BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Angelchik prosthesis appears to be effective in preventing gastroesophageal reflux, although its precise mechanism of action remains controversial. In a unique in vitro model, 10 freshly harvested canine esophagogastric specimens were tested for their ability to remain competent against challenges of intragastric pressure under controlled conditions of intra-abdominal pressure, longitudinal esophageal tension, lower esophageal sphincter pressure and overall length and circumference of the cardia (measure of gastric dilatation). Competency of the specimen was assessed by stepwise variation in the overall length of the sphincter, while keeping constant intraabdominal pressure (20 cm H2O), intragastric pressure (20 cm H2O), esophageal tension (physiologic), lower esophageal sphincter pressure (15 cm H2O) and degree of gastric dilatation (3 cm). With each specimen serving as its own control, the effect produced by the application of an Angelchik prosthesis was evaluated. Results consistently demonstrated that at any lower esophageal sphincter length the percent of competency was increased when the prosthesis was applied (P < 0.01). The findings indicate that the Angelchik prosthesis controls reflux by preventing unfolding of the lower esophageal sphincter when challenged by intragastric pressure.

背景与目标： : 尽管其确切的作用机制仍存在争议，但Angelchik假体似乎可有效预防胃食管反流。在一个独特的体外模型中，测试了10个新鲜收获的犬食管胃标本在受控的腹内压力，纵向食管张力，食管下括约肌压力以及贲门的总长度和周长 (胃扩张的测量) 条件下仍能抵抗胃内压挑战的能力。通过括约肌总长度的逐步变化来评估标本的能力，同时保持恒定的腹内压力 (20厘米H2O)，胃内压力 (20厘米H2O)，食管张力 (生理学)，食管下括约肌压力 (15厘米H2O) 和胃扩张程度 (3厘米)。以每个标本为自己的对照，评估了应用Angelchik假体所产生的效果。结果一致表明，在任何下食管括约肌长度处，当应用假体时，能力百分比都会增加 (P <0.01)。研究结果表明，当受到胃内压的挑战时，Angelchik假体通过防止下食管括约肌的展开来控制反流。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Spherical pellets containing theophylline, calcium acetate and microcrystalline cellulose were extruded and spheronized, before being coated with six different pectins or alginates by interfacial complexation. The aim of this study was to discover the effect of the coatings on physico-mechanical properties that will be crucial in determining the pellets' utility as sustained release systems. An insoluble, smooth and uniformly thick coat of calcium polysaccharide was formed around the core pellets. A factorial experiment was designed to investigate the effect of pellet size and polysaccharide type and concentration on the entrapment efficiency, mechanical properties and other physical characteristics. Coated pellets were observed by scanning electron microscopy and, depending on the particular polysaccharide used, the dry coats were found to be 30-80 microm thick. The size of pellet, the type and concentration of polysaccharide influenced the yield of theophylline in the coated pellets. Although the mechanical properties of the pellets were improved by applying any of the gel coats, use of an alginate with a high content of guluronic acid or an amidated pectin coating gave the best results. This is probably because both of these have significant potential to form very stable cross-links within the gel coats.

