BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Because iodine is added to cattle feed, milk and dairy products have become a major source of dietary iodine in Britain. The mean iodine concentrations of milk supplied to seven towns in England were measured each month throughout 1 year. Values were more than twice those recorded 20 years ago. There were large differences between the towns, with average annual concentrations ranging from 130 to 200 micrograms/l. Within the towns there were up to four-fold variations between the peak values in February/March and lowest values in June. The similarity between the monthly variations in milk iodine and seasonality in the onset of thyrotoxicosis suggests that iodine concentrations in milk and dairy products may now have reached harmful levels. Control of high winter levels in areas of Britain which were previously iodine deficient may now be necessary.

背景与目标： : 由于牛饲料中添加了碘，牛奶和乳制品已成为英国饮食碘的主要来源。在一年中，每月测量提供给英格兰七个城镇的牛奶的平均碘浓度。价值是20年前记录的两倍多。城镇之间差异很大，年平均浓度范围为130至200微克/升。在城镇内，2月/3月的峰值与6月的最低值之间的变化高达四倍。牛奶碘的每月变化与甲状腺毒症发作的季节性之间的相似性表明，牛奶和乳制品中的碘浓度现在可能已达到有害水平。现在可能有必要控制以前缺碘的英国地区的高冬季水平。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus (SAU) and by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) is a major issue in the water buffalo. To understand its impact on milk, 6 quarter samples with >3,000,000 cells/mL (3 SAU-positive and 3 NAS-positive) and 6 culture-negative quarter samples with <50,000 cells/mL were investigated by shotgun proteomics and label-free quantitation. A total of 1530 proteins were identified, of which 152 were significantly changed. SAU was more impacting, with 162 vs 127 differential proteins and higher abundance changes (P < 0.0005). The 119 increased proteins had mostly structural (n = 43, 28.29%) or innate immune defence functions (n = 39, 25.66%) and included vimentin, cathelicidins, histones, S100 and neutrophil granule proteins, haptoglobin, and lysozyme. The 33 decreased proteins were mainly involved in lipid metabolism (n = 13, 59.10%) and included butyrophilin, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, and lipid biosynthetic enzymes. The same biological processes were significantly affected also upon STRING analysis. Cathelicidins were the most increased family, as confirmed by western immunoblotting, with a stronger reactivity in SAU mastitis. S100A8 and haptoglobin were also validated by western immunoblotting. In conclusion, we generated a detailed buffalo milk protein dataset and defined the changes occurring in SAU and NAS mastitis, with potential for improving detection (ProteomeXchange identifier PXD012355).

背景与目标： : 金黄色葡萄球菌 (SAU) 和非金黄色葡萄球菌 (NAS) 引起的亚临床乳腺炎是水牛中的主要问题。为了了解其对牛奶的影响，通过shot弹枪蛋白质组学和无标记定量研究了6个具有> 3,000,000个细胞/mL的四分之一样品 (3个SAU阳性和3个NAS阳性) 和6个具有 <50,000个细胞/mL的培养阴性四分之一样品。共鉴定出1530种蛋白质，其中152种发生了显著变化。SAU的影响更大，162与127差异蛋白和更高的丰度变化 (p  <  0.0005)。119增加的蛋白质主要具有结构 (n   =   43，28.29%) 或先天免疫防御功能 (n   =   39，25.66%)，包括波形蛋白，cathelicidins，组蛋白，S100和中性粒细胞颗粒蛋白，触珠蛋白和溶菌酶。33个减少的蛋白质主要参与脂质代谢 (n   =   13，59.10%)，包括嗜丁蛋白，黄嘌呤脱氢酶/氧化酶和脂质生物合成酶。字符串分析也对相同的生物学过程产生了显着影响。西方免疫印迹证实，Cathelicidins是增加最多的家族，在SAU乳腺炎中具有更强的反应性。S100A8和触珠蛋白也通过western免疫印迹验证。总之，我们生成了详细的水牛牛奶蛋白数据集，并定义了SAU和NAS乳腺炎中发生的变化，具有改善检测的潜力 (蛋白质交换标识符PXD012355)。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :On November 27, 2007, a local health officer in central Massachusetts contacted the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) to report listeriosis in a man aged 87 years. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) performed on the patient's Listeria monocytogenes isolate produced a pattern indistinguishable from that of isolates from three other cases identified in residents of central Massachusetts in June, October, and early November 2007. MDPH, in collaboration with local public health officials, conducted an investigation, which implicated pasteurized, flavored and nonflavored, fluid milk produced by a local dairy (dairy A) as the source of the outbreak. This report summarizes the results of that investigation. In all, five cases were identified, and three deaths occurred. This outbreak illustrates the potential for contamination of fluid milk products after pasteurization and the difficulty in detecting outbreaks of L. monocytogenes infections.

