BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Systemic infection induces an increase in plasma cortisol which accords approximately with illness severity. However, both basal and synthetic ACTH stimulated cortisol levels are not strong predictors of mortality. Moreover, plasma cortisol levels do not readily define those patients who have been clinically observed to respond, with respect to blood pressure elevation, to exogenous hydrocortisone. It is likely that free cortisol, accounting for 6-20% of circulating total (bound plus free) cortisol has most of the life-saving effects on circulation and metabolism in severe sepsis, as corticosteroid-binding globulin bound and albumin-bound cortisol have reduced access to tissues. In addition, sepsis reduces CBG and albumin levels, hence blunting the effect of increasing illness severity on total cortisol. Our recent studies suggest that free cortisol correlates more closely to sepsis severity than total cortisol and that free cortisol levels can be estimated using the plasma CBG and total cortisol, obviating the need for direct free cortisol measurement. Studies directed at determining if free cortisol is a better guide than total cortisol to the need for hydrocortisone supplementation may be of value.

背景与目标： : 全身感染导致血浆皮质醇增加，这与疾病的严重程度大致相符。然而，基础和合成ACTH刺激的皮质醇水平都不是死亡率的有力预测指标。此外，血浆皮质醇水平不能轻易定义那些在临床上观察到对血压升高有反应的患者，这些患者对外源性氢化可的松有反应。游离皮质醇 (占循环总 (结合加游离) 皮质醇的6-20%) 可能对严重败血症的循环和代谢具有大部分挽救生命的作用，因为皮质类固醇结合球蛋白结合和白蛋白结合皮质醇减少了进入组织的机会。此外，败血症降低了CBG和白蛋白水平，从而削弱了疾病严重程度增加对总皮质醇的影响。我们最近的研究表明，游离皮质醇与败血症严重程度的关系比总皮质醇更密切，并且可以使用血浆CBG和总皮质醇估算游离皮质醇水平，从而无需直接测量游离皮质醇。旨在确定游离皮质醇是否比总皮质醇更好地指导氢化可的松补充剂的研究可能是有价值的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: STUDY DESIGN:A descriptive cadaveric study incorporating a novel nerve root marking technique. OBJECTIVES:To describe the displacement and strain of the lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess during straight leg raise (SLR) without disrupting the foraminal ligaments. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Previous studies document 2 to 8 mm of lumbosacral nerve root displacement during SLR. Prior dissection methods incorporated laminectomy and facetectomy. METHODS:Lower limbs and associated nerve roots of 5 unembalmed cadavers (n = 10) were studied. Metal markers were inserted intraneurally within the lateral recess of L4, L5, and S1 with a modified spinal needle. Fluoroscopic images were digitized to evaluate displacement and strain during SLR. RESULTS:The lumbosacral nerve roots in the lateral recess moved less and experienced less strain during SLR than described in previously published reports. Statistically significant distal displacement occurred at hip positions greater than 60 degrees of flexion at all nerve root levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:The lumbosacral nerve roots (L4, L5, S1) moved less and underwent less strain during SLR testing than previously reported and may require hip motion greater than 60 degrees to produce substantive displacement in the lateral recess. Additional research is needed to examine the effects of prepositioning during SLR.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring type I collagen degradation products in serum (S-ELISA) was developed. The assay uses a high affinity polyclonal antibody which reacts with an isomerized form of an 8 amino acid sequence of the C-telopeptides of type I collagen (EKAHD-beta-GGR). Cross-reactivity to a nonisomerized synthetic peptide form of the 8 amino acid sequence is less than 0.2%. Values obtained in a group of premenopausal women (age, 33.3 +/- 3.11 years) were 69 +/- 24 ng/ml(n = 22). In a group of early postmenopausal women (age, 51.8 +/- 1.88 years) values obtained were 125 +/- 43 ng/ml (n = 46), which represents an increase of 81% (p < 0.001). Values found in untreated patients with Paget's disease were 234 +/- 95 ng/ml (n = 15), and for primary hyperparathyroidism we found 335 +/- 82 ng/ml (n = 10). Intravenous administration of a bisphosphonate (Pamidronate) to Paget's disease patients for 3 days was reflected in the S-ELISA by a decrease in the values of 55% when compared with values before treatment (n = 15). Following treatment with another bisphosphonate (Alendronate) for 6 months, values were decreased to 48 +/- 19 ng/ml (n = 12), which corresponds to a 62% decrease. Clinical results presented in this context support that the assay is a sensitive and specific index of bone resorption. It may, therefore, prove useful in the follow up of treatment of patients with metabolic bone diseases and in the clinical investigation of osteoporosis.

