BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recently, 65-kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65) antibodies (GADA) have been introduced as autoimmune markers in blood to confirm the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study, to evaluate two new assays that use 125I-labeled GAD 65, we assayed samples from 100 children with recent onset of diabetes and 100 control children, the results were compared with those of a [35S]GADA assay and with results for islet cell antibodies (ICA), the conventional autoimmune marker. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed one of the new assays (from RSR) to be more sensitive (P = 0.01) than the comparison ([35S]GADA) assay, whereas the second new assay (from Elias) was less sensitive (P < 0.001). The GADA frequency at 97.5% specificity was greatest in the comparison assay63 of 100 vs 41 of 100 (P < 0.01) and 53 of 100 (P = 0.16) in the RSR and Elias assays, respectively. Almost all GADA-positive patients had ICA, but one-third of the ICA-positive patients was GADA-negative. Accordingly, adding GADA analysis results to ICA testing increased the frequency of detection of autoimmune markers only slightly (from 81% to 85%). In conclusion, at 97.5% specificity the [35S]GADA assay seemed to be more efficient than the 125I assays, although the difference was significant only for the Elias 125I assay. Antigen-specific antibodies other than GADA may explain the difference in GADA and ICA frequencies.

背景与目标： 最近，已将65 kDa谷氨酸脱羧酶 (GAD 65) 抗体 (GADA) 作为血液中的自身免疫标记物引入，以确认胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (IDDM) 的诊断。在这项研究中，为了评估使用125i标记的GAD 65的两种新检测方法，我们分析了100名近期糖尿病发作儿童和100对照儿童的样本，将结果与 [35S]GADA分析的结果进行了比较，并与胰岛细胞抗体 (ICA) 的结果进行了比较，传统的自身免疫标记。受试者工作特征 (ROC) 曲线分析显示，新的检测方法之一 (来自RSR) 比比较 ([35S]GADA) 检测方法更敏感 (P = 0.01)，而第二个新的分析 (来自Elias) 敏感性较低 (P <0.001)。在RSR和Elias分析中，100的63与100的41 (P < 0.01) 和100的53 (P = 0.16) 的比较分析中，GADA频率在97.5% 特异性最高。分别。几乎所有GADA阳性患者都有ICA，但3分之1 ICA阳性患者为GADA阴性。因此，将GADA分析结果添加到ICA测试中仅略微增加了自身免疫标志物的检测频率 (从81% 到85%)。总之，在97.5% 特异性下，[35S]GADA分析似乎比125I分析更有效，尽管差异仅在Elias 125I分析中是显着的。除GADA以外的抗原特异性抗体可以解释GADA和ICA频率的差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The Z-Scan (ZS) technique in the thermal regime has been used to measure the nonlinear optical response of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The ZS technique is carried out in LDL from 40 patients with chronic periodontitis before and after three, six, and 12 months of periodontal treatment. Clinical parameters such as probing depths, bleeding on probing, total and differential white blood cells counts, lipid profiles, cytokine levels, and antibodies against oxidized LDL are also determined and compared over time. Before the treatment, the ZS experimental results reveal that the LDL particles of these patients are heavily modified. Only after 12 months of the periodontal treatment, the ZS results obtained reveal behavioral characteristics of healthy particles. This conclusion is also supported by complementary laboratorial analysis showing that the periodontal treatment induces systemic changes in several inflammatory markers.

背景与目标： : 热状态下的Z扫描 (ZS) 技术已用于测量低密度脂蛋白 (LDL) 的非线性光学响应。ZS技术是在牙周治疗3、6和12个月之前和之后对40例慢性牙周炎患者的LDL进行的。还可以确定临床参数，例如探测深度，探测出血，白细胞总数和差异计数，脂质分布，细胞因子水平以及针对氧化LDL的抗体，并随时间进行比较。治疗前，ZS实验结果表明，这些患者的LDL颗粒已被严重修饰。仅在牙周治疗12个月后，获得的ZS结果才显示出健康颗粒的行为特征。该结论也得到补充实验室分析的支持，该分析表明牙周治疗可引起几种炎症标志物的全身变化。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An environmental survey was conducted regarding substance abuse recovery supports and services (RSS) delivered across California, where these services are offered, and by whom. Inquiries were made regarding RSS measurement efforts, funding mechanisms, and technical assistance needs. A survey was disseminated to all 57 administrators of county alcohol and other drug or behavioral departments. Results indicate that 62% (23 of 37) of responding counties offer RSS. Overall, certified addiction counselors (CACs) were the staff most utilized to provide RSS, followed by peers, clinicians, and volunteers. Among recovery-community organizations (RCOs), peers, volunteers, and CACs were the most utilized staff. Sober living homes were the most prevalent type of RCO, followed by recovery centers, faith-based/recovery ministries, and recovery schools. Forty-five percent of counties reported funding RSS; 37.8% collect data. RSS may provide valuable support services for individuals recovering from alcohol/drug use; however, the field must further define RSS and develop measurement strategies to justify RSS funding.