背景与目标： : 2007年11月27日，马萨诸塞州中部的一名当地卫生官员联系了马萨诸塞州公共卫生部 (MDPH)，报告了一名87岁男子的李斯特菌病。对患者的单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株进行的脉冲场凝胶电泳 (PFGE) 产生的模式与6月，10月和2007年11月早期在马萨诸塞州中部居民中发现的其他三例分离株的模式无法区分。MDPH与当地公共卫生官员合作进行了一项调查，该调查涉及当地乳制品 (dairy a) 生产的巴氏杀菌，调味和非调味的流质牛奶是爆发的源头。本报告总结了调查结果。共发现5例病例，3例死亡。这次爆发说明了巴氏消毒后液体奶制品可能受到污染，并且很难检测到单核细胞增生李氏杆菌感染的爆发。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :To determine whether PTH and calcium (Ca) interact in neonatal bone formation, female lactating mice either heterozygous (PTH(+/-)) or homozygous (PTH(-/-)) for targeted deletion of the pth gene were fed either a normal (1% Ca, 0.6% phosphate) or high-Ca diet (2% Ca and 0.4% phosphate). Dietary effects on milk Ca content and Ca-regulating hormones were determined in dams, and the effects of milk content were assessed on bone turnover in 3-wk-old pups. On the normal diet, milk Ca and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels were lower, but milk PTH-related protein levels were higher in the PTH(-/-) dams compared with the PTH(+/-) dams. On the high-Ca diet, milk Ca levels were higher, but milk 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and PTH-related protein levels were lower in both PTH(+/-) and PTH(-/-) dams. In pups fed by PTH(-/-) dams compared with pups fed by PTH(+/-) dams on normal diets, bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume relative to tissue volume, and the number of osteoblasts were reduced in both PTH(+/-) (32.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 39.6 +/- 1.5 mg/cm(2), P < 0.05; 23.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 29.2 +/- 2.8%, P < 0.01; and 94.2 +/- 8.2 vs. 123.5 +/- 3.5/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) and PTH(-/-) (20.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.0 +/- 1.2 mg/mm(2), P < 0.05; 16.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 19.3 +/- 2.1%, P < 0.05; and 48.6 +/- 7.9 vs. 90.5 +/- 8.6/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) pups but were lower in the PTH(-/-) pups compared with the PTH(+/-) pups. In contrast, in pups fed by either PTH(+/-) or PTH(-/-) dams on the high-Ca diet, bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, and osteoblast numbers were significantly higher, in both PTH(+/-) (50.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 58.7 +/- 2.0 mg/mm(2), P < 0.05; 37.9 +/- 5.2 vs. 46.1 +/- 5.1, P < 0.05; and 120.5 +/- 9.2 vs. 159.3 +/- 14.7/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) and PTH(-/-) (33.0 +/- 1.2 vs. 47.5 +/- 2.2 mg/mm(2), P < 0.001; 23.8 +/- 3.1 vs. 35.9 +/- 2.0, P < 0.05; and 78.7 +/- 10.1 vs. 99.8 +/- 13.6/mm(2), P < 0.05, respectively), and were highest in the PTH(+/-) pups fed by the PTH(+/-) dams on the high-Ca diet. These results indicate that PTH can modulate Ca content of milk, and that PTH and Ca can each exert cooperative roles on osteoblastic bone formation in the neonate.