背景与目标： 开发了一种用于测量血清中I型胶原蛋白降解产物的酶联免疫吸附测定法 (S-ELISA)。该测定使用高亲和力多克隆抗体，该抗体与I型胶原蛋白 (EKAHD-β-GGR) 的C-端肽的8个氨基酸序列的异构化形式反应。对8个氨基酸序列的非异构化合成肽形式的交叉反应性小于0.2%。在一组绝经前妇女 (年龄，33.3 +/- 3.11岁) 中获得的值为69 +/- 24 ng/ml(n = 22)。在一组绝经后早期妇女 (年龄，51.8 +/- 1.88岁) 中，获得的值为125 +/- 43 ng/ml (n = 46)，这表示增加了81% (p <0.001)。在未经治疗的Paget病患者中发现的值为234/- 95 ng/ml (n = 15)，对于原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进，我们发现335/- 82 ng/ml (n = 10)。与治疗前的值相比 (n = 15)，在S-ELISA中反映了将双膦酸盐 (帕米膦酸盐) 静脉给药至Paget病患者3天的55% 值降低。用另一种双膦酸盐 (阿仑膦酸盐) 治疗6个月后，值降低至48 +/- 19 ng/ml (n = 12)，这对应于62% 降低。在这种情况下提出的临床结果支持该测定是骨吸收的敏感且特异性的指标。因此，它可能对代谢性骨病患者的治疗随访和骨质疏松症的临床研究有用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Accurate measurement of physical activity patterns can be used to identify sedentary behaviour and may facilitate interventions aimed at reducing inactivity. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the activPAL physical activity monitor as a measure of posture and motion in everyday activities using observational analysis as the criterion standard. METHODS:Wearing three activPAL monitors, 10 healthy participants performed a range of randomly assigned everyday tasks incorporating walking, standing and sitting. Each trial was captured on a digital camera and the recordings were synchronised with the activPAL. The time spent in different postures was visually classified and this was compared with the activPAL output. RESULTS:Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 2,1) for interdevice reliability ranged from 0.79 to 0.99. Using the Bland and Altman method, the mean percentage difference between the activPAL monitor and observation for total time spent sitting was 0.19% (limits of agreement -0.68% to 1.06%) and for total time spent upright was -0.27% (limits of agreement -1.38% to 0.84%). The mean difference for total time spent standing was 1.4% (limits of agreement -6.2% to 9.1%) and for total time spent walking was -2.0% (limits of agreement -16.1% to 12.1%). A second-by-second analysis between observer and monitor found an overall agreement of 95.9%. CONCLUSION:The activPAL activity monitor is a valid and reliable measure of posture and motion during everyday physical activities.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: AIM:This study assessed whether the poor correlation between HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for dysglycaemia diagnosis may be explained by haemoglobin glycation (HbG). METHODS:A total of 1033 consecutive overweight or obese patients with no known diabetes underwent OGTT and measurement of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes and dysglycaemia (American Diabetes Association criteria). For each OGTT result category, low, medium and high HbG was defined according to the mean HbA1c/fructosamine ratio and mean fructosamine. High HbG was defined as values greater than mean values in each OGTT category for both HbA1c/fructosamine ratio and fructosamine levels, and low HbG was defined as lower values of both. The remaining patients were considered medium HbG. RESULTS:Based on OGTT and HbA1c values, 267 (25.8%) and 443 (42.8%) patients had intermediate hyperglycaemia, and 66 (6.4%) and 95 (9.2%) patients had diabetes, respectively. The results were discordant for intermediate hyperglycaemia or diabetes diagnosis in 41.7% and for diabetes diagnosis in 10.0% of the patients. The proportion of patients with HbA1c≥6.5%, but without OGTT-diagnosed diabetes, was 0%, 3.8% and 