背景与目标： : 对在加利福尼亚州提供的药物滥用回收支持和服务 (RSS) 进行了环境调查，这些服务的提供地点以及由谁提供。询问了RSS衡量工作、筹资机制和技术援助需求。向县酒精和其他毒品或行为部门的所有57名管理人员分发了一项调查。结果表明，62% (37个中的23个) 响应县提供RSS。总体而言，认证成瘾咨询师 (cac) 是最常用于提供RSS的人员，其次是同行，临床医生和志愿者。在恢复社区组织 (rco) 中，同行，志愿者和cac是使用最多的人员。清醒的住所是最普遍的RCO类型，其次是恢复中心，基于信仰的/恢复部门和恢复学校。5% 的县报告资助RSS; 37.8% 收集数据。RSS可以为从酒精/毒品使用中恢复过来的个人提供有价值的支持服务; 但是，该领域必须进一步定义RSS并制定衡量策略以证明RSS资金的合理性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A brief 21-item symptom rating scale, the Psychiatric Outpatient Rating Scale (PORS), was developed for use in outpatient clinics. On the basis of its initial use with 86 patients, it was shown to have high internal and interjudge reliability and evidence of concurrent and construct validity. Scores on the PORS correlated significantly with the Global Assessment Scale and with the number of sessions of psychotherapy. For a subsample of 45 patients rated on the PORS at the beginning and termination of psychotherapy, seven symptoms revealed highly significant improvement. The PORS appears to be a potentially useful measure of change in outpatient clinics.

背景与目标： : 开发了一个简短的21项症状评定量表，即精神科门诊评定量表 (PORS)，用于门诊。根据86例患者的首次使用，它被证明具有较高的内部和中间信度以及并发和结构效度的证据。PORS的得分与全球评估量表和心理治疗次数显着相关。对于在心理治疗开始和终止时对PORS进行评分的45名患者的子样本，有7种症状显示出显着改善。PORS似乎是衡量门诊诊所变化的潜在有用指标。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Recent evidence suggests that between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions may have important health consequences in adults. The early life development of between-individual variation in posture and posture transitions has not been studied, and the physiological consequences of such variations in childhood are unknown, largely because of the absence of objective methods for measuring posture and posture transitions in young children. This study aimed to examine the objective measurement of posture transitions in pre-school children with the activPAL™ monitor (PAL Technologies, Glasgow). Single-unit activity monitors such as the activPAL™ have a limited output, with data categorized as 'sit/lie', 'stand' or 'walk' and the consequences of this for measurement of posture transitions in young children are unknown. Thirty children (mean age 4.1 years) were videoed for 1 h in nursery while wearing an activPAL™. Video was analysed on a second-by-second basis, with all postures categorized. From direct observation, time spent was sit/lie 46%; stand 35%; walk/run 16%; 3% was spent in heterogeneous non-sit/lie/upright postures (crawl, crouch, and kneel up). Despite these 'non-standard' postures being responsible for a low proportion of time, posture transitions involving them contributed to 34% of total transitions. There was a significant rank-order correlation (r = 0.79, p < 0.0001) between the number of posture transitions measured by activPAL™ and by direct observation. 'Non-standard' postures in young children are probably not a problem if the aim is to measure total time sedentary or active, and the activPAL™ may measure between-individual variation in transitions adequately in young children. However, non-standard postures may present problems for the detailed characterization of posture transitions in early childhood.