背景与目标： : 为了确定PTH和钙 (Ca) 在新生儿骨形成中是否相互作用，雌性哺乳小鼠以杂合 (PTH (/-)) 或纯合 (PTH(-/-)) 的方式靶向缺失pth基因，以正常 (1% Ca，0.6% 磷酸盐) 或高Ca饮食 (2% Ca和0.4% 磷酸盐)。在水坝中确定了饮食对牛奶Ca含量和Ca调节激素的影响，并评估了牛奶含量对3周龄幼崽骨转换的影响。在正常饮食中，与PTH (/-) 大坝相比，PTH(-/-) 大坝中的牛奶Ca和1,25-二羟基维生素d (3) 水平较低，但与PTH (/-) 大坝相比，牛奶PTH相关的蛋白质水平较高。在高Ca饮食中，PTH (/-) 和PTH(-/-) 大坝中的牛奶Ca水平较高，但牛奶1,25-二羟基维生素d (3) 和PTH相关蛋白水平较低。在正常饮食中，由PTH(-/-) 坝喂养的幼崽与由PTH (/-) 坝喂养的幼崽相比，骨矿物质密度，小梁骨体积相对于组织体积，两种PTH(+/-) 成骨细胞数量均减少 (32.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 39.6 +/- 1.5 mg/cm(2)，P <0.05; 23.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 29.2 +/- 2.8%，P <0.01; 和94.2 +/- 8.2 vs. 123.5 +/- 3.5/mm(2)，P <0.01) 和PTH(-/-) (20.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.0 +/- 1.2 mg/mm(2)，P <0.05; 16.8 +/- 1.9对19.3 +/- 2.1%，P <0.05; 48.6 +/- 7.9对90.5 +/- 8.6/mm(2)，P <0.01，分别) 幼崽，但与PTH (/-) 幼崽相比，PTH(-/-) 幼崽较低。相反，在高Ca饮食中，由PTH (/-) 或PTH(-/-) 大坝喂养的幼崽中，骨矿物质密度，骨体积/组织体积和成骨细胞数量显着更高，两种PTH(+/-) (50.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 58.7 +/- 2.0 mg/mm(2)，P <0.05; 37.9 +/- 5.2 vs. 46.1 +/- 5.1，P <0.05; 和120.5 +/- 9.2 vs. 159.3 +/- 14.7/mm(2)，P <0.01) 和PTH(-/-) (33.0 +/- 1.2 vs. 47.5 +/- 2.2 mg/mm(2)，P <0.001; 23.8 +/- 3.1对35.9 +/- 2.0，P <0.05; 和78.7 +/- 10.1对99.8 +/- 13.6/mm(2)，P <0.05)，在高Ca饮食中，PTH (/-) 大坝喂养的PTH (/-) 幼崽中最高。这些结果表明，PTH可以调节牛奶中的Ca含量，并且PTH和Ca可以各自对新生儿的成骨细胞骨形成发挥协同作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cardiac output (CO) monitoring is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of critically ill patients. In the critical care setting, few studies have evaluated the level of agreement between CO estimated by transthoracic echocardiography (CO-TTE) and that measured by the reference method, pulmonary artery catheter (CO-PAC). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of CO-TTE relative to CO-PAC and the ability of transthoracic echocardiography to track variations in CO, in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS:Thirty-eight mechanically ventilated patients fitted with a PAC were included in a prospective observational study performed in a 16-bed university hospital ICU. CO-PAC was measured via intermittent thermodilution. Simultaneously, a second investigator used standard-view TTE to estimate CO-TTE as the product of stroke volume and the heart rate obtained during the measurement of the subaortic velocity time integral. RESULTS:Sixty-four pairs of CO-PAC and CO-TTE measurements were compared. The two measurements were significantly correlated (r = 0.95; p < 0.0001). The median bias was 0.2 L/min, the limits of agreement (LOAs) were -1.3 and 1.8 L/min, and the percentage error was 25%. The precision was 8% for CO-PAC and 9% for CO-TTE. Twenty-six pairs of ΔCO measurements were compared. There was a significant correlation between ΔCO-PAC and ΔCO-TTE (r = 0.92; p < 0.0001). The median bias was -0.1 L/min and the LOAs were -1.3 and +1.2 L/min. With a 15% exclusion zone, the four-quadrant plot had a concordance rate of 94%. With a 0.5 L/min exclusion zone, the polar plot had a mean polar angle of 1.0° and a percentage error LOAs of -26.8 to 28.8°. The concordance rate was 100% between 30 and -30°. When using CO-TTE to detect an increase in ΔCO-PAC of more than 10%, the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (95% CI) was 0.82 (0.62-0.94) (p < 0.001). A ΔCO-TTE of more than 8% yielded a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 66% for detecting a ΔCO-PAC of more than 10%. CONCLUSION:In critically ill mechanically ventilated patients, CO-TTE is an accurate and precise method for estimating CO. Furthermore, CO-TTE can accurately track variations in CO.