32.8% in the low-HbG, medium-HbG and high-HbG groups, respectively. In contrast, the proportion of patients with HbA1c<5.7%, but with an abnormal OGTT, was 30.4%, 11.1% and 0%, respectively. The AUROC of HbA1c to detect OGTT-diagnosed diabetes was better in the medium-HbG group [0.874 (0.816-0.931)] than in those with low or high HbG [0.628 (0.489-0.768); P<0.01]. Only age was independently associated with high-HbG status [10-year OR: 1.3 (1.1-1.5); P<0.0001]. CONCLUSION:Haemoglobin glycation may explain many of the discordant results between HbA1c and OGTT when used for dysglycaemia diagnosis.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Guerra, RS, Amaral, TF, Sousa, AS, Fonseca, I, Pichel, F, and Restivo, MT. Comparison of Jamar and Bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940, 2017-Studies that compared the agreement between Jamar and other models of dynamometers for handgrip strength (HGS) measurement have exhibited variability in the provided results. The lack of comparability between dynamometers led to the development of the Bodygrip dynamometer. This study aims to examine the reliability of the Bodygrip for HGS measurement, to compare it with the Jamar, and to explore the HGS differences between instruments considering the ergonomic effect of using the Bodygrip with 2 different handles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in free-living (n = 114, 18-89 years) and inpatient (n = 50, 65-93 years) volunteers. Nondominant HGS was tested randomly with the Jamar and Bodygrip, the latter using 2 different handles-curved and straight types. Handgrip strength was obtained for each participant under the same conditions. Each individual performed 2 HGS measurements with each dynamometer, and the maximum HGS value was considered for dynamometers comparison. Differences in the maximum HGS value between the 2 devices (Jamar-Bodygrip), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland and Altman plots, and limits of agreement were obtained. Correlation between the highest HGS measurement obtained for the nondominant hand with the Jamar and with the Bodygrip using each handle was excellent (ICCs: 0.93-0.95). Mean differences of -0.5 (limits of agreement: -4.6; 3.5) kgf with the curved handle and of 1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf with the straight handle for the free-living participants were obtained, whereas for inpatients these values were -1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf and 2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf, respectively, for the curved and straight handles. The Bodygrip is comparable to the Jamar in free-living adults and in hospitalized older adults, exhibiting excellent interinstrument reliability. The Bodygrip with the curved handle produces results closer to the Jamar when compared with Bodygrip with the straight handle, which emphasizes the importance of grip handle ergonomics to measurement reliability.