背景与目标： : 将含有茶碱，醋酸钙和微晶纤维素的球形颗粒挤出并球形化，然后通过界面络合用六种不同的果胶或藻酸盐包被。这项研究的目的是发现涂层对物理机械性能的影响，这对于确定颗粒作为持续释放系统的效用至关重要。在核心颗粒周围形成不溶性，光滑且均匀厚的钙多糖涂层。设计了析因实验，以研究颗粒大小，多糖类型和浓度对包封效率，机械性能和其他物理特性的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜观察到包被的颗粒，根据所用的特定多糖，发现干涂层的厚度为30-80微米。颗粒的大小，多糖的类型和浓度影响包衣颗粒中茶碱的产量。尽管通过施加任何凝胶涂层可以改善颗粒的机械性能，但使用具有高含量古罗糖醛酸的藻酸盐或酰胺化的果胶涂层可提供最佳结果。这可能是因为这两者都具有在凝胶涂层内形成非常稳定的交联的巨大潜力。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that runners having different running economies show differences in the mechanical and morphological properties of their muscle-tendon units (MTU) in the lower extremities. Twenty eight long-distance runners (body mass: 76.8+/-6.7 kg, height: 182+/-6 cm, age: 28.1+/-4.5 years) participated in the study. The subjects ran on a treadmill at three velocities (3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 m s(-1)) for 15 min each. The V(O(2)) consumption was measured by spirometry. At all three examined velocities the kinematics of the left leg were captured whilst running on the treadmill using a high-speed digital video camera operating at 250 Hz. Furthermore the runners performed isometric maximal voluntary plantarflexion and knee extension contractions at eleven different MTU lengths with their left leg on a dynamometer. The distal aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were visualised by ultrasound during plantarflexion and knee extension, respectively. The morphological properties of the GM and VL (fascicle length, angle of pennation, and thickness) were determined at three different lengths for each MTU. A cluster analysis was used to classify the subjects into three groups according to their V(O(2)) consumption at all three velocities (high running economy, N=10; moderate running economy, N=12; low running economy, N=6). Neither the kinematic parameters nor the morphological properties of the GM and VL showed significant differences between groups. The most economical runners showed a higher contractile strength and a higher normalised tendon stiffness (relationship between tendon force and tendon strain) in the triceps surae MTU and a higher compliance of the quadriceps tendon and aponeurosis at low level tendon forces. It is suggested that at low level forces the more compliant quadriceps tendon and aponeurosis will increase the force potential of the muscle while running and therefore the volume of active muscle at a given force generation will decrease.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是检验以下假设: 具有不同跑步经济性的跑步者在下肢的肌肉肌腱单位 (MTU) 的机械和形态特性上存在差异。28名长跑运动员 (体重: 76.8 +/-6.7千克，身高: 182 +/-6厘米，年龄: 28.1 +/-4.5岁) 参加了这项研究。受试者在跑步机上以三种速度 (3.0、3.5和4.0 m s(-1)) 分别运行15分钟。通过肺活量测定法测量V(O(2)) 的消耗量。在所有三个检查的速度下，使用以250Hz运行的高速数字摄像机在跑步机上跑步时捕获左腿的运动学。此外，跑步者在测力计上的左腿以11种不同的MTU长度进行了等距最大的自愿plant屈和膝盖伸展收缩。在plant屈和膝关节伸展过程中，分别通过超声观察腓肠肌内侧 (GM) 和股外侧 (VL) 的远端腱膜。对于每个MTU，以三种不同的长度确定GM和VL的形态特性 (分束长度，顶角和厚度)。使用聚类分析根据受试者在所有三个速度下的V(O(2)) 消耗将受试者分为三组 (高运行经济，N = 10; 中等运行经济，N = 12; 低运行经济，N = 6)。GM和VL的运动学参数和形态特性均未在组之间显示出显着差异。最经济的跑步者在肱三头肌MTU中显示出更高的收缩强度和更高的归一化肌腱刚度 (肌腱力和肌腱应变之间的关系)，而在低水平的肌腱力下，股四头肌腱和腱膜的顺应性更高。建议在低水平的力下，更顺应性的股四头肌腱和腱膜会增加跑步时肌肉的力势，因此在给定的力产生下活动肌肉的体积会减少。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Decline in MM and MS with aging, defined as sarcopenia, is related with physical disability, poor quality of life and death. Its mechanisms are not fully understood. Testosterone increases muscle protein synthesis. However, the effects of in utero androgen exposure to MM and MS in older adults have not been studied. In utero androgen exposure is inversely related with 2D:4D ratio. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 2D:4D ratio as an indicator of in utero androgen exposure and MM and MS in elderly patients. A total of 151 older adults were included. Calf-circumference (CC) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were used for the assessment of MM and hand grip strength for the assessment of MS. Mean age ± SD of the patients was 73.72 ± 6.23. Fifty-two (34.4%) of patients were male, 99 (65.6%) were female. Right and left 2D:4D were significantly and negatively correlated with hand grip strength (r=-0.365, p=0.018 and r=-0.434, p=0.005, respectively), CC (r=-0.422, p=0.002 and r=-0.459, p=0.001, respectively) and SMI (r=-0.354, p=0.018 and r=-0.348, p=0.022, respectively) in men. In women, right and left 2D:4D were significantly and negatively correlated with hand grip strength (r=-0.252, p=0.022 and r=-0.234, p=0.033, respectively), CC (r=-0.229, p=0.024 and r=-0.302, p=0.003, respectively) and SMI (r=-0.382, p<0.001 and r=-0.431, p<0.001, respectively). In this study, we found that 2D:4D ratio was significantly and negatively correlated with parameters depicting MM and MS which may suggest the possible role of in utero androgen exposure in the development of MM and MS loss in the elderly.