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Techniques enabling in situ monitoring of drug solubilization and changes in the solid-state of the drug during the digestion of milk and milk-based formulations are valuable for predicting the effectiveness of such formulations in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. We have recently reported the use of low-frequency Raman scattering spectroscopy (region of analysis <200 cm-1) as an analytical approach to probe solubilization of drugs during digestion in milk using ferroquine (SSR97193) as the model compound. This study investigates the wider utilization of this technique to probe the solubilization behavior of other poorly water-soluble drugs (halofantrine, lumefantrine, and clofazimine) in not only milk but also infant formula in the absence or presence of bile salts during in vitro digestion. Multivariate analysis was used to interpret changes to the spectra related to the drug as a function of digestion time, through tracking changes in the principal component (PC) values characteristic to the drug signals. Characteristic low-frequency Raman bands for all of the drugs were evident after dispersing the solid drugs in suspension form in milk and infant formula. The drugs were generally solubilized during the digestion of the formulations as observed previously for ferroquine and correlated with behavior determined using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A greater extent of drug solubilization was also generally observed in the infant formula compared to milk. However, in the case of the drug clofazimine, the correlation between low-frequency Raman scattering and SAXS was not clear, which may arise due to background interference from clofazimine being an intense red dye, which highlights a potential limitation of this new approach. Overall, the in situ monitoring of drug solubilization in milk and milk-based formulations during digestion can be achieved using low-frequency Raman scattering spectroscopy, and the information obtained from studying this spectral region can provide better insights into drug solubilization compared to the mid-frequency Raman region.

背景与目标： 能够在消化牛奶和基于牛奶的制剂期间原位监测药物增溶和药物固态变化的技术对于预测此类制剂在改善水溶性差的药物的口服生物利用度方面的有效性很有价值。我们最近报道了使用低频拉曼散射光谱 (分析区域 <200厘米-1) 作为一种分析方法，以铁喹 (SSR97193) 作为模型化合物，在牛奶中消化过程中探测药物的增溶。这项研究调查了该技术在体外消化过程中不存在或存在胆汁盐的情况下，不仅在牛奶中，而且在婴儿配方奶粉中，还可以更广泛地利用该技术来探讨其他水溶性差的药物 (卤芬特林，卢美芬曲林和氯法齐美林) 的溶解行为。多变量分析用于通过跟踪药物信号特征的主成分 (PC) 值的变化来解释与药物相关的光谱随消化时间的变化。将固体药物以悬浮液形式分散在牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉中后，所有药物的特征性低频拉曼谱带都很明显。如先前对铁喹观察到的，药物通常在制剂的消化过程中溶解，并与使用小角度x射线散射 (SAXS) 确定的行为相关。与牛奶相比，婴儿配方奶粉通常还观察到更大程度的药物增溶。然而，在药物氯法齐明的情况下，低频拉曼散射与SAXS之间的相关性尚不清楚，这可能是由于氯法齐明是一种强烈的红色染料的背景干扰而引起的，这凸显了这种新方法的潜在局限性。总体而言，可以使用低频拉曼散射光谱来实现消化过程中牛奶和基于牛奶的制剂中药物增溶的原位监测，与中频拉曼区相比，研究该光谱区域获得的信息可以更好地洞察药物增溶。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, slows the decline in renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). However, it increases urine output such that patient adherence could be compromised. In a cohort of patients with ADPKD on tolvaptan, we aimed to identify the contribution of sodium and urea excretion rate to daily urine output, and to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary counseling on sodium and urea excretion rates. METHODS:Retrospective analysis of 30 ADPKD patients who underwent a single session of personalized dietary counseling to reduce sodium and protein intake before initiation of tolvaptan. Creatinine and 24-h urine were obtained regularly on treatment. Generalized estimation equations were used. RESULTS:Mean age and median eGFR were 44 ± 11 years and 52 (43-74) ml/min/1.73 m2. Tolvaptan increased diuresis from 2.5 to 5.2 l/day. After adjusting for the dose of tolvaptan, an increase in sodium and urea excretion rate by 50 mmol/day was associated with an estimated additional urine volume of 0.6 l/day (95% CI 0.4-0.8 l/day; P < 0.001) and 0.25 l/day (95% CI 0.11-0.39 l/day; P < 0.001), respectively. Dietary counseling resulted in a transient reduction of sodium excretion by 19 mmol/day during the first 4 months (P = 0.016) but resulted in a more sustained reduction in urea excretion by 69 mmol/day (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION:Both sodium and urea excretion rates contribute significantly to daily urine volume in patients treated with tolvaptan, and a single session of dietary counseling was transiently effective in reducing sodium intake but achieved a more sustained reduction in protein intake. Dietary counseling should be considered in the management of ADPKD patients treated by tolvaptan.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The authors wish to make a correction to Section 2 [...].