背景与目标： : Guerra，RS，Amaral，TF，Sousa，AS，Fonseca，I，Pichel，F和Restivo，MT。Jamar和Bodygrip测力计用于手握强度测量的比较。J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1931-1940，2017-比较Jamar和其他模型的测力计之间的一致性的研究在提供的结果中显示出可变性。测功机之间缺乏可比性导致了Bodygrip测功机的发展。本研究旨在检验用于HGS测量的人体握把的可靠性，并将其与Jamar进行比较，并考虑到使用具有2种不同手柄的人体工程学效果，探讨仪器之间的HGS差异。在自由生活 (n = 114，18-89岁) 和住院 (n = 50，65-93岁) 志愿者中进行了横断面研究。使用Jamar和Bodygrip随机测试非显性HGS，后者使用2种不同的手柄-弯曲和笔直类型。在相同条件下为每个参与者获得了握力。每个人使用每个测力计进行2次HGS测量，并考虑最大HGS值进行测力计比较。获得了2个设备 (Jamar-Bodygrip) 之间的最大HGS值差异，类内相关系数 (ICCs)，平淡和Altman图以及一致性极限。使用Jamar和非优势手和使用每个手柄的身体握把获得的最高HGS测量值之间的相关性非常好 (ICCs: 0.93-0.95)。获得了自由生活参与者的-0.5 (协议限制: -4.6; 3.5) kgf与弯曲手柄的1.0 (-7.7; 9.7) kgf与直手柄的平均差异，而对于住院患者，这些值为-1.0 (-3.8; 1.9) kgf和2.1 (-3.3; 7.5) kgf分别用于弯曲和直柄。在自由生活的成年人和住院的老年人中，Bodygrip与Jamar相当，具有出色的器械间可靠性。与直柄的身体握把相比，弯曲手柄的身体握把产生更接近Jamar的结果，这强调了握把手柄人体工程学对测量可靠性的重要性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Material properties play a significant role in pharmaceutical processing. In the present study, a novel approach is used to determine solid fraction (SF) based on a direct measurement (DM) of the apparent volume of a sample. The sample was scanned with low intensity laser beams that integrate the sample thickness across the surface (area) and quantitate the apparent volume. The SF by DM method was compared against that obtained by volume displacement (VD) and manual measurement methods. SF was determined by all three methods for formulations of Avicel DG, lactose and a 1:1 mixture of the two. The results from DM method and variability were comparable to that obtained by VD method. The manual method provided lower and more variable results. The DM method was able to differentiate between SF of different ribbon and tablet formulations and at varying force levels. Tracking SF of compacts during tablet development can help in setting acceptable specifications and to understand material deformation behavior during compression. Further, the results of the study indicate that the DM method using laser scan technique was suitable for routine testing of SF of roller compacted ribbons and compressed tablets.

背景与目标： : 材料特性在药物加工中起着重要作用。在本研究中，一种新颖的方法用于基于样品表观体积的直接测量 (DM) 来确定固体分数 (SF)。用低强度激光束扫描样品，该激光束整合了整个表面 (区域) 的样品厚度并定量了表观体积。将DM方法的SF与通过体积位移 (VD) 和手动测量方法获得的SF进行了比较。SF通过所有三种方法测定Avicel DG，乳糖和两者的1:1混合物的配方。DM方法和变异性的结果与VD方法的结果相当。手动方法提供了更低和更可变的结果。DM方法能够区分不同色带和片剂配方的SF以及不同的力水平。在平板电脑开发过程中跟踪压坯的SF可以帮助设置可接受的规格并了解压缩过程中的材料变形行为。此外，研究结果表明，使用激光扫描技术的DM方法适用于常规测试辊压带和压片的SF。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Mitochondrial swelling is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction, and is an indicator of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We introduce here a novel quantitative in situ single-cell assay of mitochondrial swelling based on standard wide-field or confocal fluorescence microscopy. This morphometric technique quantifies the relative diameter of mitochondria labeled by targeted fluorescent proteins. Fluorescence micrographs are spatial bandpass filtered transmitting either high or low spatial frequencies. Mitochondrial swelling is measured by the fluorescence intensity ratio of the high- to low-frequency filtered copy of the same image. We have termed this fraction the "thinness ratio". The filters are designed by numeric optimization for sensitivity. We characterized the thinness ratio technique by modeling microscopic image formation and by experimentation in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes. The frequency domain image processing endows robustness and subresolution sensitivity to the thinness ratio technique, overcoming the limitations of shape measurement approaches. The thinness ratio proved to be highly sensitive to mitochondrial swelling, but insensitive to fission or fusion of mitochondria. We found that in situ astrocytic mitochondria swell upon short-term uncoupling or inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, whereas such responses are absent in cultured cortical neurons.