背景与目标： : 随着年龄的增长，MM和MS的下降 (定义为肌肉减少症) 与身体残疾，生活质量差和死亡有关。其机制尚未完全了解。睾酮增加肌肉蛋白质合成。然而，尚未研究子宫内雄激素暴露于MM和MS对老年人的影响。子宫内雄激素暴露与2D:4D比率成反比。这项研究的目的是研究2D:4D比率作为子宫内雄激素暴露的指标与老年患者MM和MS之间的关系。总共包括151名老年人。小腿周长 (CC) 和骨骼肌质量指数 (SMI) 用于评估MM，手握力用于评估MS。患者的平均年龄 ± SD为73.72 ± 6.23。52例 (34.4%) 患者为男性，99例 (65.6%) 为女性。左右2D:4D与握力 (r =-0.365，p = 0.018和r =-0.434，p = 0.005) 、CC (r =-0.422，p = 0.002和r =-0.459，p = 0.001，男性的SMI (分别为r =-0.354，p = 0.018和r =-0.348，p = 0.022)。在女性中，左右2D:4D与手握力 (r =-0.252，p = 0.022和r =-0.234，p = 0.033)，CC (r =-0.229，p = 0.024和r =-0.302，p = 0.003，分别) 和SMI (r =-0.382，p<0.001和r =-0.431，p<0.001)。在这项研究中，我们发现2D:4D比率与描述MM和MS的参数显着负相关，这可能表明子宫内雄激素暴露在老年人MM和MS损失的发展中的可能作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To review the findings and discuss the implications of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols in children. DESIGN:A critical appraisal of Randolph et al. Effect of mechanical ventilator weaning protocols on respiratory outcomes in infants and children: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2561-2568, and literature review. FINDINGS:There was no difference in ventilator weaning times between children randomized to a ventilator weaning protocol (pressure support, volume support, or no protocol). However, the study did show that increased sedative use during the first 24 hrs of weaning (the only time during which these data were collected) was an important predictor of weaning duration (p < .001) and weaning failure (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS:The majority of children are weaned from mechanical ventilation over a short period of time. Weaning protocols may not shorten this brief duration of weaning but may have other advantages such as improved collaboration between healthcare team members. Future research into the effects of sedation on weaning from mechanical ventilation is needed in children.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In the present account it is proposed that in smokers the transition from peripheral airway disease to COPD is characterized by three sequential stages: Stage I, during which the closing volume eventually exceeds the functional residual capacity; Stage II, during which tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFL) is eventually exhibited; and Stage III, during which dynamic hyperinflation progressively increases leading to dyspnea and exercise limitation, which may be considered as markers of overt disease. Presence of airway closure (Stage I) and EFL (Stage II) in the tidal volume range may promote peripheral airway injury and accelerate the abnormalities of lung function. It is such injury that may determine which smoker is destined to develop COPD.

背景与目标： : 在本报告中，建议吸烟者从外周气道疾病到COPD的转变以三个连续阶段为特征: 阶段I，在此期间闭合量最终超过功能剩余容量; 阶段II，在此期间最终表现出呼气流量限制 (EFL); 第三阶段，在此期间，动态过度通货膨胀逐渐增加，导致呼吸困难和运动受限，这可能被认为是明显疾病的标志。潮气量范围内存在气道关闭 (I期) 和EFL (II期) 可能会促进周围气道损伤并加速肺功能异常。正是这种伤害可能决定了哪个吸烟者注定会发展为COPD。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diverse animals can orient using geomagnetic cues, but little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea (Bergh) has a magnetic sense and its nervous system is amenable to cellular-level electrophysiological analysis. In a semi-intact whole-animal preparation, intracellular recordings from the large, visually identifiable neurons left pedal 5 (LPe5) and right pedal 5 (RPe5) in the brain of Tritonia revealed enhanced electrical activity in response to changes in ambient earth-strength magnetic fields. No such changes in activity were observed in approximately 50 other neurons subjected to identical magnetic stimuli. The responses of LPe5 were characterized by increases in spiking frequency occurring about 6-16 min after the ambient magnetic field had been rotated to a new position. The response was abolished when the brain had been isolated from the periphery of the animal by severing nerves, a procedure that also transected prominent neurites of LPe5. We hypothesize that LPe5 is one component of a neural circuit mediating detection of the earth's magnetic field or orientation to it.

