor in vitro and cause regression of tumor in vivo. The role of various host immune cells in CD4+ T-cell-mediated tumor elimination in vivo was investigated by adoptive transfer of anti-tumor T cell clones to recipients that were selectively depleted of individual immune cell types. By these means, macrophages and NK cells were found to be required for tumor killing. Depletion of host CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or neutrophils was without effect on tumor elimination by anti-tumor T cells. An essential role for antigen receptor-negative NK cells is likely dependent upon secretion of IFN-gamma from NK cells since treatment of tumor recipients with anti-IFN-gamma antibody prior to adoptive transfer and tumor challenge abrogated T cell killing, resulting in progressive tumor growth. Viability of adenocarcinoma 13762 or anti-tumor T cells was unaffected by treatment with either IFN-gamma or anti-IFN-gamma antibody in vitro, but cell surface MHC class II expression was induced in tumor cells by exposure to IFN-gamma. In addition, tumor cells were isolated from tumor-bearing animals by absorption using anti-MHC class II antibody, demonstrating that 13762 tumor expresses cell surface MHC class II antigens in situ. However, if hosts were depleted of NK cells before tumor challenge, MHC class II+ tumor was not recovered. Collectively these results suggest that adenocarcinoma 13762 is eliminated by MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells by direct tumor killing.

背景与目标： 与大鼠腺癌反应的CD4 + 抗肿瘤T细胞13762在体外杀伤肿瘤并在体内引起肿瘤的消退。通过将抗肿瘤T细胞克隆过继转移到选择性耗尽个体免疫细胞类型的受体，研究了各种宿主免疫细胞在体内CD4 T细胞介导的肿瘤消除中的作用。通过这些方法，发现巨噬细胞和NK细胞是杀死肿瘤所必需的。宿主CD4 T细胞，CD8 T细胞或中性粒细胞的耗竭对抗肿瘤T细胞消除肿瘤没有影响。抗原受体阴性NK细胞的重要作用可能取决于NK细胞中IFN-γ 的分泌，因为在过继转移和肿瘤挑战之前用抗IFN-γ 抗体治疗肿瘤接受者消除了T细胞杀伤，导致进行性肿瘤生长。腺癌13762或抗肿瘤T细胞的活力在体外不受IFN-γ 或抗IFN-γ 抗体治疗的影响，但细胞表面mhcii类表达通过暴露于IFN-γ 在肿瘤细胞中诱导。此外，通过使用抗MHC II类抗体吸收从荷瘤动物中分离肿瘤细胞，证明13762肿瘤原位表达细胞表面MHC II类抗原。但是，如果宿主在肿瘤激发之前耗尽了NK细胞，则MHC II类肿瘤将无法恢复。这些结果共同表明，通过直接杀伤肿瘤，MHC II类限制性CD4 T细胞消除了腺癌13762。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Detergent-solubilized plasma membrane protein of either adult bovine or calf lens and high-performance liquid chromatography-purified major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the lens were reconstituted into unilamellar vesicles and planar lipid bilayers. Freeze-fracture studies showed that the density of intramembrane particles in the vesicles was proportional to the protein/lipid ratio. At high ratios, these particles crystallized into tetragonal arrays as does MIP in lens fibers. Channels induced by either purified MIP or detergent-solubilized protein had essentially identical properties. The conductance of multichannel membranes was maximal near 0 mV and decreased to 0.49 +/- 0.08 of the maximum value at voltages greater than 80 mV. The dependence of the conductance on voltage was well fit by a two-state Boltzmann distribution. Voltage steps greater than 30 mV elicited an ohmic current step followed by a slow (seconds) biexponential decrease. The amplitudes and time constants depended on the magnitude but not the sign of the voltage. Steps from 100 mV to voltages less than 30 mV caused the channels to open exponentially with a millisecond time constant. Analysis of latency to first closure after a voltage step gave nearly the same time constants as multichannel kinetics. Single-channel conductance is proportional to salt concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 M in KCl. In 0.1M KCl, the channel had two preferred conductance states with amplitudes of 380 and 160 pS, as well as three additional substates. Multi- and single-channel data suggest that the channel has two kinetically important open states. The channel is slightly anion selective. The properties of the channel do not vary appreciably from pH 7.4 to 5.8 or from pCa 7 to 2. We propose that a channel with these properties could contribute to maintenance of lens transparency and fluid balance.