背景与目标： : 最近的证据表明，姿势和姿势转换的个体间差异可能对成年人的健康产生重要影响。尚未研究姿势和姿势转换的个体间变化的早期生活发展，并且这种变化在儿童时期的生理后果尚不清楚，这主要是因为缺乏客观的方法来测量幼儿的姿势和姿势转换。这项研究旨在检查activPAL学龄前儿童姿势转变的客观测量™监视器 (格拉斯哥PAL Technologies)。单单元活动监视器，如activPAL™输出有限，数据分类为 “坐/坐”，“站立” 或 “步行”，其对测量幼儿姿势转变的后果尚不清楚。30名儿童 (平均年龄4.1岁) 在托儿所观看了1小时的视频，同时穿着activPAL™。对视频进行了逐秒分析，并对所有姿势进行了分类。从直接观察来看，花费的时间是坐/躺46%; 站立35%; 步行/跑步16%; 3% 是在异质的非坐/躺/直立姿势 (爬行，蹲下和跪下) 中度过的。尽管这些 “非标准” 姿势负责低比例的时间，但涉及它们的姿势转变有助于34% 总转变。activPAL测量的姿势转换次数之间存在显着的顺序相关性 (r = 0.79，p <0.0001)™通过直接观察。如果目的是测量久坐或活动的总时间，那么幼儿的 “非标准” 姿势可能不是问题，而activPAL™可以充分衡量幼儿过渡中的个体间差异。但是，非标准姿势可能会为儿童早期姿势转变的详细表征带来问题。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:The aim of this study was to assess the measurement properties of the 5-level classification system of the EQ-5D (5L), in comparison with the 3-level EQ-5D (3L). METHODS:Participants (n = 3,919) from six countries, including eight patient groups with chronic conditions (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, depression, diabetes, liver disease, personality disorders, arthritis, and stroke) and a student cohort, completed the 3L and 5L and, for most participants, also dimension-specific rating scales. The 3L and 5L were compared in terms of feasibility (missing values), redistribution properties, ceiling, discriminatory power, convergent validity, and known-groups validity. RESULTS:Missing values were on average 0.8% for 5L and 1.3% for 3L. In total, 2.9% of responses were inconsistent between 5L and 3L. Redistribution from 3L to 5L using EQ dimension-specific rating scales as reference was validated for all 35 3L-5L-level combinations. For 5L, 683 unique health states were observed versus 124 for 3L. The ceiling was reduced from 20.2% (3L) to 16.0% (5L). Absolute discriminatory power (Shannon index) improved considerably with 5L (mean 1.87 for 5L versus 1.24 for 3L), and relative discriminatory power (Shannon Evenness index) improved slightly (mean 0.81 for 5L versus 0.78 for 3L). Convergent validity with WHO-5 was demonstrated and improved slightly with 5L. Known-groups validity was confirmed for both 5L and 3L. CONCLUSIONS:The EQ-5D-5L appears to be a valid extension of the 3-level system which improves upon the measurement properties, reducing the ceiling while improving discriminatory power and establishing convergent and known-groups validity.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:To develop a simple and accurate method for quantifying 8-isoprostane in plasma by employing a combination of two-step solid-phase extraction of samples and a commercially available ELISA kit, and by this method to examine the effects of drinking and smoking habits against the levels of plasma 8-isoprostane in healthy Japanese volunteers. METHODS:Plasma 8-isoprostane was extracted with ODS gel suspension followed by NH(2) Sep-Pak column. The 8-isoprostane fractions were assayed using a commercially available ELISA kit. We measured plasma 8-isoprostane levels in 157 healthy Japanese volunteers divided into three groups (64 non-habitual drinkers, 56 moderate drinkers and 37 habitual drinkers) according to their alcohol consumption per week. Genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) were also determined to investigate the plasma 8-isoprostane levels with reference to drinking habits. In addition, the plasma 8-isoprostane levels of 96 non-smokers and 61 smokers from the same subjects were compared. RESULTS:Our method fulfilled all the requirements for use in routine clinical assays with respect to sensitivity, intra- and inter-assay reproducibility, accuracy and dynamic assay range. Significant increases of plasma 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female habitual drinkers when compared with those of non-habitual drinkers (t = 5.494, P<0.0001) as well as moderate drinkers (t = 3.542, P<0.005), and 8-isoprostane levels were also significantly different between ALDH2*2/1 and ALDH2*1/1 in the female habitual drinkers (t = 6.930, P<0.0001), suggesting that excessive drinking of alcohol may increase oxidization stress, especially in females. On the contrary, no significant difference of the plasma 8-isoprostane levels was observed between non-smokers and smokers. CONCLUSION:Our present method was proved to be a simple and accurate tool for measuring plasma 8-isoprostane. However, the clinical utility of plasma 8-isoprostane for drinking and smoking habits was limited since elevated 8-isoprostane levels were observed in female heavy drinkers, and no association was found between smokers and nonsmokers.