BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the effect of homogeneous and inhomogeneous static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the thermal nociceptive threshold of snail in the hot plate test (43 °C). Both homogeneous (hSMF) and inhomogeneous (iSMF) SMF increased the thermo-nociceptive threshold: 40.2%, 29.2%, or 41.7% after an exposure of 20, 30, or 40 min hSMF by p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, or p < 0.001, and 32.7% or 46.2% after an exposure of 20 or 40 min iSMF by p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001. These results suggest that SMF has an antinociceptive effect in snail. On the other hand, naloxone as an atypical opioid antagonist in an amount of 1 μg/g was found to significantly decrease the thermo-nociceptive threshold (41.9% by p < 0.002), which could be antagonized by hSMF exposure implying that hSMF exerts its antinociceptive effect partly via opioid receptors.

背景与目标： : 我们在热板测试 (43 °C) 中研究了均匀和不均匀的静磁场 (SMF) 暴露对蜗牛的热伤害性阈值的影响。均质 (hSMF) 和不均质 (iSMF) SMF均增加了热伤害感受阈值: 暴露20、30或40分钟hSMF后40.2% 、29.2% 或41.7%，p <0.001，p <0.0001或p <0.001，和32.7% 或46.2% 暴露20或40分钟后的iSMF被p <0.05或p <0.0001。这些结果表明SMF对蜗牛具有抗伤害作用。另一方面，发现纳洛酮作为1 μ g/g量的非典型阿片类拮抗剂显着降低了热伤害性阈值 (41.9% p <0.002)，这可以通过hSMF暴露来拮抗，这意味着hSMF部分地通过阿片受体发挥其抗伤害感受作用。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The objective of this study was to prepare a 72 h-release formulation of silybin (72 h-SLB) using a combination of solid dispersion, gel matrix and porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs) and to investigate the in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). The results of scanning electron microscopy and N(2) adsorption demonstrated that empty PSNs possessed a spherical shape, a highly porous structure, a large specific surface area (385.89 ± 1.12 m(2)/g) and a small pore size (2.74 nm on average). The in vitro dissolution profiles of both 72 h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs in different concentrations (0.01, 0.06 and 0.08M) of Na(2)CO(3) solutions revealed that 0.06 M Na(2)CO(3) solution was the optimal medium in which silybin could be released from 72 h-SLB with first-order release kinetics and from PSNs with Higuchi kinetics. Furthermore, the IVIVCs of 72 h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs in beagle dogs were also established. Using 0.06 M Na(2)CO(3) solution as the in vitro dissolution medium, a good linear relationship could be achieved for both 72 h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs. The findings support the fact that the 72 h-SLB (consisting of solid dispersion, regular gel matrix and PSNs) together with Na(2)CO(3) solution as an in vitro dissolution medium can be developed into a promising formulation for poorly soluble drugs, which enjoys a good IVIVC.

背景与目标： : 本研究的目的是使用固体分散体，凝胶基质和多孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒 (psn) 的组合制备水飞蓟宾 (72 h-SLB) 的72 h释放制剂，并研究体外/体内相关性 (IVIVCs)。扫描电子显微镜和N(2) 吸附结果表明，空psn具有球形，高度多孔结构，大的比表面积 (385.89 ± 1.12 m(2)/g) 和小的孔径 (平均2.74 nm)。72 h-SLB和水飞蓟宾负载的psn在不同浓度 (0.01，0.06和0.08M) 的Na(2)CO(3) 溶液表明，0.06 M Na(2)CO(3) 溶液是最佳介质，其中水飞蓟宾可以从72 h-SLB中释放，具有一级释放动力学和psn。具有Higuchi动力学。此外，还建立了beagle犬中72 h-SLB和水飞蓟宾psn的ivvc。使用0.06 M Na(2)CO(3) 溶液作为体外溶出介质，对于72 h-SLB和水飞蓟宾负载的psn都可以实现良好的线性关系。研究结果支持以下事实: 72 h-SLB (由固体分散体，规则凝胶基质和psn组成) 与Na(2)CO(3) 溶液一起作为体外溶出介质，可以开发为具有良好的IVIVC可溶性药物的有希望的制剂。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Prostatic magnetic resonance images of 22 male volunteers less than 30 years old and with no known genito-urinary tract disease were obtained at 1.5 T. Normal anatomical features of the prostate were studied with spin-echo techniques. Different zones of the normal gland are shown by T2-weighted images: the anterior fibromuscular fascia, the central prostate, the peripheral prostate and the periurethral zone can be differentiated. The normal prostate gland is shown on T1-weighted images as a homogeneous appearance. It is important to recognize the normal zonal anatomy of the prostate since prostatic disorders arise in different anatomical zones.

