BACKGROUND & AIMS: PROBLEM:It is unclear if the immunologic alterations induced by pregnancy could persist. METHOD OF STUDY:Antenatal rubella sero-negativity was correlated with gravidity, abortions and parity in 112 083 gravidae managed during 1997-2015, with further analysis stratified for factors known to influence rubella serology. RESULTS:The 10.2% sero-negative gravidae had different characteristics, and the incidence showed significant difference and positive trend (P<.001 for both) with gravidity, abortions and parity. The pattern remained consistent when analysis was stratified for advanced age, high body mass index and medical history, but was negated by hepatitis B virus infection except for abortions, and by high body mass index for parity. For gravidity 2-4, no difference in rubella sero-negativity was found between gravidae with all previous pregnancies ended in abortion vs delivery. CONCLUSION:Prior pregnancies diminished rubella immunity in a dose-dependent manner, which may be a reflection of the cumulative effect of pregnancy-associated maternal immunologic alteration.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: PURPOSE:After the Fontan procedure, children exhibit reduced peak exercise capacity, yet their submaximal exercise response remains unclear. This study sought to determine the relationship between submaximal and peak exercise capacity and physical activity in Fontan patients. METHODS:This cross-sectional study recruited 50 Fontan patients (59% males) with a median age of 9 yr (range = 6-12 yr). The median age at Fontan procedure was 2.9 yr (range = 1.6-9.1 yr). Study assessments included medical history, exercise testing, and accelerometry. RESULTS:Significantly lower submaximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and HR in response to a standardized workload than published values for healthy children (mean ± SD) of -1.72 ± 5.24 (P < 0.001) and -1.45 ± 1.98 (P < 0.001), respectively, suggest enhanced submaximal work efficiency in this group of patients after Fontan. Higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score was associated with higher submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and lower body mass index z-score (P = 0.01). Higher V˙O2peak was associated with higher submaximal V˙O2 z-score (P < 0.01), male sex (P = 0.03), higher RER (P = 0.02), lower submaximal HR z-score (P < 0.01), and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P < 0.0001). Exercise test duration z-score was associated with lower submaximal HR z-score (P = 0.02) and higher chronotropic responsiveness (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:Fontan patients exhibited a lower submaximal V˙O2 and HR responsiveness at a given workload than healthy controls did during standardized exercise testing. Thus, they may be better adapted to perform submaximal exercise. Although peak exercise capacity is limited, Fontan patients are able to perform submaximal physical activities at the same level as their healthy peers.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:The present study examined whether ethanol exposure influences lactation parameters. Specifically, selected constituents in maternal blood and milk and the lactation performance of Chinese lactating mothers were evaluated after they had consumed chicken soup flavoured with sesame oil and rice wine (CSSR), a diet traditionally prescribed during the postpartum 'doing-the-month' ritual. DESIGN:Twenty-three lactating mothers were examined. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. Each subject was tested on two occasions separated by a week. The target alcohol dosage was 0.3 g/kg body weight. Milk and blood samples were collected prior to consumption of soup and at 120 and 150 min, respectively, after consumption. Levels of various constituents were measured. The time for ejection of the first milk droplet and total milk volume yielded were also measured. RESULTS:Consumption of CSSR influenced TAG, insulin and lactate levels in maternal blood. Likewise, consumption of the soup affected milk composition and its nutritional status, particularly total protein, TAG, fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate and lactate levels. CSSR intake significantly affected TAG and lactate levels in milk. The time for the first milk droplet to be ejected was significantly longer in the CSSR group, indicating that the milk-ejecting reflex is inhibited. However, blood prolactin level increased slightly after ethanol intake. Milk yields were reduced after ingestion of CSSR although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:Consumption of CSSR affects not only the composition of maternal blood and milk, but also lactation performance. These findings suggest that an alcoholic diet should be avoided during lactation.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We examined whether maternal educational level as an indicator of socioeconomic status is associated with gestational hypertension. We also examined the extent to which the effect of education is mediated by maternal substance use (that is smoking, alcohol consumption and illegal drug use), pre-existing diabetes, anthropometrics (that is height and body mass index (BMI)) and blood pressure at enrollment. This was studied in 3262 Dutch pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study. Level of maternal education was established by questionnaire at enrollment, and categorized into high, mid-high, mid-low and low. Diagnosis of gestational hypertension was retrieved from medical records using standard criteria. Odds ratios (OR) of gestational hypertension for educational levels were calculated, adjusted for potential confounders and additionally adjusted for potential mediators. Adjusted for age and gravidity, women with mid-low (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.27) and low education (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 0.80, 2.12) had a higher risk of gestational hypertension than women with high education. Additional adjustment for substance use, pre-existing diabetes, anthropometrics and blood pressure at enrollment attenuated these ORs to 1.09 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.69) and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.58), respectively. These attenuations were largely due to the effects of BMI and blood pressure at enrollment. Women with relatively low educational levels have a higher risk of gestational hypertension, which is largely due to higher BMI and blood pressure levels from early pregnancy. The higher risk of gestational hypertension in these women is probably caused by pre-existing hypertensive tendencies that manifested themselves during pregnancy.