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Systemic infection induces an increase in plasma cortisol which accords approximately with illness severity. However, both basal and synthetic ACTH stimulated cortisol levels are not strong predictors of mortality. Moreover, plasma cortisol levels do not readily define those patients who have been clinically observed to respond, with respect to blood pressure elevation, to exogenous hydrocortisone. It is likely that free cortisol, accounting for 6-20% of circulating total (bound plus free) cortisol has most of the life-saving effects on circulation and metabolism in severe sepsis, as corticosteroid-binding globulin bound and albumin-bound cortisol have reduced access to tissues. In addition, sepsis reduces CBG and albumin levels, hence blunting the effect of increasing illness severity on total cortisol. Our recent studies suggest that free cortisol correlates more closely to sepsis severity than total cortisol and that free cortisol levels can be estimated using the plasma CBG and total cortisol, obviating the need for direct free cortisol measurement. Studies directed at determining if free cortisol is a better guide than total cortisol to the need for hydrocortisone supplementation may be of value.

背景与目标： : 全身感染导致血浆皮质醇增加，这与疾病的严重程度大致相符。然而，基础和合成ACTH刺激的皮质醇水平都不是死亡率的有力预测指标。此外，血浆皮质醇水平不能轻易定义那些在临床上观察到对血压升高有反应的患者，这些患者对外源性氢化可的松有反应。游离皮质醇 (占循环总 (结合加游离) 皮质醇的6-20%) 可能对严重败血症的循环和代谢具有大部分挽救生命的作用，因为皮质类固醇结合球蛋白结合和白蛋白结合皮质醇减少了进入组织的机会。此外，败血症降低了CBG和白蛋白水平，从而削弱了疾病严重程度增加对总皮质醇的影响。我们最近的研究表明，游离皮质醇与败血症严重程度的关系比总皮质醇更密切，并且可以使用血浆CBG和总皮质醇估算游离皮质醇水平，从而无需直接测量游离皮质醇。旨在确定游离皮质醇是否比总皮质醇更好地指导氢化可的松补充剂的研究可能是有价值的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A descriptive cadaveric study incorporating a novel nerve root marking technique. OBJECTIVES:To describe the displacement and strain of the lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess during straight leg raise (SLR) without disrupting the foraminal ligaments. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Previous studies document 2 to 8 mm of lumbosacral nerve root displacement during SLR. Prior dissection methods incorporated laminectomy and facetectomy. METHODS:Lower limbs and associated nerve roots of 5 unembalmed cadavers (n = 10) were studied. Metal markers were inserted intraneurally within the lateral recess of L4, L5, and S1 with a modified spinal needle. Fluoroscopic images were digitized to evaluate displacement and strain during SLR. RESULTS:The lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess moved less and experienced less strain during SLR than described in previously published reports. Statistically significant distal displacement occurred at hip positions greater than 60 degrees of flexion at all nerve root levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:The lumbosacral nerve roots (L4, L5, S1) moved less and underwent less strain during SLR testing than previously reported and may require hip motion greater than 60 degrees to produce substantive displacement in the lateral recess. Additional research is needed to examine the effects of prepositioning during SLR.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring type I collagen degradation products in serum (S-ELISA) was developed. The assay uses a high affinity polyclonal antibody which reacts with an isomerized form of an 8 amino acid sequence of the C-telopeptides of type I collagen (EKAHD-beta-GGR). Cross-reactivity to a nonisomerized synthetic peptide form of the 8 amino acid sequence is less than 0.2%. Values obtained in a group of premenopausal women (age, 33.3 +/- 3.11 years) were 69 +/- 24 ng/ml(n = 22). In a group of early postmenopausal women (age, 51.8 +/- 1.88 years) values obtained were 125 +/- 43 ng/ml (n = 46), which represents an increase of 81% (p < 0.001). Values found in untreated patients with Paget's disease were 234 +/- 95 ng/ml (n = 15), and for primary hyperparathyroidism we found 335 +/- 82 ng/ml (n = 10). Intravenous administration of a bisphosphonate (Pamidronate) to Paget's disease patients for 3 days was reflected in the S-ELISA by a decrease in the values of 55% when compared with values before treatment (n = 15). Following treatment with another bisphosphonate (Alendronate) for 6 months, values were decreased to 48 +/- 19 ng/ml (n = 12), which corresponds to a 62% decrease. Clinical results presented in this context support that the assay is a sensitive and specific index of bone resorption. It may, therefore, prove useful in the follow up of treatment of patients with metabolic bone diseases and in the clinical investigation of osteoporosis.