背景与目标： : 成年牛或小牛晶状体的去污剂溶解的质膜蛋白和高效液相色谱纯化的晶状体的主要内在蛋白 (MIP) 重构为单层囊泡和平面脂质双层。冷冻断裂研究表明，囊泡中膜内颗粒的密度与蛋白质/脂质比率成正比。在高比率下，这些颗粒像透镜纤维中的MIP一样结晶成四方阵列。由纯化的MIP或去污剂溶解的蛋白质诱导的通道具有基本相同的特性。多通道膜的电导在0 mV附近最大，并且在大于80 mV的电压下降至最大值的0.49 +/- 0.08。两态玻尔兹曼分布很好地拟合了电导对电压的依赖性。大于30 mV的电压阶跃引起欧姆电流阶跃，随后缓慢 (秒) 双指数下降。振幅和时间常数取决于幅度，而不取决于电压的符号。从100 mV到电压小于30 mV的阶跃导致通道以毫秒时间常数呈指数打开。对电压阶跃后首次闭合的潜伏期进行分析，得出的时间常数与多通道动力学几乎相同。单通道电导与KCl中0.1至1.0 M的盐浓度成正比。在0.1M KCl中，通道具有两个优选的电导状态，其幅度为380和160 pS，以及三个额外的子状态。多通道和单通道数据表明该通道具有两个在动力学上重要的开放状态。通道具有轻微的阴离子选择性。通道的性质在pH 7.4至5.8或pca7至2之间没有明显变化。我们建议具有这些特性的通道可以有助于维持镜片的透明度和流体平衡。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The signaling pathways mediating lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-stimulated PKD(2) activation and the potential contribution of PKD(2) in regulating LPA-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in nontransformed, human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells were examined. Treatment of serum-deprived NCM460 cells with LPA led to a rapid and striking activation of PKD(2), as measured by in vitro kinase assay and phosphorylation at the activation loop (Ser706/710) and autophosphorylation site (Ser876). PKD(2) activation induced by LPA was abrogated by preincubation with selective PKC inhibitors GF-I and Ro-31-8220 in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors did not have any direct inhibitory effect on PKD(2) activity. LPA induced a striking increase in IL-8 production and stimulated NF-kappaB activation, as measured by NF-kappaB-DNA binding, NF-kappaB-driven luciferase reporter activity, and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. PKD(2) gene silencing utilizing small interfering RNAs targeting distinct PKD(2) sequences dramatically reduced LPA-stimulated NF-kappaB promoter activity and IL-8 production. PKD(2) activation is a novel early event in the biological action of LPA and mediates LPA-stimulated IL-8 secretion in NCM460 cells through a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of a member of the PKD family in the production of IL-8, a potent proinflammatory chemokine, by epithelial cells.

背景与目标： : 检测了介导溶血磷脂酸 (LPA) 刺激的PKD(2) 激活的信号通路，以及PKD(2) 在调节LPA诱导的白介素8 (IL-8) 分泌中的潜在作用。未转化的人结肠上皮NCM460细胞。用LPA处理血清剥夺的NCM460细胞导致PKD(2) 的快速和惊人的激活，如通过体外激酶测定和激活环 (Ser706/710) 和自磷酸化位点 (Ser876) 测量的。通过与选择性PKC抑制剂gf-i预孵育消除LPA诱导的PKD(2) 激活，并以剂量依赖性方式Ro-31-8220。这些抑制剂对PKD(2) 活性没有任何直接抑制作用。通过NF-κ b-DNA结合，NF-κ b驱动的荧光素酶报告活性和ikappaba磷酸化来测量，LPA诱导了IL-8产生的显着增加并刺激了NF-κ b活化。利用靶向不同PKD(2) 序列的小干扰rna沉默PKD(2) 基因显著降低LPA刺激的NF-κ b启动子活性和IL-8产生。PKD(2) 激活是LPA生物学作用中的一个新的早期事件，并通过NF-κ b依赖性途径介导NCM460细胞中LPA刺激的IL-8分泌。我们的结果首次证明了PKD家族成员参与了上皮细胞产生IL-8 (一种有效的促炎趋化因子)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human class II MHC Ag are a family of cell surface glycoproteins. Their constitutive expression is limited to B lymphocytes and thymic epithelial cells. In many other cells their expression can be induced by IFN-gamma. Conserved upstream promoter sequences regulate this tissue-specific expression of class II genes. In the DRA promoter, one of these cis-acting regulatory motifs is the X2-box to which nuclear factor X2 (NF-X2) binds. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of the full-length cDNA clone encoding NF-X2. This cDNA clone was isolated by expression cDNA cloning, and encodes the human c-Jun protein, which together with c-Fos forms the heterodimeric activator protein-1 transcription complex. Whereas c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers do not exist in B cells, they form and bind to the X2-box in class II nonexpressing cells. Thus, c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers might contribute to the repression of DRA gene expression.