背景与目标： : 我们检查了孕产妇的教育水平作为社会经济地位的指标是否与妊娠高血压有关。我们还研究了母亲物质使用 (即吸烟，饮酒和非法药物使用)，先前存在的糖尿病，人体测量学 (即身高和体重指数 (BMI) 的影响程度。和入组时的血压。这项研究是在参加R世代研究的3262名荷兰孕妇中进行的，该研究是一项基于人群的队列研究。在入学时通过问卷调查确定了孕产妇的教育水平，并分为高，中高，中低和低。使用标准标准从病历中检索妊娠高血压的诊断。计算了受教育程度的妊娠高血压的优势比 (OR)，针对潜在的混杂因素进行了调整，并针对潜在的中介因素进行了调整。经年龄和妊娠调整后，中低 (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.02，2.27) 和低教育程度 (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 0.80，2.12) 的女性比高学历女性有更高的妊娠期高血压风险。入组时对物质使用，先前存在的糖尿病，人体测量学和血压的额外调整使这些or分别减弱为1.09 (95% CI: 0.70，1.69) 和0.89 (95% CI: 0.50，1.58)。这些衰减主要是由于入组时BMI和血压的影响。受教育程度相对较低的女性患妊娠期高血压的风险较高，这在很大程度上是由于怀孕初期较高的BMI和血压水平。这些妇女患妊娠期高血压的风险较高，可能是由于怀孕期间出现的先前存在的高血压倾向引起的。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Although maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is a highly sensitive marker for certain congenital malformations such as open neural tube and ventral wall defects, its usefulness as a screening test for fetal hydrocephalus is uncertain. We wished to determine the distribution of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels associated with fetal hydrocephalus in a population-based screening program in Manitoba, and their potential relationship to additional anomalies. METHODS:Cases of fetal hydrocephalus unrelated to neural tube defects were ascertained from multiple sources and reviewed. Cross-reference with the Manitoba Maternal Serum Screening Program database determined which mothers had undergone maternal serum screening. Mean MSAFP levels in both isolated and complex hydrocephalus were calculated and compared with the general population of screened pregnancies using Independent Samples T-tests. RESULTS:Mean MSAFP levels in 70 cases of fetal hydrocephalus were significantly higher than those of the general population of screened pregnancies (P = 0.029). This was due to the fact that mean MSAFP levels in those cases with other major anomalies were increased over those of the general population (P = 0.041); cases with hydrocephalus alone showed no significant difference (P = 0.203). Only seven cases (10%) had MSAFP levels > or = 2.3 multiples of the median, the cut-off used in Manitoba. However, six of these (86%) had additional major and/or minor malformations. CONCLUSION:MSAFP screening has low sensitivity for fetal hydrocephalus and is rarely elevated in isolated cases. However, when fetal hydrocephalus is detected, elevated MSAFP levels indicate that the fetus is at significant risk to have additional malformations and further investigations, including chromosome breakage studies, may be indicated.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the expression of prion protein gene both on mRNA and protein levels in bovine and ovine female reproductive organs during gestation and various tissues of their fetuses. The fetal tissues of both species included brain, cotyledon, heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and muscle. In cattle, prion protein gene (PRNP) transcripts were detected by semiquantitative RT-PCR in reproductive tissues such as ovary, oviduct, endometrium, myometrium, follicles, and granulosa cells. In various tissues of 2-month-old fetuses, higher expression levels were found in brain and cotyledon compared to the other tissues. To detect the expression of the gene transcript in in vivo preimplantation embryos and 1-month-old fetuses, real-time PCR was performed showing that the level of gene expression in zygote stage was significantly higher (p < or = 0.05) than that of the other stages. Sheep were categorized as resistant (RI) or high susceptible (R5) to scrapie according to their PRNP genotype. In both genotype groups, the PRNP mRNA was detectable in all tissues studied including ovary, oviduct, endometrium, myometrium, and caruncle of ewes and all tissues of 2-month-old fetuses of both groups. Comparison between reproductive organs demonstrates the highest expression level in caruncle tissue of R1 ewes, whereas the level was high in brain and low in liver of both R1 and R5 fetuses. In addition, real-time RT-PCR was performed in immature oocytes, mature oocytes, in vivo embryos at morula stage, and 1-month-old fetuses. The results showed that the relative expression levels of the ovine PRNP mRNA in mature oocytes and morula stage embryos were significantly lower than those in immature oocytes and 1-month-old fetuses (p < or = 0.05). Western blot analyses revealed the immunoreactive bands corresponding to the cellular prion protein (PrPc) in all maternal and fetal tissues examined of both cattle and sheep. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining implicated localization of the PrPc in ovarian cortex and ovarian medulla of both species. However, PrPc was not detected in oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, and corpus luteum in this study.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了妊娠期间牛和绵羊雌性生殖器官及其胎儿各个组织中prion蛋白基因在mRNA和蛋白质水平上的表达。这两个物种的胎儿组织包括大脑，子叶，心脏，肠，肾脏，肝脏，肺和肌肉。在牛中，通过半定量rt-pcr在生殖组织 (例如卵巢，输卵管，子宫内膜，子宫肌层，卵泡和颗粒细胞) 中检测到prion蛋白基因 (PRNP) 转录本。在2个月大的胎儿的各种组织中，与其他组织相比，大脑和子叶中的表达水平更高。为了检测基因转录本在体内植入前胚胎和1个月大的胎儿中的表达，进行了实时PCR，显示受精卵阶段的基因表达水平显着高于其他阶段 (p <或 = 0.05)。根据绵羊的PRNP基因型，绵羊被分为对瘙痒病的抗性 (RI) 或高敏感性 (R5)。在两个基因型组中，在所有研究的组织中都可以检测到PRNP mRNA，包括卵巢，输卵管，子宫内膜，子宫肌层和母羊以及两组2个月大胎儿的所有组织。生殖器官之间的比较表明，R1母羊的肉鸡组织中表达水平最高，而R1和R5胎儿的大脑中表达水平较高，肝脏中表达水平较低。此外，在未成熟卵母细胞，成熟卵母细胞，桑胚期的体内胚胎和1个月大的胎儿中进行了实时rt-pcr。结果表明，绵羊PRNP mRNA在成熟卵母细胞和桑胚期胚胎中的相对表达水平明显低于未成熟卵母细胞和1月龄胎儿 (p <或 = 0.05)。Western印迹分析显示，在所有检查的牛和羊的母体和胎儿组织中，与细胞病毒蛋白 (PrPc) 相对应的免疫反应带。此外，免疫组织化学染色暗示PrPc在两种物种的卵巢皮质和卵巢髓质中的定位。然而，在本研究中未在卵母细胞，颗粒细胞，卵泡膜细胞和黄体中检测到PrPc。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE:Estimation of maternal mortality has been difficult because of large sample size requirement. A study using snowball technique for identification of households where maternal death has taken place and its related causes was conducted. We present here the feasibility of carrying out the snowball technique for capturing maternal deaths as against house-to-house survey and to obtain the estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in some selected States of India. METHODS:Five states representing high MMR (Uttar Pradesh), medium MMR (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttranchal) and low MMR (Delhi) were selected. A total of 8 PHCs and 3 (UFS) were covered. Study used both house-to-house survey and snowball technique to enumerate the maternal deaths in the selected PHCs in rural area and urban frame survey (UFS) in urban area. RESULTS:In all, 94 maternal deaths were captured through snowball technique as against 83 through house-to-house survey. The estimate of MMR for the five States combined was 356 per 100,000 live births, as compared to assumed 400 per 100,000 live births for the country as a whole. The relative standard error of the estimate of MMR was about 10 per cent. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION:Snowball technique captured more maternal deaths than those in house-to-house survey particularly in rural areas. The estimates also indicated the feasibility of replicating the proposed methodology for estimation of MMR as a time and cost-effective methodology.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :This study was designed to evaluate the effects of maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus on the risk of nonchromosomal congenital defects. We used data from 22,951 pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort study of early prenatal exposures and pregnancy outcome. The relative risks [prevalence ratios (PRs)] of major nonchromosomal congenital defects associated with obesity and diabetes, alone or in combination, were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis. In this study, in the absence of diabetes, obese women (body mass index > or =28) had no higher risk, overall, of having an offspring with a major defect [PR = 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62-1.5]. Their offspring, however, did have a higher prevalence of certain types of defects, including orofacial clefts; club foot; cardiac septal defects; and, to a lesser extent, hydrocephaly and abdominal wall defects. Women with pre-existing or gestational diabetes who were not obese also had no excess risk overall of having offspring affected by a major defect (PR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.43-2.2), although they did have a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal defects. The pregnancies of women who were both obese and diabetic were 3.1 times as likely (95% CI = 1.2-7.6) to result in an offspring with a defect than were those of nonobese, nondiabetic women, which suggests that obesity and diabetes mellitus may act synergistically in the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies. The defects were largely craniofacial or musculoskeletal.