背景与目标： 线粒体肿胀是线粒体功能障碍的标志，是线粒体通透性转换孔开放的指标。我们在这里介绍了一种基于标准宽视野或共聚焦荧光显微镜的线粒体肿胀的新型定量原位单细胞测定法。这种形态计量学技术量化了靶向荧光蛋白标记的线粒体的相对直径。荧光显微照片是经过空间带通过滤的，可传输高或低空间频率。线粒体肿胀是通过同一图像的高低频滤波副本的荧光强度比来测量的。我们将此分数称为 “薄度比”。过滤器是通过灵敏度的数值优化设计的。我们通过建模显微图像形成以及在培养的皮质神经元和星形胶质细胞中进行实验来表征薄度比技术。频域图像处理赋予了瘦比技术的鲁棒性和亚分辨率灵敏度，克服了形状测量方法的局限性。薄度比被证明对线粒体肿胀高度敏感，但对线粒体的裂变或融合不敏感。我们发现，在短期解偶联或抑制氧化磷酸化后，原位星形细胞线粒体会膨胀，而在培养的皮质神经元中却没有这种反应。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Intra-luminal thrombus has been suggested to play a role in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, to assess the reproducibility of a computer tomography (CT)-based technique for measurement of aortic thrombus volume. Secondly, to examine the determinants of infrarenal aortic thrombus volume in a cohort of patients with aortic dilatation. A consecutive series of 75 patients assessed by CT angiography with maximum aortic diameter > or = 25 mm were recruited. Intra-luminal thrombus volume was measured by a semi-automated workstation protocol based on a previously defined technique to quantitate aortic calcification. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility were assessed using correlation coefficients, coefficient of variation and Bland-Altman plots. Infrarenal aortic thrombus volume percentage was related to clinical, anatomical and blood characteristics of the patients using univariate and multivariate tests. Infrarenal aortic thrombus volume was related to the severity of aortic dilatation assessed by total aortic volume (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001) or maximum aortic diameter (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001). We therefore examined the clinical determinates of aortic thrombus expressed as a percentage of total aortic volume. Aortic thrombus percentage was negatively correlated with serum high density lipoprotein (HDL, r = -0.31). By ordinal multiple logistic regression analysis serum HDL below median (< or = 1.2 mM: ) was associated with aortic thrombus percentage in the upper quartile adjusting for other risk factors (odds ratio 5.3, 95% CI 1.1-25.0). Infrarenal aortic thrombus volume can be measured reproducibly on CT. Serum HDL, which can be therapeutically raised, may play a role in discouraging aortic thrombus accumulation with implications in terms of delaying progression of AAA.

背景与目标： : 腔内血栓已被认为在腹主动脉瘤 (AAA) 的进展中起作用。这项研究的目的是双重的。首先，评估基于计算机断层扫描 (CT) 的主动脉血栓体积测量技术的可重复性。其次，在一组主动脉扩张患者中检查肾下主动脉血栓体积的决定因素。连续招募了75例通过CT血管造影评估的主动脉最大直径> 或 = 25毫米的患者。腔内血栓体积是通过基于先前定义的定量技术的半自动工作站协议测量的，以定量主动脉钙化。使用相关系数，变异系数和Bland-Altman图评估观察者内和观察者间的可重复性。使用单变量和多变量测试，肾下主动脉血栓体积百分比与患者的临床，解剖和血液特征有关。肾下主动脉血栓体积与主动脉总体积 (r = 0.87，P <0.0001) 或主动脉最大直径 (r = 0.74，P <0.0001) 评估的主动脉扩张严重程度有关。因此，我们检查了以总主动脉体积百分比表示的主动脉血栓的临床决定。主动脉血栓百分比与血清高密度脂蛋白 (HDL，r = -0.31) 呈负相关。通过有序多元逻辑回归分析，血清HDL低于中位数 (<或 = 1.2 mM:) 与调整其他危险因素的上四分位数的主动脉血栓百分比相关 (优势比5.3，95% CI 1.1-25.0)。可以在CT上重复测量肾下主动脉血栓体积。可以在治疗上升高的血清HDL可能在阻止主动脉血栓积聚方面发挥作用，从而延迟AAA的进展。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:Successful hemodialysis requires reliable vascular access that can deliver adequate blood flow. An arteriovenous fistula is preferred for access because of its longevity and low frequency of complications, but up to 60% of arteriovenous fistulas created surgically are never suitable for hemodialysis because of nonmaturation (insufficient vascular dilatation). Decreased arterial elasticity may impair dilatation, thereby affecting fistula maturation. This study evaluated the feasibility of brachial artery elasticity measurement in patients with chronic kidney disease obtained during routine pre-operative mapping ultrasound (US) imaging before hemodialysis access placement and compared the measurements to those obtained in healthy volunteers. METHODS:Brachial artery functional US studies were collected from 75 patients undergoing routine preoperative mapping for hemodialysis access and 50 healthy volunteers. Vascular strain was calculated from the change in intima-media thickness between end systole and end diastole, and vascular stress was estimated from the pulse pressure. Assuming a linear elastic medium, the elastic modulus was estimated as the ratio of vascular stress to strain. RESULTS:Elastic modulus measurements were significantly higher in patients than in volunteers (130 versus 100 kPa; P = .01). With combined volunteer and patient data, there was a significant correlation between elasticity and systolic blood pressure (R2 = 0.23; P < .001). Elasticity was correlated with age in volunteers but not in patients (R2 = 0.14; P = .017; R2 < .001; P = .829, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:This analysis of clinical arterial vessel biomechanics shows that a noninvasive US measurement can detect elastic modulus differences between patients with chronic kidney disease and healthy individuals. Future studies will correlate the elastic modulus with histologic characteristics and eventual arteriovenous fistula maturation, which may provide supplemental information on arterial biomechanical properties as a useful addition to current predictors of fistula success.