Soccer entails intermittent exercise with bouts of short, intense activity punctuating longer periods of low-level, moderate-intensity exercise. High levels of blood lactate may sometimes be observed during a match but the active recovery periods at submaximal exercise levels allow for its removal on a continual basis. While anaerobic efforts are evident in activity with the ball and shadowing fast-moving opponents, the largest strain is placed on aerobic metabolism. On average, competitive soccer corresponds to an energy expenditure of about 75% maximal aerobic power. The energy expenditure varies with playing position, being highest among midfield players. Muscle glycogen levels can be reduced towards the end of a game, the level of reduction being reflected in a decrease in work rate. Blood glucose levels are generally well-maintained, although body temperature may rise by 2 degrees C even in temperate conditions. The distance covered by players tends to under-reflect the energy expended. Unorthodox modes of motion-running backwards and sideways, accelerating, decelerating and changing direction-accentuate the metabolic loading. These are compounded by the extra requirements for energy associated with dribbling the ball and contesting possession. The overall energy expended is extreme when players are required to play extra-time in tournaments. Training, nutritional and tactical strategies may be used to reduce the effects of fatigue that may occur late in the game.

译文

:足球需要间歇性运动,短而激烈的运动可以打断较长时间的低水平,中等强度的运动。有时在比赛中会观察到高水平的血乳酸,但是在低于最大运动水平的活跃恢复期可以连续去除乳酸。厌氧运动明显表现在对球和阴影快速移动的对手的活动中,但最大的压力在于有氧代谢。平均而言,竞技足球对应的能量消耗约为最大有氧能力的75%。能量消耗随比赛位置而变化,在中场球员中最高。肌肉糖原水平可以在比赛快结束时降低,降低水平反映在工作效率的降低上。血糖水平通常保持良好,尽管即使在温和条件下,体温也会升高2摄氏度。玩家所覆盖的距离往往不足以反映所消耗的能量。向后和向侧面运动,加速,减速和改变方向的非正统运动模式会加重新陈代谢负荷。与运球和比赛拥有权相关的额外能量需求进一步加剧了这些问题。当要求球员在比赛中加班时,总的精力消耗是极端的。训练,营养和战术策略可用于减少比赛后期可能出现的疲劳影响。

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