背景与目标： : 本研究旨在评估母亲肥胖和糖尿病对非染色体先天性缺陷风险的影响。我们使用了来自22,951名参加产前早期暴露和妊娠结局的前瞻性队列研究的孕妇的数据。使用多元logistic回归分析计算单独或合并与肥胖和糖尿病相关的主要非染色体先天性缺陷的相对风险 [患病率 (PRs)]。在这项研究中，在没有糖尿病的情况下，肥胖妇女 (体重指数> 或 = 28) 总体上没有较高的风险，其后代具有重大缺陷 [PR = 0.95; 95% 置信区间 (CI) = 0.62-1.5]。但是，他们的后代确实存在某些类型的缺陷，包括口面部裂隙; 俱乐部足; 心脏间隔缺损; 以及在较小程度上的脑积水和腹壁缺损。既往或未肥胖的妊娠糖尿病女性也没有患主要缺陷 (PR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.43-2.2) 的额外风险，尽管她们的肌肉骨骼缺陷患病率较高。肥胖和糖尿病妇女的怀孕导致后代缺陷的可能性是非肥胖，非糖尿病妇女的3.1倍 (95% CI = 1.2-7.6)，这表明肥胖和糖尿病可能协同作用在先天性异常的发病机理中。缺陷主要是颅面或肌肉骨骼。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVES:To evaluate maternal left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function during normal pregnancy by non-invasive measures of LV contractility incorporating loading conditions. METHODS:Sixty-five women were examined using echocardiography, including tissue Doppler and two-dimensional speckle tracking, and subclavian artery pulse trace recordings at gestational weeks 14-16, 22-24 and 36, and at 6 months postpartum. RESULTS:The mean ± SD age of the women was 32.0 ± 4.6 years. Cardiac output and LV end-diastolic volume were on average 20% and 23% higher, respectively, during pregnancy, compared to that at 6 months postpartum (both, P < 0.01). LV ejection fraction, global peak systolic strain and rate-corrected LV velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcfc) were 11%, 6% and 6% lower, respectively, at 36 weeks' gestation compared to at 6 months postpartum (all, P < 0.01). Afterload, measured as LV end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) increased by 10% between 14-16 and 36 weeks' gestation (P < 0.01). Analysis of the relationship between Vcfc and ESWS revealed that LV contractility was lower during pregnancy than at 6 months postpartum. Changes in diastolic function were demonstrated by 11% lower mitral early diastolic (E) wave velocity, 8% lower tissue Doppler early diastolic velocity (e') and 13% higher left atrial area (all P < 0.01) during pregnancy. Tissue Doppler E/e' remained unaltered (P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS:During normal pregnancy, LV contractility is lower than it is at 6 months postpartum. This is associated with increased LV and left atrial area, whereas filling pressures are unchanged. These findings suggest that pregnancy exerts a larger load on the cardiovascular system than previously assumed.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are important signaling molecules in cardiovascular cells. Their production is regulated by hormone-sensitive enzymes such as the vascular NAD(P)H oxidases, and their metabolism is coordinated by antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Both of these reactive oxygen species serve as second messengers to activate multiple intracellular proteins and enzymes, including the epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Src, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ras, and Akt/protein kinase B. Activation of these signaling cascades and redox-sensitive transcription factors leads to induction of many genes with important functional roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of vascular cells. Thus, reactive oxygen species participate in vascular smooth muscle cell growth and migration; modulation of endothelial function, including endothelium-dependent relaxation and expression of a proinflammatory phenotype; and modification of the extracellular matrix. All of these events play important roles in vascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, suggesting that the sources of reactive oxygen species and the signaling pathways that they modify may represent important therapeutic targets.