背景与目标： : 人类II类MHC Ag是细胞表面糖蛋白家族。它们的组成型表达仅限于B淋巴细胞和胸腺上皮细胞。在许多其他细胞中，它们的表达可以通过IFN-γ 诱导。保守的上游启动子序列调节II类基因的这种组织特异性表达。在DRA启动子中，这些顺式作用调节基序之一是核因子X2 (NF-X2) 结合的X2-box。在这里，我们介绍了编码NF-X2的全长cDNA克隆隔离和表征。通过表达cDNA克隆分离该cDNA克隆，并编码人c 6月蛋白，该蛋白与c-Fos一起形成异二聚体激活蛋白1转录复合物。尽管b细胞中不存在c-Fos/c-6月异二聚体，但它们在II类非表达细胞中形成并结合X2-box。因此，c-Fos/c-6月异二聚体可能有助于抑制DRA基因表达。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurate and automatic gene identification in eukaryotic genomic DNA is more than ever of crucial importance to efficiently exploit the large volume of assembled genome sequences available to the community. Automatic methods have always been considered less reliable than human expertise. This is illustrated in the EGASP project, where reference annotations against which all automatic methods are measured are generated by human annotators and experimentally verified. We hypothesized that replicating the accuracy of human annotators in an automatic method could be achieved by formalizing the rules and decisions that they use, in a mathematical formalism. RESULTS:We have developed Exogean, a flexible framework based on directed acyclic colored multigraphs (DACMs) that can represent biological objects (for example, mRNA, ESTs, protein alignments, exons) and relationships between them. Graphs are analyzed to process the information according to rules that replicate those used by human annotators. Simple individual starting objects given as input to Exogean are thus combined and synthesized into complex objects such as protein coding transcripts. CONCLUSION:We show here, in the context of the EGASP project, that Exogean is currently the method that best reproduces protein coding gene annotations from human experts, in terms of identifying at least one exact coding sequence per gene. We discuss current limitations of the method and several avenues for improvement.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Cases of hypophosphataemia (often coincident with renal dysfunction) have been reported in HIV-infected patients taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), but randomized placebo-controlled trials of HIV-infected persons with normal baseline renal function have found a comparable incidence of hypophosphataemia in the TDF and placebo groups. We assessed the incidence of grade 2 and higher hypophosphataemia in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS). METHODS:We analysed a prospective cohort of patients who initiated either a TDF-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen [TDF-exposed (TDF+) group; n = 165] or a TDF-sparing HAART regimen [TDF-unexposed (TDF-) group; n = 90], and who had normal baseline phosphate and creatinine values. RESULTS:The TDF+ and TDF- groups had comparable median follow-up times (10.9 vs 8.8 months, respectively; P = 0.18) and number of phosphate measurements (median = 3 for both) and were similar on most clinical and demographic factors. During follow up, 12.7% of TDF+vs 6.7% of TDF-patients developed grade 2 hypophosphataemia (2.0-2.4 mg/dL), and 2.4% of TDF+ patients vs 0% of TDF-patients developed grade 3 hypophosphataemia (1.0-1.9 mg/dL); none developed grade 4 hypophosphataemia (<1.0 mg/dL). The incidence of grade 2 or higher hypophosphataemia was 16.7 per 100 person-years among TDF+ patients vs 8.0 per 100 person-years among TDF-patients (P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of hypophosphataemia was somewhat elevated in HOPS patients who took TDF-containing HAART compared with those who took TDF-sparing HAART during the first 1 to 2 years of observation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Longer follow-up of a larger population is needed to determine if this trend towards an association achieves statistical significance and to evaluate the clinical consequences of hypophosphataemia.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We have previously reported that a targeted anti-caries DNA vaccine, pGJA-P, induced accelerated and increased antibody responses compared with a non-targeted anti-caries DNA vaccine. Recently, pGJA-P/VAX, a new targeted anti-caries DNA vaccine for human trials, was constructed by replacing the pCI vector used in the construction of pGJA-P with pVAX1, the only vector authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration in clinical trials. Here, we report on our exploration of the kinetics of the antibody responses generated following pGJA-P/VAX immunization and the persistence of pGJA-P/VAX at both the inoculation site and the draining lymph nodes. Intranasal vaccination of mice with pGJA-P/VAX induced strong antibody responses that lasted for more than 6 months. Furthermore, pGJA-P/VAX could still be detected at both the inoculation site and the draining cervical lymph nodes 6 months after immunization. Thus, the persistent immune responses are likely due to the DNA depot in the host, which acts as a booster immunization.

