BACKGROUND:Maturation of prefrontal circuits during adolescence contributes to the development of cognitive processes such as decision-making. Recent theories suggest that these neural changes also play a role in the shift from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to depression that often occurs during this developmental period. Cognitive models of the development of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which can be characterized behaviorally by impairments in decision-making. The present study examines potential developmental differences in frontal regions associated with uncertain decision-making, and tests the impact of IU on these circuits. METHODS:Twelve healthy adults (ages 19-36) and 12 healthy adolescents (ages 13-17) completed a decision-making task with conditions of varied uncertainty while fMRI scans were acquired. They also completed measures of worry and IU, and a questionnaire about their levels of anxiety and certainty during the task. RESULTS:Combined group analyses demonstrated significant linear effects of uncertainty on activity within anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Region of interest (ROI)-based analysis found a significant interaction of group and IU ratings in ACC. Increased IU was associated with robust linear increases in ACC activity only in adolescents. An ROI analysis of feedback-related processing found that adolescents demonstrated greater activation during incorrect trials relative to correct trials, while the adults showed no difference in neural activity associated with incorrect and correct feedback. CONCLUSIONS:This decision-making task was shown to be effective at eliciting uncertainty-related ACC activity in adults and adolescents. Further, IU impacts ACC activity in adolescents during uncertain decision-making, providing preliminary support for a developmental model of GAD.

译文

背景:青春期前额叶回路的成熟有助于认知过程的发展,例如决策。最近的理论表明,这些神经变化在从广泛性焦虑症(GAD)到抑郁症的转变中也起着一定的作用,而这种转变通常发生在这个发育时期。 GAD发展的认知模型突显了不确定性(IU)的不容忍的作用,不确定性在行为上可以通过决策中的障碍来表征。本研究检查与不确定的决策相关的额叶区域的潜在发展差异,并测试IU对这些电路的影响。
方法:十二个健康的成年人(19-36岁)和12个健康的青少年(13-17岁)在获得功能磁共振成像扫描的同时,在不确定性不同的条件下完成了一项决策任务。他们还完成了忧虑和IU的测量,并完成了一份关于他们在任务期间的焦虑和确定性水平的调查表。
结果:组合组分析表明不确定性对前扣带回皮层(ACC)内活动的显着线性影响。基于兴趣区域(ROI)的分析发现ACC中组和IU评分之间存在显着的相互作用。仅在青少年中,IU增加与ACC活性的强劲线性增加相关。对反馈相关处理的ROI分析发现,与正确的试验相比,青少年在错误的试验中表现出更大的激活作用,而成年人显示出与错误和正确的反馈相关的神经活动没有差异。
结论:该决策任务被证明在引起成人和青少年不确定性相关的ACC活动方面是有效的。此外,IU在不确定的决策过程中影响青少年的ACC活动,为GAD的发展模型提供了初步支持。

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