背景与目标： : 作者希望对第2节进行更正 [...]。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:A 24 year-old woman with atopic dermatitis occasionally developed symptoms, including dyspnea and generalized urticaria, following ingestion of food containing cows milk. Similar episodes had continued, and had been treated empirically since the age of 16 years. CASE SUMMARY:Although a skin test and IgE RAST showed positive reactions to cows milk, a provocation test with cows milk alone did not induce any symptoms. Therefore, food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) was suspected, but examination using various combinations of cows milk, aspirin and exercise failed to elicit any symptoms. Finally, a provocation test during the ovulatory phase with cows milk followed by aspirin and exercise evoked systemic urticaria, dyspnea and hypotension. DISCUSSION:The symptoms against cows milk began when she took baths with bath salts containing cows milk as its main ingredient for one year at the age 15 years. Sensitization to cows milk through eczematous skin is indicated from this history. Hormonal change during a premenstrual or ovulatory phase is also an important factor for the development of FDEIA in this case.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are effective for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias. However, despite wide clinical use, there are no generally accepted standardized protocols to characterize and report the output capabilities of ICDs. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to measure and compare the output characteristics of standard-output and high-output ICDs from several manufacturers under a common set of conditions. METHODS:The output characteristics of ICDs randomly selected from hospital stock were measured. The energy delivered for each shock to a range of fixed loads (25-75 Omega) was computed from the voltage waveform and the corresponding load. RESULTS:Delivered energy varied by approximately 4 J over the range of loads tested and varied between devices (high-output 33.8-35 J; standard-output 26.7-28.6 J, at 50 Omega). Leading-edge voltage varied by approximately 6% over the range of loads tested and varied between devices (high-output 738-792 V; standard-output 593-797 V, at 50 Omega). Pulse width varied by a factor of approximately 3 over the range of loads tested and varied between devices (high-output 10-14.5 ms; standard-output 9-12.2 ms, at 50 Omega). Observed variations between devices and with load were significant (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS:Potentially important differences in output characteristics of different ICD systems exist and merit further clinical investigation. The reporting of ICD output characteristics should be standardized. Additionally, it is recommended that manufacturers report output characteristics as a function of load over the typical range of patient loads clinically encountered.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Previous studies have suggested that milk consumption during pregnancy may have growth-promoting effects on the offspring in utero. Whether this effect tracks beyond the prenatal period remains unclear. We examined whether milk consumption during pregnancy is associated with infant size at birth and offspring's height- and growth-related biomarkers at ∼20 years of age. SUBJECT/METHODS:A prospective cohort of 809 Danish pregnant women was recruited in 1988-1989, with offspring follow-up at ∼20 years of age (n=685). Milk consumption was assessed at gestational week 30 using a food frequency questionnaire. Birth weight and birth length were measured according to standard procedures at delivery and converted to specific z-scores, adjusted for gestational age and gender. RESULTS:In adjusted models, maternal milk consumption of ≥150 ml/day vs <150 ml/day was associated with 0.32 higher z-scores for birth weight (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06; 0.58) and 0.34 higher z-scores for birth length (95% CI 0.04; 0.64). At follow up, ∼20 years later, those offspring whose mothers had consumed < 150 ml milk/day tended to have 0.19 higher z-scores for height (P=0.16), ∼8% higher levels of insulin-like growth factor I (P=0.12) and ∼14% higher insulin levels (P=0.11) compared with offspring whose mothers consumed <150 ml milk/day. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings add to recent observations that maternal milk consumption may have a growth-promoting effect with respect to weight and length at birth. Furthermore, the results provide some suggestion that this effect may even track into early adult age, although further studies with more statistical power are needed for that purpose.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Human milk provides newborns with several physiologically important proteins not found in cow's milk, including bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) that compensates for the reduced lipolytic capability of the newborn intestine. We analyzed the milk of two ethnically distinct groups of women in northern Nigeria and Nepal. The milk of the Nepalese women (n = 36) contained slightly more BSSL activity (mean, 38.8 units/mL) than that of Fulani (n = 48; mean, 30.3 units/mL) and Kanuri (n = 90; mean 27.6 units/mL) women in Nigeria. There was also a weak positive correlation between the BSSL content of the milk and the body mass index (BMI) of the lactating women. The BSSL activity declined with the length of lactation for both well-nourished and undernourished women. The presence of a heat-stable inhibitor of BSSL in cow's milk was also demonstrated. This finding, along with the decrease in BSSL activity postgestation, could be of significance to populations such as the Fulani of the western Sahel who supplement the diets of their infants with unpasteurized cow's milk.

