Virtual rehabilitation has been used during decades to provide a more personalized, controlled, and enjoyable experience on upper-limb motor rehabilitation. Since novel virtual reality (VR) technologies are now accessible and highly immersive, the challenge for a wide dissemination of virtual rehabilitation in clinical scenarios has shifted from the hardware robustness to the software intelligence. A sophisticated technique that provides physiological intelligence to novel human-computer interaction (HCI) applications is biocybernetic adaptation. The concept emerges from the electrophysiological computing field, and it proposes using body signals to detect human states (e.g. workload or fatigue) and modulate the virtual activity accordingly. This paper evaluates the effects of using biocybernetic adaptation in a virtual rehabilitation game that aims to encourage users to exert at a desirable intensity level while interacting with the virtual environment. The system relies on surface-electromyography (sEMG) signals to detect fatigue levels in real-time and adapt the game challenge dynamically. Perceived fatigue levels, game user experience, and game performance parameters are assessed after playing the game, considering two different visualization modalities: non-immersive (conventional flat screen) and immersive (VR headset). Results revealed how the biocybernetic system in the immersive condition not only produced lower levels of perceived fatigue compared with the non-immersive, but also, created a more enjoyable and positive experience in a controlled experiment with 24 healthy subjects. Moreover, participants in the immersive condition showed a better performance in the virtual game and higher usability levels scored by users compared with the non-immersive condition. To conclude, we highlight the importance of combining novel immersive approaches with physiologically aware systems to enhance the benefits of virtual rehabilitation therapies.

译文

:数十年来,虚拟康复已被用于为上肢运动康复提供更个性化,可控制和令人愉悦的体验。由于新型虚拟现实(VR)技术现在已经可以访问并且具有高度沉浸性,因此在临床场景中广泛传播虚拟康复的挑战已经从硬件的健壮性转变为软件的智能性。一种为复杂的人机交互技术提供生理智能的先进技术是生物计算机适应。该概念来自电生理计算领域,并且提出使用身体信号来检测人的状态(例如工作量或疲劳)并相应地调节虚拟活动。本文评估了在虚拟康复游戏中使用生物cybernetic适应的效果,该游戏旨在鼓励用户在与虚拟环境互动的同时以理想的强度进行锻炼。该系统依靠表面肌电图(sEMG)信号实时检测疲劳程度并动态适应游戏挑战。考虑到两种不同的可视化模式:非沉浸式(常规纯平屏幕)和沉浸式(VR头戴式耳机),在玩完游戏后评估感知的疲劳水平,游戏用户体验和游戏性能参数。结果表明,沉浸状态下的生物神经网络系统不仅比非沉浸状态下产生的疲劳感更低,而且在24名健康受试者的对照实验中创造了更加令人愉悦和积极的体验。而且,与非沉浸状态相比,沉浸状态的参与者在虚拟游戏中表现出更好的性能,并且用户获得了更高的可用性级别。总而言之,我们强调了将新颖的沉浸式方法与具有生理意识的系统相结合以增强虚拟康复疗法的益处的重要性。

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