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Cystatin C is a low-molecular-weight protein that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and catabolized after reabsorption by the proximal tubular cells in healthy subjects. Urinary cystatin C is a potential biomarker for tubular damage including acute kidney injury (AKI) in the acute phase when patients are submitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS:The aim of this study was to perform a method validation of urinary analysis of cystatin C by particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) on a high-throughput chemical analyzer. Total assay time was 10 min. The antigen excess, linearity, lower limit of quantification (LoQ), recovery, assay precision, stability, and interference caused by hemoglobin were evaluated. RESULTS:The LoQ was calculated to 0.020 mg/l with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 10%. No hook effect was observed and the assay was linear over the studied interval less than 0.020-0.950 mg/l with a regression of R² = 0.9994. The assay had a recovery between 93-100% and the assay precision had a total CV of less than 3.5%. Cystatin C was stable for 3 days in room temperature and 14 days in +4C. The assay did not show any major interference with hemoglobin at a hemoglobin concentration of 10 g/L. The reference interval for urine cystatin C was less than 0.166 mg/l. CONCLUSION:The urinary cystatin C PETIA showed good precision and performance characteristics including short test turnaround times that are necessary qualifications for a biomarker at a routine laboratory.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Eight dentists viewed standardized videotapes showing palpations of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication and recorded their judgments concerning the amount of pain the patient was experiencing. Judgments were recorded using a four-point verbal descriptor scale (VDS) ("none", "mild", "moderate", "severe" pain) or a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) anchored with the terms "no pain" and "worst pain possible". Test/re-test reliability over a one-week period and interjudge reliabilities were calculated for each scale; reliabilities of the two scales were directly compared based on the statistical equivalence of weighted kappa and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Neither scale showed satisfactory reliability. Median test/re-test reliabilities were k = 0.590 for the VDS and r = 0.822 for the VAS. Interjudge reliabilities averaged k = 0.394 for the VDS and r = 0.735 for the VAS. Direct comparison of reliabilities for the two scales showed no clear advantage for either scale. The marginal reliabilities of these scales, when used by dentists to quantify the patient's pain, suggest that neither scale should be regarded as an "objective" pain measure.

背景与目标： : 八名牙医观看了显示颞下颌关节触诊和咀嚼肌肉的标准化录像带，并记录了他们对患者疼痛程度的判断。使用四点言语描述符量表 (VDS) (“无”，“轻度”，“中度”，“严重” 疼痛) 或以术语 “无” 固定的100毫米视觉模拟量表 (VAS) 记录判断。疼痛 ”和“ 可能的最严重疼痛 ”。在一周内进行测试/重新测试的可靠性，并为每个量表计算相互判断的可靠性; 根据加权kappa的统计等效性和组内相关系数，直接比较了两个量表的可靠性。两个量表都没有显示出令人满意的可靠性。VDS的中位测试/再测试可靠性为k = 0.590，VAS的r = 0.822。对于VDS，判断间可靠性平均为k = 0.394，对于VAS，判断间可靠性平均为r = 0.735。两个量表的可靠性的直接比较显示出两个量表都没有明显的优势。当牙医使用这些量表来量化患者的疼痛时，这些量表的边际可靠性表明，这两个量表都不应被视为 “客观” 的疼痛度量。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :A specific assay for 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity is described, with a sensitivity comparable with that of radiochemical assays. It is based on measurement by g.l.c. with electron-capture detection of the pentafluorobenzyl ester of the ethyl acetoacetate pyrrole derivative of 5-aminolaevulinic acid, and of the corresponding compound from 6-amino-5-oxohexanoic acid used as internal standard. Enzyme activity has been measured in homogenates of rat liver, spleen, kidney and brain, and in human lymphocytes.