背景与目标： : 人乳为新生儿提供了几种在牛奶中找不到的生理重要蛋白质，包括胆汁盐刺激的脂肪酶 (BSSL)，可补偿新生儿肠道脂分解能力的降低。我们分析了尼日利亚北部和尼泊尔两个不同种族的妇女群体的牛奶。尼泊尔妇女 (n = 36) 的牛奶含有的BSSL活性 (平均38.8单位/mL) 略高于富拉尼 (n = 48; 平均30.3单位/mL) 和卡努里 (n = 90; 平均27.6单位/mL) 尼日利亚妇女。牛奶中的BSSL含量与哺乳期妇女的体重指数 (BMI) 之间也呈弱正相关。营养丰富和营养不足的妇女的BSSL活性随着泌乳时间的延长而下降。还证明了牛奶中BSSL的热稳定抑制剂的存在。这一发现，以及妊娠后BSSL活性的降低，可能对诸如西萨赫勒地区的富拉尼人等人群具有重要意义，他们用未经巴氏消毒的牛奶补充婴儿的饮食。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:It has been hypothesized that n-3 PUFA in breast milk may assist immune and lung development. There are very limited data on possible long-term effects on allergic disease and lung function. The aim was to investigate associations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA levels in colostrum and breast milk with allergic disease and lung function at ages 12 and 18 years. METHODS:Polyunsaturated fatty acids were measured in 194 colostrum samples and in 118 three-month expressed breast milk samples from mothers of children enrolled in the Melbourne Atopy Cohort (MACS) Study, a high-risk birth cohort study. Associations with allergic diseases, skin prick tests and lung function assessed at 12 and 18 years were estimated using multivariable regression. RESULTS:Higher levels of n-3 but not n-6 PUFAs in colostrum were associated with a trend towards increased odds of allergic diseases, with strong associations observed for allergic rhinitis at 12 (OR = 5.69[95% CI: 1.83,17.60] per weight%) and 18 years (4.43[1.46,13.39]) and eczema at 18 years (9.89[1.44, 68.49]). Higher levels of colostrum n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced sensitization (3.37[1.18, 9.6]), mean FEV1 (-166 ml [-332, -1]) and FEV1 /FVC ratio (-4.6%, [-8.1, -1.1]) at 12 years. CONCLUSION:Higher levels of colostrum n-3 PUFAs were associated with increased risks of allergic rhinitis and eczema up to 18 years, and sensitization and reduced lung function at 12 years. As residual confounding may have caused these associations, they should be replicated, but these results could indicate that strategies that increase maternal n-3 PUFA intake may not aid in allergic disease prevention.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Substantial increases in cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and gastrointestinal blood flow are essential for euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) osmoregulation in seawater. However, the underlying hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for these changes are unknown. By examining a range of circulatory and cardiac morphological variables of seawater- and freshwater-acclimated rainbow trout, the present study revealed a significantly higher central venous pressure (CVP) in seawater-acclimated trout (~0.09 vs. -0.02 kPa). This serves to increase cardiac end-diastolic volume in seawater and explains the elevations in SV (~0.41 vs. 0.27 ml/kg) and CO (~21.5 vs. 14.2 ml·min-1·kg-1) when compared with trout in freshwater. Furthermore, these hemodynamic modifications coincided with a significant increase in the proportion of compact myocardium, which may be necessary to compensate for the increased wall tension associated with a larger stroke volume. Following a temperature increase from 10 to 16.5°C, both acclimation groups exhibited similar increases in heart rate (Q10 of ~2), but SV tended to decrease in seawater-acclimated trout despite the fact that CVP was maintained in both groups. This resulted in CO of seawater- and freshwater-acclimated trout stabilizing at a similar level after warming (~26 ml·min-1·kg-1). The consistently higher CVP of seawater-acclimated trout suggests that factors other than compromised cardiac filling constrained the SV and CO of these individuals at high temperatures. The present study highlights, for the first time, the complex interacting effects of temperature and water salinity on cardiovascular responses in a euryhaline fish species.