背景与目标： : 新兴证据表明，活性氧，尤其是超氧化物和过氧化氢，是心血管细胞中的重要信号分子。它们的产生受激素敏感酶 (例如血管NAD(P)H氧化酶) 调节，其代谢受抗氧化酶 (例如超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶) 协调。这两种活性氧都是激活多种细胞内蛋白质和酶的第二信使，包括表皮生长因子受体c-Src，p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶，Ras和Akt/蛋白激酶B。这些信号级联和氧化还原敏感的转录因子的激活导致诱导许多在血管细胞的生理和病理生理中具有重要功能作用的基因。因此，活性氧参与血管平滑肌细胞的生长和迁移; 调节内皮功能，包括内皮依赖性舒张和促炎表型的表达; 和细胞外基质的修饰。所有这些事件在诸如高血压和动脉粥样硬化等血管疾病中起着重要作用，表明活性氧的来源及其修饰的信号通路可能是重要的治疗靶点。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Alterations in early life nutrition lead to an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in offspring. We have shown that both relative maternal undernutrition (UN) and maternal obesity result in metabolic derangements in offspring, independent of the postnatal dietary environment. Since insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) has been shown to be independently associated with obesity and diabetes risk, we examined the IGF-IGFBP axis in male rat offspring following either maternal UN or maternal obesity to explain possible common pathways in the development of metabolic disorders. Wistar rats were time-mated and fed either a control diet (CONT), 50 % of CONT (UN) or a high-fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy. Male offspring were weaned onto a standard chow diet and blood and tissues were collected at postnatal day 160. Plasma and hepatic tissue samples were analysed for key players in the IGF-IGFBP system. Both maternal UN and HF resulted in increased fat mass, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and altered blood lipid profiles in offspring compared to CONT. Circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP3 levels and hepatic mRNA expression of IGFBP1 and IGFBP2 were significantly decreased in UN and HF offspring compared to CONT. DNA methylation of the IGFBP2 promotor region was similar between maternal dietary groups. Although chaperone gene heat-shock protein 90 and hepatic IGFBP1 were significantly correlated in CONT offspring this effect was absent in both UN and HF offspring. In conclusion, this study is one of the first to directly compare two experimental models of developmental programming representing both ends of the maternal dietary spectrum. Our data suggest that two disparate nutritional models that elicit similar adverse metabolic phenotypes in offspring are characterised by common alterations in the IGF-IGFBP pathway.