背景与目标： : 各种动物可以使用地磁提示进行定向，但对磁场检测的神经生理机制知之甚少。海洋软体动物三倍体 (Bergh) 具有磁性，其神经系统易于进行细胞水平的电生理分析。在半完整的全动物制剂中，来自Tritonia大脑中视觉上可识别的大型神经元左踏板5 (LPe5) 和右踏板5 (RPe5) 的细胞内记录显示，响应周围地球强度磁场的变化，电活动增强。在大约50个其他受到相同磁刺激的神经元中未观察到这种活动变化。LPe5的响应的特征是在环境磁场旋转到新位置后约6-16分钟发生的尖峰频率增加。当通过切断神经将大脑与动物的外围隔离时，这种反应被消除了，这一过程也横切了lpe5的突出神经突。我们假设LPe5是介导检测地球磁场或对其定向的神经电路的一个组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether an 8-week whole-body vibration training program may improve recovery of knee flexion/extension muscular strength in athletes after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN:Randomized controlled trial. SETTING:Single outpatient rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS:Thirty-eight female volleyball/basketball players (aged between 20 and 30), randomized into 2 treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS:During a standardized six-month rehabilitation program, from week 13 to week 20 after surgery, the whole-body vibration group (n = 19) and the control group (n = 19) performed additional static knee flexor/extensor exercises on a vibration platform. For the whole-body vibration group, the vibration platform was set to 2.5 mm of amplitude and 26 Hz of frequency. The control group followed the same whole-body vibration board training with no vibrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:All patients were evaluated using an isokinetic strength test with a Biodex dynamometer at the beginning and at the end of the additional treatment protocol. The parameters tested were the peak torque and the maximum power of knee flexor and extensor muscles performing strength and endurance tests. RESULTS:No vibration-related side effects were observed. Improvements were noticed in both groups, but increase in knee muscle isokinetic strength values was statistically significant in the whole-body vibration group when compared with the control group (differences in extension: peak torque 11.316/10.263 N·m and maximum power 13.684/11.211 W; flexion: peak torque 9.632/11.105 N·m and maximum power 10.158/9.474 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:When combined with a standardized rehabilitation program, whole-body vibration may increase muscular strength and be an effective additional treatment option in the rehabilitation of athletes after ACL arthroscopic reconstruction.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This report is a study of structure, castability, mechanical properties as well as corrosion behaviour of titanium doped with up to 5 weight percentage (wt%) of a series of alloy elements, including Ta, Mo, Nb, Hf, Zr, Sn, Bi and Ag. The results indicate that, with addition of 1 wt% alloy element, Bi and Mo were most effective in enhancing the castability of titanium. With more alloy elements added, the castability values of most alloys more or less decreased. Except Ti-Mo system, all Ti alloys with a fine acicular morphology had the same crystal structure (hcp) as that of c.p. Ti with a typical lath type morphology. When 3 wt% or more Mo was added, a finer orthorhombic alpha'' phase was formed. The microhardness and bending strength values of Ti alloys were all higher than those of c.p. Ti. Among all alloys, Ti-Mo system exhibited the highest hardness and strength level. For a certain alloy, the bending strength did not necessarily increase with its alloy content. Except Ti-5Zr and Ti-Mo alloys, the bending moduli of most alloy systems were not much different from that of c.p. Ti. All alloys showed an excellent resistance to corrosion in Hanks' solution at 37 degrees C.