背景与目标： : 在1.5 T时获得了22名30岁以下且没有已知生殖泌尿道疾病的男性志愿者的前列腺磁共振图像。使用自旋回波技术研究了前列腺的正常解剖特征。T2-weighted图像显示了正常腺体的不同区域: 可以区分前纤维肌筋膜，中央前列腺，外周前列腺和尿道周围区域。正常前列腺在T1-weighted图像上显示为均匀外观。重要的是要认识到前列腺的正常区域解剖结构，因为前列腺疾病发生在不同的解剖区域。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We tried to evaluate the possible involvement of fetuin in the scavenger receptors (SRs)-mediated hepatic uptake of polystyrene nanospheres with the size of 50 nm (NS-50), which has surface negative charge (zeta potential=-21.8+/-2.3 mV). The liver perfusion studies in rats revealed that the hepatic uptake of NS-50 pre-coated with fetuin (NS-50-fetuin) was significantly inhibited by poly inosinic acid (poly I), a typical inhibitor of SRs, whereas that of plain NS-50 or NS-50 pre-coated with BSA (NS-50-BSA) was not. The uptake of NS-50-fetuin by cultured Kupffer cells was also significantly inhibited by poly I, and anti-class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) antibody, suggesting that fetuin on NS-50 mediated the recognition and internalization of NS-50 by Kupffer cells and at least SR-A would be responsible for the uptake. Taken that Western blot analysis confirmed that fetuin certainly adsorbed on the surface of NS-50 after the incubation of NS-50 with serum, the results obtained in the present study indicate that fetuin would be one of the serum proteins that were substantially involved in the hepatic uptake of NS-50 via SRs.

背景与目标： : 我们试图评估胎球蛋白可能参与清道夫受体 (SRs) 介导的聚苯乙烯纳米球的肝摄取，其尺寸为50 nm (NS-50)，具有表面负电荷 (ζ 电位 =-21.8/-2.3 mV)。大鼠的肝脏灌注研究表明，预包被胎球蛋白 (NS-50-fetuin) 的NS-50的肝脏摄取被典型的SRs抑制剂聚肌苷酸 (poly I) 显着抑制，而普通NS-50或预包被的NS-50的肝脏摄取BSA (NS-50-BSA) 没有。培养的库普弗细胞对NS-50-fetuin的摄取也被poly I和抗A类清道夫受体 (sr-a) 抗体显着抑制，这表明NS-50上的胎球蛋白介导了库普弗细胞对NS-50的识别和内化，至少sr-a将负责摄取。认为Western印迹分析证实胎球蛋白在将NS-50与血清孵育后肯定吸附在NS-50表面，本研究获得的结果表明，胎球蛋白将是基本上参与肝脏摄取的血清蛋白之一NS-50通过SRs。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Using 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) and surface coils, we noninvasively assessed the intracellular changes in delayed skin flaps of the high-energy phosphometabolites, ATP and phosphocreatine, which are basic energy sources of living cells. In 5 rats, a 3.5 x 7.5 cm bipedicled skin flap was elevated from the dorsum and its caudal base divided after a delay period of 2 weeks. MRS spectra were collected at four timesimmediately, 1 week and 2 weeks after elevation of the bipedicled flap, and 18 hours after division of its caudal base.

From the spectra, we calculated the intracellular pH and the following ratiosPi/PCr, PCr/(PCr + Pi), ATP/(PCr + Pi) (PCr, phosphocreatine; Pi, inorganic phosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate). As an undelayed control group, cranially based skin flaps of the same size were elevated in another 5 rats, and MRS spectra were obtained 18 hours later. The length of the surviving area was longer in the delayed flaps than in the undelayed flaps. Intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) showed no significant alteration in the delayed skin flaps, not only during the delay period but also after conversion of the flaps into cranially based flaps by division of their caudal base. In contrast, PCr/(PCr + Pi) decreased with each surgical procedure (bipedicled flap elevation and base division). Compared with the necrotic distal portion of the undelayed flaps, the surviving distal portion of the delayed flaps had higher levels of intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) and lower levels of PCr/(PCr + Pi). Intracellular pH and ATP/(PCr + Pi) showed a strong correlation with the viability of the delayed and undelayed skin flaps, and they can be prognostic indices for predicting the fate of skin flaps. The reason the surviving distal portions of the delayed flaps maintained their level of ATP despite the low intracellular level of PCr may be that the accumulation of mitochondrial creatine kinase enhances the so-called 'energy transport' function of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system.