背景与目标： : 生命早期营养的改变导致后代肥胖和代谢综合征的风险增加。我们已经证明，相对母体营养不良 (UN) 和母体肥胖都会导致后代的代谢紊乱，而与出生后的饮食环境无关。由于胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白2 (IGFBP2) 已被证明与肥胖和糖尿病风险独立相关，因此我们检查了母体肥胖或母体肥胖后雄性大鼠后代的igf-igfbp轴，以解释可能的共同途径。代谢紊乱的发展。对Wistar大鼠进行时间交配，并在整个怀孕期间饲喂对照饮食 (CONT)，CONT 50% (UN) 或高脂 (HF) 饮食。将雄性后代断奶到标准的饮食中，并在出生后第160天收集血液和组织。分析了血浆和肝组织样本中igf-igfbp系统中的关键角色。与CONT相比，母体UN和HF均导致后代的脂肪量增加，高胰岛素血症，高瘦素血症和血脂水平改变。与CONT相比，UN和HF后代的循环IGF-1和IGFBP3水平以及IGFBP1和IGFBP2的肝mRNA表达显着降低。孕妇饮食组之间IGFBP2启动子区域的DNA甲基化相似。尽管伴侣基因热休克蛋白90和肝IGFBP1在CONT后代中显着相关，但在UN和HF后代中都没有这种作用。总而言之，这项研究是第一个直接比较代表孕产妇饮食范围两端的两个发育编程实验模型的研究之一。我们的数据表明，在后代中引起相似的不良代谢表型的两种不同的营养模型的特征是igf-igfbp途径的常见改变。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: At the Unit of Nutritional Rehabilitation of La Plata Children's Hospital "Sor María Ludovica" an inventory was designed to observe in outpatient clinics certain behaviors allowing an early detection of disorders in mother-child link. We evaluate a sample of 50 mothers with their children between 1 and 24 months presenting moderate or severe undernutrition of primary cause, as well as 50 mothers with their children of the same age, sex, social and economical level of the experimental group who never presented undernutrition. This inventory, which has the following parts, was applied1) verbal maternal behaviour, 2) affective maternal behavior, 3) child's hygiene, 4) stimulation of development, 5) participation of other persons in child's care, 6) consistency between mother's discourse and attitudes. The inventory has been sensitive to the proposed objective, showing a highly significant difference when correlate mother-well nourished child and mother-undernourished child.

背景与目标： 在拉普拉塔儿童医院 “Sor 3月 í aludovica” 的营养康复部门，设计了一份清单，以在门诊中观察某些行为，从而可以及早发现母婴联系中的疾病。我们评估了50名母亲的样本，其子女在1至24个月之间表现出主要原因的中度或严重营养不良，以及实验组中50名母亲的年龄，性别，社会和经济水平相同的孩子从未表现出营养不良。该清单包括以下部分: 1) 口头母亲行为，2) 情感母亲行为，3) 儿童卫生，4) 刺激发展，5) 其他人参与儿童照料，6) 母亲话语和态度之间的一致性。该清单对拟议的目标很敏感，在将母亲营养丰富的孩子与母亲营养不足的孩子相关联时显示出非常显着的差异。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

背景与目标： : 本文的修正案已经发表，可以通过本文顶部的链接进行访问。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Face processing in mothers is linked to mother-infant social communication, which is critical for parenting and in turn for child development. Neuroimaging studies of child maltreatment-exposed (CME) mothers are sparse compared to studies of mothers with postpartum depression, which have suggested blunted amygdala reactivity to infant stimuli. We expected to see a similar pattern in CME mothers. Based on broader studies in trauma-exposed populations, we anticipated increased amygdala reactivity to negative adult face stimuli in a comparison task in CME mothers given heightened evaluation of potential threat. We examined Neuroimaging studies of mothers with childhood maltreatment exposure (CME) (18-37 years old), who performed infant (N = 45) and/or adult (N = 46) face processing tasks. CME mothers exhibited blunted bilateral amygdala reactivity to infant faces. There was no between-group difference in amygdala reactivity to adult faces. In infant and adult face processing tasks regardless of CME, superior temporal gyrus activation was increased for negative-valence stimuli. Our preliminary findings suggest that childhood maltreatment alters maternal processing of infant social cues, a critical skill impacting infant socioemotional development.

背景与目标： : 母亲的面部加工与母婴社交交流有关，这对于育儿以及儿童发展至关重要。与产后抑郁症母亲的研究相比，暴露于儿童虐待 (CME) 母亲的神经影像学研究很少，后者表明杏仁核对婴儿刺激的反应性减弱。我们希望在CME母亲中看到类似的模式。基于对创伤暴露人群的更广泛研究，我们预计在CME母亲的一项比较任务中，杏仁核对成人面部负面刺激的反应性增加，并对潜在威胁进行了高度评估。我们检查了儿童虐待暴露 (CME) (18-37岁) 母亲的神经影像学研究，这些母亲执行婴儿 (N =   45) 和/或成人 (N =   46) 面部处理任务。CME母亲对婴儿面部的双侧杏仁核反应性减弱。杏仁核对成人面部的反应性没有组间差异。在婴儿和成人面部处理任务中，无论CME如何，对于负价刺激，上颞叶回的激活都会增加。我们的初步发现表明，儿童期虐待会改变母亲对婴儿社交线索的处理，这是影响婴儿社会情感发展的一项关键技能。