背景与目标： : 描述了对5-氨基戊酸合酶活性的特异性测定，其灵敏度与放射化学测定相当。它基于g.l.c.的测量。通过电子捕获检测5-氨基戊酸的乙酰乙酸乙酯吡咯衍生物的五氟苄基酯，以及用作内标的6-氨基-5-氧代己酸的相应化合物。已在大鼠肝脏，脾脏，肾脏和大脑的匀浆以及人淋巴细胞中测量了酶活性。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Background The professional-use systems HemoCue® Glucose 201+ (HC201+) and HemoCue® Glucose 201 RT (HC201RT) are widely used for point-of-care testing (POCT) of blood glucose (BG). HC201RT utilizes unit-use microcuvettes which can be stored at room temperature, whereas HC201+ microcuvettes have to be stored at <8 °C. In this study, system accuracy of HC201+ and HC201RT was evaluated using capillary and venous blood samples. Methods For each system, two reagent system lots were evaluated within a period of 2 years based on testing procedures of ISO 15197:2013, a standard applicable for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) systems. For each reagent system lot, the investigation was performed by using 100 capillary and 95 to 99 venous blood samples. Comparison measurements were performed with a hexokinase laboratory method. Accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2013 and POCT12-A3 were applied. In addition, bias was analyzed according to Bland and Altman, and error grid analysis was performed. Results When measuring capillary samples, both systems fulfilled accuracy requirements of ISO 15197:2013 and POCT12-A3 with the investigated reagent system lots. When measuring venous samples, only HC201+ fulfilled these requirements. Bias between HC201+ and reference measurements was more consistent over venous and capillary samples and microcuvette lots than for HC201RT. Error grid analysis showed that clinical actions might have been different depending on which system was used. Conclusions In this study, HC201+ showed a high level of accuracy irrespective of the sample type (capillary or venous). In contrast, HC201RT measurement results were markedly affected by the type of sample.

背景与目标： : 背景专业使用系统HemoCue®葡萄糖201 + (HC201 +) 和血红素®葡萄糖201 RT (HC201RT) 广泛用于血糖 (BG) 的即时检测 (POCT)。HC201RT使用单位使用的微量比色皿，可以在室温下存储，而HC201微量比色皿必须在 <8 °C下存储。在这项研究中，使用毛细血管和静脉血样本评估了HC201和HC201RT的系统准确性。方法对于每个系统，根据ISO 15197:2013 (适用于血糖自我监测 (SMBG) 系统的标准) 的测试程序，在2年内评估两个试剂系统批次。对于每个试剂系统批次，通过使用100毛细管和95至99个静脉血样品进行调查。使用己糖激酶实验室方法进行比较测量。应用了ISO 15197:2013和POCT12-A3的准确性标准。此外，根据Bland和Altman分析了偏差，并进行了误差网格分析。结果在测量毛细管样品时，两个系统均满足ISO 15197:2013的精度要求，并与所研究的试剂系统批次POCT12-A3。测量静脉样本时，只有HC201满足这些要求。与HC201RT相比，在静脉和毛细血管样品以及微量比色皿中，HC201和参考测量值之间的偏差更为一致。错误网格分析表明，根据使用的系统，临床行为可能有所不同。结论在这项研究中，无论样品类型 (毛细血管或静脉) 如何，HC201都显示出较高的准确性。相比之下，HC201RT测量结果明显受样品类型的影响。