背景与目标： 开发了一种用于测量血清中I型胶原蛋白降解产物的酶联免疫吸附测定法 (S-ELISA)。该测定使用高亲和力多克隆抗体，该抗体与I型胶原蛋白 (EKAHD-β-GGR) 的C-端肽的8个氨基酸序列的异构化形式反应。对8个氨基酸序列的非异构化合成肽形式的交叉反应性小于0.2%。在一组绝经前妇女 (年龄，33.3 +/- 3.11岁) 中获得的值为69 +/- 24 ng/ml(n = 22)。在一组绝经后早期妇女 (年龄，51.8 +/- 1.88岁) 中，获得的值为125 +/- 43 ng/ml (n = 46)，这表示增加了81% (p <0.001)。在未经治疗的Paget病患者中发现的值为234/- 95 ng/ml (n = 15)，对于原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进，我们发现335/- 82 ng/ml (n = 10)。与治疗前的值相比 (n = 15)，在S-ELISA中反映了将双膦酸盐 (帕米膦酸盐) 静脉给药至Paget病患者3天的55% 值降低。用另一种双膦酸盐 (阿仑膦酸盐) 治疗6个月后，值降低至48 +/- 19 ng/ml (n = 12)，这对应于62% 降低。在这种情况下提出的临床结果支持该测定是骨吸收的敏感且特异性的指标。因此，它可能对代谢性骨病患者的治疗随访和骨质疏松症的临床研究有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurate measurement of physical activity patterns can be used to identify sedentary behaviour and may facilitate interventions aimed at reducing inactivity. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the activPAL physical activity monitor as a measure of posture and motion in everyday activities using observational analysis as the criterion standard. METHODS:Wearing three activPAL monitors, 10 healthy participants performed a range of randomly assigned everyday tasks incorporating walking, standing and sitting. Each trial was captured on a digital camera and the recordings were synchronised with the activPAL. The time spent in different postures was visually classified and this was compared with the activPAL output. RESULTS:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1) for interdevice reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.99. Using the Bland and Altman method, the mean percentage difference between the activPAL monitor and observation for total time spent sitting was 0.19% (limits of agreement -0.68% to 1.06%) and for total time spent upright was -0.27% (limits of agreement -1.38% to 0.84%). The mean difference for total time spent standing was 1.4% (limits of agreement -6.2% to 9.1%) and for total time spent walking was -2.0% (limits of agreement -16.1% to 12.1%). A second-by-second analysis between observer and monitor found an overall agreement of 95.9%. CONCLUSION:The activPAL activity monitor is a valid and reliable measure of posture and motion during everyday physical activities.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:This study assessed whether the poor correlation between HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for dysglycaemia diagnosis may be explained by haemoglobin glycation (HbG). METHODS:A total of 1033 consecutive overweight or obese patients with no known diabetes underwent OGTT and measurement of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes and dysglycaemia (American Diabetes Association criteria). For each OGTT result category, low, medium and high HbG was defined according to the mean HbA1c/fructosamine ratio and mean fructosamine. High HbG was defined as values greater than mean values in each OGTT category for both HbA1c/fructosamine ratio and fructosamine levels, and low HbG was defined as lower values of both. The remaining patients were considered medium HbG. RESULTS:Based on OGTT and HbA1c values, 267 (25.8%) and 443 (42.8%) patients had intermediate hyperglycaemia, and 66 (6.4%) and 95 (9.2%) patients had diabetes, respectively. The results were discordant for intermediate hyperglycaemia or diabetes diagnosis in 41.7% and for diabetes diagnosis in 10.0% of the patients. The proportion of patients with HbA1c≥6.5%, but without OGTT-diagnosed diabetes, was 0%, 3.8% and 32.8% in the low-HbG, medium-HbG and high-HbG groups, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of patients with HbA1c<5.7%, but with an abnormal OGTT, was 30.4%, 11.1% and 0%, respectively. The AUROC of HbA1c to detect OGTT-diagnosed diabetes was better in the medium-HbG group [0.874 (0.816-0.931)] than in those with low or high HbG [0.628 (0.489-0.768); P<0.01]. Only age was independently associated with high-HbG status [10-year OR: 1.3 (1.1-1.5); P<0.0001]. CONCLUSION:Haemoglobin glycation may explain many of the discordant results between HbA1c and OGTT when used for dysglycaemia diagnosis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Guerra, RS, Amaral, TF, Sousa, AS, Fonseca, I, Pichel, F, and Restivo, MT. Comparison of Jamar and Bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940, 2017-Studies that compared the