Many studies investigate the benefits of polyandry, but repeated interactions with males can lower female reproductive success. Interacting with males might even decrease offspring performance if it reduces a female's ability to transfer maternal resources. Male presence can be detrimental for females in two ways: by forcing females to mate at a higher rate and through costs associated with resisting male mating attempts. Teasing apart the relative costs of elevated mating rates from those of greater male harassment is critical to understand the evolution of mating strategies. Furthermore, it is important to test whether a male's phenotype, notably body size, has differential effects on female reproductive success versus the performance of offspring, and whether this is due to male body size affecting the costs of harassment or the actual mating rate. In the eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki, males vary greatly in body size and continually attempt to inseminate females. We experimentally manipulated male presence (i.e., harassment), male body size and whether males could copulate. Exposure to males had strong detrimental effects on female reproductive output, growth and immune response, independent of male size or whether males could copulate. In contrast, there was a little evidence of a cross-generational effect of male harassment or mating rate on offspring performance. Our results suggest that females housed with males pay direct costs due to reduced condition and offspring production and that these costs are not a consequence of increased mating rates. Furthermore, exposure to males does not affect offspring reproductive traits.

译文

:许多研究调查了一夫多妻制的好处,但与雄性的反复互动会降低雌性生殖的成功率。如果与雄性互动可能会降低雌性转移母体资源的能力,甚至会降低后代的表现。雄性的出现有两种方式对雌性有害:通过强迫雌性以更高的比率交配,以及通过抵抗雄性交配尝试的相关成本。将交配率的相对成本与男性骚扰的相对成本进行区分开来,对于了解交配策略的演变至关重要。此外,重要的是要测试男性的表型,尤其是体型,对女性生殖成功与后代表现有不同的影响,以及这是否是由于男性体型影响了骚扰成本或实际交配率。在东部的蚊鱼Gambusia holbrooki中,雄鱼的体型差异很大,并不断尝试授精雌鱼。我们通过实验控制了雄性的存在(即骚扰),雄性的体型以及雄性是否可以交配。男性接触对女性的生殖能力,生长和免疫反应具有强烈的有害影响,而与男性的身材大小或男性是否能够交配无关。相反,几乎没有证据表明雄性骚扰或交配率对后代表现有跨代影响。我们的结果表明,与男性同住的雌性由于状况和后代产量的减少而直接支付费用,而这些费用并不是交配率提高的结果。此外,接触雄性不会影响后代的生殖特性。

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