背景与目标： : 本报告研究了掺有高达5重量百分比 (wt %) 的一系列合金元素 (包括Ta，Mo，Nb，Hf，Zr，Sn，Bi和Ag) 的钛的结构，可铸造性，机械性能以及腐蚀行为。结果表明，添加1 wt % 合金元素时，Bi和Mo最有效地提高了钛的可铸造性。随着添加更多的合金元素，大多数合金的可铸造性值或多或少会降低。除Ti-Mo体系外，所有具有细针状形态的Ti合金均具有与c.p.相同的晶体结构 (hcp)。具有典型板条型形态的Ti。当添加3 wt % 或更多Mo时，形成了更细的正交晶型 α'' 相。Ti合金的显微硬度和弯曲强度值均高于c.p.Ti。在所有合金中，Ti-Mo体系表现出最高的硬度和强度水平。对于某种合金，弯曲强度不一定随其合金含量而增加。除Ti-5Zr和Ti-Mo合金外，大多数合金体系的弯曲模量与c.p.没有太大差异。Ti。所有合金在汉克斯溶液中在37 ℃ 下均表现出优异的耐腐蚀性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of gaseous ozone and Nd:YAG laser on glass-fibre post bond strength. Forty-two madibular premolar roots were cut, endodontically instrumented and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl. Post spaces were prepared and roots were divided into three groups (n = 14). The antimicrobial pretreatment was conducted as follows: gaseous ozone, Nd:YAG laser and control (no additional disinfection methods). Scanning electron microscope analysis was made for each group (n = 2). A resin cement was used for luting the posts. For push-out test, each root was cut horizontally (two cervical, two middle and two apical). Statistical analyses were performed with one-way anova (α = 0.05). Fracture types were observed. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in cervical and apical segments of laser and control groups (P < 0.05). The disinfection of the post spaces with Nd:YAG laser and ozone had no adverse effects on bond strength of glass-fibre post.

背景与目标： : 这项研究的目的是研究气态臭氧和Nd:YAG激光对玻璃纤维后粘结强度的影响。切开42个颌前磨牙根，进行牙髓器械治疗并用2.5% NaOCl冲洗。准备了柱子空间，将根分为三组 (n = 14)。抗菌预处理如下: 气态臭氧，Nd:YAG激光和对照 (无其他消毒方法)。对每组进行扫描电子显微镜分析 (n = 2)。使用树脂水泥来润滑柱子。对于推出测试，将每个根部水平切割 (两个子宫颈，两个中间和两个顶端)。用单因素方差分析 (α = 0.05) 进行统计分析。观察到骨折类型。各组间差异无统计学意义 (P> 0.05)。激光组和对照组的宫颈和根尖节段差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05)。Nd:YAG激光和臭氧对桩间隙的消毒对玻璃纤维桩的粘结强度没有不利影响。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:During hospitalization, stroke patients are bedridden due to neurologic impairment, leading to loss of muscle mass, weakness, and functional limitation. There have been few studies examining respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in the acute phase of stroke. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to evaluate the RMS of patients with acute stroke compared with predicted values and to relate this to anthropometric variables, risk factors, and neurologic severity. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study in the acute phase of stroke. After admission, RMS was evaluated by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP); anthropometric data were collected; and neurologic severity was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. The analysis of MIP and MEP with predicted values was performed by chi-square test, and the relationship between anthropometric variables, risk factors, and neurologic severity was determined through multiple linear regression followed by residue analysis by the Shapiro-Wilk test; P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:In the 32 patients studied, MIP and MEP were reduced when compared with the predicted values. MIP declined significantly by 4.39 points for each 1 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI), and MEP declined significantly by an average of 3.89 points for each 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI. There was no statistically significant relationship between MIP or MEP and risk factors, and between MIP or MIP and neurologic severity in acute phase of stroke. CONCLUSION:There is a reduction of RMS in the acute phase of stroke, and RMS was lower in individuals with increased age and BMI.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :In this study, the distribution, transfer and fate of both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cyanotoxins via phytoplankton routes were systematically investigated in two Chinese lakes. Results indicated that PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation dynamics has significantly positive correlations with the biomass of green alga and diatoms. Total lipid content of phytoplankton is the major factor that influences PCB adsorption/bioaccumulation. Cyanobacterial blooms with relatively lower lipid content could also absorb high amount of PCBs due to their high cell density in the water columns, and this process was proposed as major route for the transfer of PCBs in Chinese eutrophic freshwater. According to these findings, a novel route on fates of PCBs via phytoplankton and a green bioadsorption concept were proposed and confirmed. In the practice of mechanical collections of bloom biomass from Lake Taihu, cyanotoxin/cyanobacteria and PCBs were found to be removed simultaneously very efficiently followed this theory.