agreement between Jamar and other models of dynamometers for handgrip strength (HGS) measurement have exhibited variability in the provided results. The lack of comparability between dynamometers led to the development of the Bodygrip dynamometer. This study aims to examine the reliability of the Bodygrip for HGS measurement, to compare it with the Jamar, and to explore the HGS differences between instruments considering the ergonomic effect of using the Bodygrip with 2 different handles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in free-living (n = 114, 18-89 years) and inpatient (n = 50, 65-93 years) volunteers. Nondominant HGS was tested randomly with the Jamar and Bodygrip, the latter using 2 different handles-curved and straight types. Handgrip strength was obtained for each participant under the same conditions. Each individual performed 2 HGS measurements with each dynamometer, and the maximum HGS value was considered for dynamometers comparison. Differences in the maximum HGS value between the 2 devices (Jamar-Bodygrip), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland and Altman plots, and limits of agreement were obtained. Correlation between the highest HGS measurement obtained for the nondominant hand with the Jamar and with the Bodygrip using each handle was excellent (ICCs: 0.93-0.95). Mean differences of -0.5 (limits of agreement: -4.6; 3.5) kgf with the curved handle and of 1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf with the straight handle for the free-living participants were obtained, whereas for inpatients these values were -1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf and 2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf, respectively, for the curved and straight handles. The Bodygrip is comparable to the Jamar in free-living adults and in hospitalized older adults, exhibiting excellent interinstrument reliability. The Bodygrip with the curved handle produces results closer to the Jamar when compared with Bodygrip with the straight handle, which emphasizes the importance of grip handle ergonomics to measurement reliability.

背景与目标： : Guerra，RS，Amaral，TF，Sousa，AS，Fonseca，I，Pichel，F和Restivo，MT。Jamar和Bodygrip测力计用于手握强度测量的比较。J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940，2017-比较Jamar和其他模型的测力计之间的一致性的研究在提供的结果中显示出可变性。测功机之间缺乏可比性导致了Bodygrip测功机的发展。本研究旨在检验用于HGS测量的人体握把的可靠性，并将其与Jamar进行比较，并考虑到使用具有2种不同手柄的人体工程学效果，探讨仪器之间的HGS差异。在自由生活 (n = 114，18-89岁) 和住院 (n = 50，65-93岁) 志愿者中进行了横断面研究。使用Jamar和Bodygrip随机测试非显性HGS，后者使用2种不同的手柄-弯曲和笔直类型。在相同条件下为每个参与者获得了握力。每个人使用每个测力计进行2次HGS测量，并考虑最大HGS值进行测力计比较。获得了2个设备 (Jamar-Bodygrip) 之间的最大HGS值差异，类内相关系数 (ICCs)，平淡和Altman图以及一致性极限。使用Jamar和非优势手和使用每个手柄的身体握把获得的最高HGS测量值之间的相关性非常好 (ICCs: 0.93-0.95)。获得了自由生活参与者的-0.5 (协议限制: -4.6; 3.5) kgf与弯曲手柄的1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf与直手柄的平均差异，而对于住院患者，这些值为-1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf和2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf分别用于弯曲和直柄。在自由生活的成年人和住院的老年人中，Bodygrip与Jamar相当，具有出色的器械间可靠性。与直柄的身体握把相比，弯曲手柄的身体握把产生更接近Jamar的结果，这强调了握把手柄人体工程学对测量可靠性的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Material properties play a significant role in pharmaceutical processing. In the present study, a novel approach is used to determine solid fraction (SF) based on a direct measurement (DM) of the apparent volume of a sample. The sample was scanned with low intensity laser beams that integrate the sample thickness across the surface (area) and quantitate the apparent volume. The SF by DM method was compared against that obtained by volume displacement (VD) and manual measurement methods. SF was determined by all three methods for formulations of Avicel DG, lactose and a 1:1 mixture of the two. The results from DM method and variability were comparable to that obtained by VD method. The manual method provided lower and more variable results. The DM method was able to differentiate between SF of different ribbon and tablet formulations and at varying force levels. Tracking SF of compacts during tablet development can help in setting acceptable specifications and to understand material deformation behavior during compression. Further, the results of the study indicate that the DM method using laser scan technique was suitable for routine testing of SF of roller compacted ribbons and compressed tablets.