背景与目标： : 我们以前曾报道过，与非靶向抗龋DNA疫苗相比，靶向抗龋DNA疫苗pGJA-P诱导了加速和增加的抗体反应。最近，pGJA-P/VAX是一种用于人体试验的新型靶向抗龋齿DNA疫苗，通过用pVAX1代替用于构建pGJA-P的pCI载体，这是美国食品药品监督管理局在临床试验中唯一授权的载体。在这里，我们报告了我们对pGJA-P/VAX预防接种后产生的抗体反应的动力学以及pGJA-P/VAX在接种部位和引流淋巴结的持久性的探索。用pGJA-P/VAX对小鼠进行鼻内疫苗接种可诱导持续6个月以上的强烈抗体反应。此外预防接种后6个月，在接种部位和引流颈淋巴结中仍可检测到pGJA-P/VAX。因此，持续的免疫反应可能是由于宿主中的DNA储存库而起加强预防接种作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A new inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from the seeds and fruits of the Momordica charantia. This compound, MAP 30 (Momordica Anti-HIV Protein), is a basic protein of about 30 kDa. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of cell-free HIV-1 infection and replication as measured by: (i) quantitative focal syncytium formation on CEM-ss monolayers; (ii) viral core protein p24 expression; and (iii) viral-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in HIV-1 infected H9 cells. The doses required for 50% inhibition (ID50) in these assays were 0.83, 0.22 and 0.33 nM, respectively. No cytotoxic or cytostatic effects were found under the assay conditions. These data suggest that MAP 30 may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. The sequence of the N-terminal 44 amino acids of MAP 30 has been determined.

背景与目标： : 已从苦瓜的种子和果实中分离并纯化出一种新的人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 抑制剂，使之同质。该化合物MAP 30 (苦味子抗HIV蛋白) 是约30 kDa的碱性蛋白。它表现出对无细胞HIV-1感染和复制的剂量依赖性抑制，通过以下方式测量 :( i) cem-ss单层上的定量局灶性合胞体形成; (ii) 病毒核心蛋白p24表达; 和 (iii) HIV-1感染的H9细胞中的病毒相关逆转录酶 (RT) 活性。在这些测定中50% 抑制所需的剂量 (ID50) 分别为0.83、0.22和0.33 nM。在测定条件下未发现细胞毒性或细胞抑制作用。这些数据表明，MAP 5月30日是治疗HIV-1感染的有用治疗剂。已确定MAP 30的N端44个氨基酸的序列。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To determine the degree of correlation between Farr and ELISA methods of detecting anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and their association with measures of disease activity. METHODS:Anti-dsDNA antibodies were assayed using the Farr and ELISA methods in patients followed between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2002. Statistical correlations between Farr and ELISA were determined. Relationships between the 2 assays and measures of disease activity [SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K-DNA), renal, central nervous system (CNS), and vasculitis] were determined for the same clinic visit. RESULTS:550 patients with 2940 clinic visits met the inclusion criteria. Correlation between Farr and ELISA levels was 0.46 using the first visit for each patient. When the Farr was abnormal, the ELISA was equally likely to be normal or abnormal. Abnormal Farr results were associated with higher SLEDAI-2K scores than normal Farr results (6.2 vs 4.3, respectively; p < 0.0001). There was less of a distinction with ELISA results (5.9 vs 4.8; p = 0.04). Farr levels were significantly associated with the presence of renal disease and vasculitis, while ELISA levels were not. Neither Farr nor ELISA results correlated with the presence of active CNS involvement. CONCLUSION:Farr and ELISA techniques for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with SLE are poorly correlated. The Farr is superior to the ELISA in correlating with measures of global disease activity, as well as renal and vasculitis involvement. The Farr technique should continue to be used in clinical practice. The ELISA adds no additional information.

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