背景与目标： : 在这项研究中，系统地研究了两个中国湖泊中通过浮游植物路线的多氯联苯 (pcb) 和氰基毒素的分布，转移和命运。结果表明，PCB的吸附/生物蓄积动力学与绿藻和硅藻的生物量呈显着正相关。浮游植物的总脂质含量是影响PCB吸附/生物积累的主要因素。由于水柱中细胞密度高，脂质含量相对较低的蓝藻水华也可以吸收大量的多氯联苯，这一过程被认为是中国富营养化淡水中多氯联苯转移的主要途径。根据这些发现，提出并证实了通过浮游植物获得多氯联苯命运的新途径和绿色生物吸附概念。在机械收集太湖盛开生物质的实践中，发现根据该理论同时非常有效地去除了氰基毒素/蓝细菌和多氯联苯。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Guerra, RS, Amaral, TF, Sousa, AS, Fonseca, I, Pichel, F, and Restivo, MT. Comparison of Jamar and Bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940, 2017-Studies that compared the agreement between Jamar and other models of dynamometers for handgrip strength (HGS) measurement have exhibited variability in the provided results. The lack of comparability between dynamometers led to the development of the Bodygrip dynamometer. This study aims to examine the reliability of the Bodygrip for HGS measurement, to compare it with the Jamar, and to explore the HGS differences between instruments considering the ergonomic effect of using the Bodygrip with 2 different handles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in free-living (n = 114, 18-89 years) and inpatient (n = 50, 65-93 years) volunteers. Nondominant HGS was tested randomly with the Jamar and Bodygrip, the latter using 2 different handles-curved and straight types. Handgrip strength was obtained for each participant under the same conditions. Each individual performed 2 HGS measurements with each dynamometer, and the maximum HGS value was considered for dynamometers comparison. Differences in the maximum HGS value between the 2 devices (Jamar-Bodygrip), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland and Altman plots, and limits of agreement were obtained. Correlation between the highest HGS measurement obtained for the nondominant hand with the Jamar and with the Bodygrip using each handle was excellent (ICCs: 0.93-0.95). Mean differences of -0.5 (limits of agreement: -4.6; 3.5) kgf with the curved handle and of 1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf with the straight handle for the free-living participants were obtained, whereas for inpatients these values were -1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf and 2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf, respectively, for the curved and straight handles. The Bodygrip is comparable to the Jamar in free-living adults and in hospitalized older adults, exhibiting excellent interinstrument reliability. The Bodygrip with the curved handle produces results closer to the Jamar when compared with Bodygrip with the straight handle, which emphasizes the importance of grip handle ergonomics to measurement reliability.