背景与目标： : 材料特性在药物加工中起着重要作用。在本研究中，一种新颖的方法用于基于样品表观体积的直接测量 (DM) 来确定固体分数 (SF)。用低强度激光束扫描样品，该激光束整合了整个表面 (区域) 的样品厚度并定量了表观体积。将DM方法的SF与通过体积位移 (VD) 和手动测量方法获得的SF进行了比较。SF通过所有三种方法测定Avicel DG，乳糖和两者的1:1混合物的配方。DM方法和变异性的结果与VD方法的结果相当。手动方法提供了更低和更可变的结果。DM方法能够区分不同色带和片剂配方的SF以及不同的力水平。在平板电脑开发过程中跟踪压坯的SF可以帮助设置可接受的规格并了解压缩过程中的材料变形行为。此外，研究结果表明，使用激光扫描技术的DM方法适用于常规测试辊压带和压片的SF。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mitochondrial swelling is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction, and is an indicator of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We introduce here a novel quantitative in situ single-cell assay of mitochondrial swelling based on standard wide-field or confocal fluorescence microscopy. This morphometric technique quantifies the relative diameter of mitochondria labeled by targeted fluorescent proteins. Fluorescence micrographs are spatial bandpass filtered transmitting either high or low spatial frequencies. Mitochondrial swelling is measured by the fluorescence intensity ratio of the high- to low-frequency filtered copy of the same image. We have termed this fraction the "thinness ratio". The filters are designed by numeric optimization for sensitivity. We characterized the thinness ratio technique by modeling microscopic image formation and by experimentation in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes. The frequency domain image processing endows robustness and subresolution sensitivity to the thinness ratio technique, overcoming the limitations of shape measurement approaches. The thinness ratio proved to be highly sensitive to mitochondrial swelling, but insensitive to fission or fusion of mitochondria. We found that in situ astrocytic mitochondria swell upon short-term uncoupling or inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, whereas such responses are absent in cultured cortical neurons.

背景与目标： 线粒体肿胀是线粒体功能障碍的标志，是线粒体通透性转换孔开放的指标。我们在这里介绍了一种基于标准宽视野或共聚焦荧光显微镜的线粒体肿胀的新型定量原位单细胞测定法。这种形态计量学技术量化了靶向荧光蛋白标记的线粒体的相对直径。荧光显微照片是经过空间带通过滤的，可传输高或低空间频率。线粒体肿胀是通过同一图像的高低频滤波副本的荧光强度比来测量的。我们将此分数称为 “薄度比”。过滤器是通过灵敏度的数值优化设计的。我们通过建模显微图像形成以及在培养的皮质神经元和星形胶质细胞中进行实验来表征薄度比技术。频域图像处理赋予了瘦比技术的鲁棒性和亚分辨率灵敏度，克服了形状测量方法的局限性。薄度比被证明对线粒体肿胀高度敏感，但对线粒体的裂变或融合不敏感。我们发现，在短期解偶联或抑制氧化磷酸化后，原位星形细胞线粒体会膨胀，而在培养的皮质神经元中却没有这种反应。