背景与目标： : 心输出量 (CO)，中风量 (SV) 和胃肠道血流量的显着增加对于海水中的虹鳟鱼 (Oncorhyncus mykiss) 渗透调节至关重要。然而，导致这些变化的潜在血液动力学机制尚不清楚。通过检查适应海水和淡水的虹鳟鱼的一系列循环和心脏形态变量，本研究表明，适应海水的鳟鱼的中心静脉压 (CVP) 明显更高 (〜0.09 vs. -0.02 kPa)。这有助于增加海水中的心脏舒张末期容积，并解释了与淡水中的鳟鱼相比，SV (〜0.41 vs.0.27毫升/kg) 和CO (〜21.5 vs.14.2毫升·min-1·kg-1) 的升高。此外，这些血液动力学改变与致密心肌比例的显着增加相吻合，这对于补偿与较大的中风量相关的壁张力增加可能是必要的。在温度从10 °C升高到16.5 °C之后，两个驯化组的心率均显示出相似的增加 (Q10为〜2)，但是尽管在两个组中均维持了CVP，但在海水驯化的鳟鱼中SV趋于降低。这导致海水和淡水驯化鳟鱼的CO在变暖后稳定在相似的水平 (〜26毫升·min-1·kg-1)。适应海水的鳟鱼的CVP始终较高，这表明除心脏充盈受损以外的其他因素在高温下限制了这些个体的SV和CO。本研究首次强调了温度和水盐度对广盐鱼类心血管反应的复杂相互作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Although many studies have been conducted on the components present in human breast milk (HM), research on the differences of chemical metabolites between HM, bovine milk (BM) and formula milk (FM) is limited. This study was to explore the chemical diversity of HM, BM and FM by metabolomic approaches. GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS were applied to investigate the metabolic compositions in 30 HM samples, 20 FM samples and 20 BM samples. Metabolite profiling identified that most of the non-esterified fatty acids, which reflected the hydrolysis of triglycerides, were much more abundant in HM than those in FM and BM, except for palmitic acid and stearic acid. The levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates were much higher in FM and BM than those in HM. Each type of milk also showed its unique composition of free amino acids and free carbohydrates. In conclusion, higher levels of non-esterified saturated fatty acids with aliphatic tails <16 carbons, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower levels of TCA intermediates are characteristic of HM, as compared with FM and BM. The content of non-esterified fatty acids may reflect the hydrolysis of triglycerides in different milk types.

背景与目标： : 尽管已经对人乳 (HM) 中存在的成分进行了许多研究，但对HM，牛乳 (BM) 和配方奶 (FM) 之间化学代谢产物差异的研究仍然有限。本研究旨在通过代谢组学方法探索HM，BM和FM的化学多样性。应用gc-tofms和uplc-qtofms研究了30个HM样品，20个FM样品和20个BM样品中的代谢组成。代谢物分析表明，除了棕榈酸和硬脂酸外，HM中的大多数非酯化脂肪酸 (反映了甘油三酸酯的水解) 比FM和BM中的要丰富得多。FM和BM中三羧酸 (TCA) 中间体的水平远高于HM。每种类型的牛奶还显示出其独特的游离氨基酸和游离碳水化合物组成。总之，与FM和BM相比，HM具有较高水平的脂族尾 <16个碳的非酯化饱和脂肪酸，单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸以及较低水平的TCA中间体是HM的特征。非酯化脂肪酸的含量可能反映了不同类型牛奶中甘油三酸酯的水解。