背景与目标： : Guerra，RS，Amaral，TF，Sousa，AS，Fonseca，I，Pichel，F和Restivo，MT。Jamar和Bodygrip测力计用于手握强度测量的比较。J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940，2017-比较Jamar和其他模型的测力计之间的一致性的研究在提供的结果中显示出可变性。测功机之间缺乏可比性导致了Bodygrip测功机的发展。本研究旨在检验用于HGS测量的人体握把的可靠性，并将其与Jamar进行比较，并考虑到使用具有2种不同手柄的人体工程学效果，探讨仪器之间的HGS差异。在自由生活 (n = 114，18-89岁) 和住院 (n = 50，65-93岁) 志愿者中进行了横断面研究。使用Jamar和Bodygrip随机测试非显性HGS，后者使用2种不同的手柄-弯曲和笔直类型。在相同条件下为每个参与者获得了握力。每个人使用每个测力计进行2次HGS测量，并考虑最大HGS值进行测力计比较。获得了2个设备 (Jamar-Bodygrip) 之间的最大HGS值差异，类内相关系数 (ICCs)，平淡和Altman图以及一致性极限。使用Jamar和非优势手和使用每个手柄的身体握把获得的最高HGS测量值之间的相关性非常好 (ICCs: 0.93-0.95)。获得了自由生活参与者的-0.5 (协议限制: -4.6; 3.5) kgf与弯曲手柄的1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf与直手柄的平均差异，而对于住院患者，这些值为-1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf和2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf分别用于弯曲和直柄。在自由生活的成年人和住院的老年人中，Bodygrip与Jamar相当，具有出色的器械间可靠性。与直柄的身体握把相比，弯曲手柄的身体握把产生更接近Jamar的结果，这强调了握把手柄人体工程学对测量可靠性的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: INTRODUCTION:Ovariectomy (OVX) results in bone loss caused by increased bone resorption. RANKL is an essential mediator of bone resorption. We examined whether the RANKL inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) would preserve bone volume, density, and strength in OVX rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Rats were OVX or sham-operated at 3 mo of age. Sham controls were treated for 6 wk with vehicle (Veh, PBS). OVX rats were treated with Veh or human OPG-Fc (10 mg/kg, 2/wk). Serum RANKL and TRACP5b was measured by ELISA. BMD of lumbar vertebrae (L(1)-L(5)) and distal femur was measured by DXA. Right distal femurs were processed for bone histomorphometry. Left femurs and the fifth lumbar vertebra (L(5)) were analyzed by muCT and biomechanical testing, and L(6) was analyzed for ash weight. RESULTS:OVX was associated with significantly greater serum RANKL and osteoclast surface and with reduced areal and volumetric BMD. OPG markedly reduced osteoclast surface and serum TRACP5b while completely preventing OVX-associated bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae, distal femur, and femur neck. Vertebrae from OPG-treated rats had increased dry and ash weight, with no significant differences in tissue mineralization versus OVX controls. muCT showed that trabecular compartments in OVX-OPG rats had significantly greater bone volume fraction, vBMD, bone area, trabecular thickness, and number, whereas their cortical compartments had significantly greater bone area (p < 0.05 versus OVX-Veh). OPG improved cortical area in L(5) and the femur neck to levels that were significantly greater than OVX or sham controls (p < 0.05). Biomechanical testing of L(5) and femur necks showed significantly greater maximum load values in the OVX-OPG group (p < 0.05 versus OVX-Veh). Bone strength at both sites was linearly correlated with total bone area (r(2) = 0.54-0.74, p < 0.0001), which was also significantly increased by OPG (p < 0.05 versus OVX). CONCLUSIONS:OPG treatment prevented bone loss, preserved trabecular architecture, and increased cortical area and bone strength in OVX rats.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A study was carried out on shoulder muscle strength using an isokinetic dynamometer device, and normal parameters were established on 20 men and 20 women for a total of 80 shoulders. This population consisted of fit, athletic individuals with a mean age of 26·65 years and 25·35 years for the women and men; respectively. Peak torque, angle of peak torque, and arc of maximum strength (= peak±2 N m) were measured. Emphasis was placed on the arc of maximum strength in that it may reflect a more functional measurement than the single angle value for peak torque. For all movements women were approximately 50% as strong as men. There were no significant differences between the means for dominant versus non-dominant arms. The strongest muscle group was the adductors, with a mean peak torque of 28·8 N m for women and 48·-0 N m for men. With 48 N m internal and external rotation, women had a significantly greater range of motion than men but the peak torques remained around the neutral position.

背景与目标： : 使用等速测力计设备对肩部肌肉力量进行了研究，并在20名男性和20名女性中建立了正常参数，总共80个肩膀。该人群由健康的运动个体组成，男女平均年龄分别为26·65岁和25·35岁; 分别。测量了峰值扭矩，峰值扭矩的角度和最大强度的弧度 (= 峰值 ± 2 N m)。重点放在最大强度的弧上，因为它可能比峰值扭矩的单角度值反映出更多功能的测量。在所有运动中，女性大约50% 男性一样强壮。优势臂和非优势臂的手段之间没有显着差异。最强的肌肉群是内收肌，女性的平均峰值扭矩为28·8 N m，男性为48·-0 N m。在48 N m的内部和外部旋转下，女性的运动范围明显大于男性，但峰值扭矩仍保持在中立位置附近。