背景与目标： 使用31磷磁共振波谱 (31P-MRS) 和表面线圈，我们无创地评估了高能磷酸代谢物，ATP和磷酸肌酸 (它们是活细胞的基本能量来源) 的延迟皮瓣的细胞内变化。在5只大鼠中，从背部抬高3.5 x 7.5厘米双蒂皮瓣，并在2周的延迟期后将其尾基分开。在双蒂皮瓣抬高后1周和2周以及尾基分裂后18小时立即收集4次MRS光谱。
从光谱中，我们计算了细胞内pH和以下比率Pi/PCr，PCr/(PCr Pi)，ATP/(PCr + Pi) (PCr，磷酸肌酸; Pi，无机磷酸盐; ATP，三磷酸腺苷)。作为不延迟的对照组，在另外5只大鼠中升高了相同大小的基于颅骨的皮瓣，并在18小时后获得了MRS光谱。延迟皮瓣中存活区域的长度比未延迟皮瓣中的更长。细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 在延迟的皮瓣中没有显示出明显的变化，不仅在延迟期间，而且在通过将其尾基分割将皮瓣转化为基于颅骨的皮瓣之后。相反，每次手术 (双蒂皮瓣抬高和基底分裂) 时，PCr/(PCr Pi) 均降低。与未延迟皮瓣的坏死远端部分相比，存活的延迟皮瓣的远端部分具有较高的细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 水平和较低的PCr/(PCr Pi) 水平。细胞内pH和ATP/(PCr Pi) 与延迟和未延迟皮瓣的生存能力有很强的相关性，它们可以作为预测皮瓣命运的预后指标。尽管细胞内PCr水平较低，但存活的延迟皮瓣远端部分仍保持其ATP水平的原因可能是线粒体肌酸激酶的积累增强了肌酸激酶/磷酸肌酸系统的所谓 “能量传输” 功能。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the evidence for the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of disk position and configuration, disk perforation, joint effusion, and osseous and bone marrow changes in the temporomandibular joint. STUDY DESIGN:A PubMed literature search with specific indexing terms and a hand search were made. Two reviewers assessed the level of evidence of relevant publications as high, moderate, or low. Based on this, the evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited, or insufficient. RESULTS:The literature search yielded 494 titles, of which 22 were relevant. No publication had a high level of evidence, and 12 had moderate and 10 low levels of evidence. The evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy expressed as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values was insufficient. CONCLUSION:That evidence is insufficient emphasizes the need for high-quality studies on the diagnostic efficacy of MRI, incorporating accepted methodologic criteria.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Diverse animals can orient using geomagnetic cues, but little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. The marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea (Bergh) has a magnetic sense and its nervous system is amenable to cellular-level electrophysiological analysis. In a semi-intact whole-animal preparation, intracellular recordings from the large, visually identifiable neurons left pedal 5 (LPe5) and right pedal 5 (RPe5) in the brain of Tritonia revealed enhanced electrical activity in response to changes in ambient earth-strength magnetic fields. No such changes in activity were observed in approximately 50 other neurons subjected to identical magnetic stimuli. The responses of LPe5 were characterized by increases in spiking frequency occurring about 6-16 min after the ambient magnetic field had been rotated to a new position. The response was abolished when the brain had been isolated from the periphery of the animal by severing nerves, a procedure that also transected prominent neurites of LPe5. We hypothesize that LPe5 is one component of a neural circuit mediating detection of the earth's magnetic field or orientation to it.

背景与目标： : 各种动物可以使用地磁提示进行定向，但对磁场检测的神经生理机制知之甚少。海洋软体动物三倍体 (Bergh) 具有磁性，其神经系统易于进行细胞水平的电生理分析。在半完整的全动物制剂中，来自Tritonia大脑中视觉上可识别的大型神经元左踏板5 (LPe5) 和右踏板5 (RPe5) 的细胞内记录显示，响应周围地球强度磁场的变化，电活动增强。在大约50个其他受到相同磁刺激的神经元中未观察到这种活动变化。LPe5的响应的特征是在环境磁场旋转到新位置后约6-16分钟发生的尖峰频率增加。当通过切断神经将大脑与动物的外围隔离时，这种反应被消除了，这一过程也横切了lpe5的突出神经突。我们假设LPe5是介导检测地球磁场或对其定向的神经电路的一个组成部分。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: OBJECTIVE:To investigate cortical representation of articulation of the bilabial plosive in patients with cleft lip and palate. DESIGN:We examined cortical representation for /pa/-articulation in cleft lip and palate patients using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. SUBJECTS:Data from four postsurgical adult cleft lip and palate patients were compared with those from six healthy volunteers. RESULTS:Activation foci were found in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex in all cleft lip and palate patients, as in the controls. The sensorimotor cortex ipsilateral to the side of cleft lip and palate showed greater activation in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients, whereas the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the side on which cheiloplasty had been performed earlier showed greater activation in a bilateral cleft lip and palate patient. CONCLUSIONS:The results suggest that there may be an ipsilateral dominance in cortical representation during bilabial articulation to the side of the cleft in the upper lip.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: -2

背景与目标： -2

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Hamstring strains can be of 2 types with different injury mechanisms, 1 occurring during high-speed running and the other during stretching exercises. HYPOTHESIS:A stretching type of injury to the proximal rear thigh may involve specific muscle-tendon structures that could affect recovery time. STUDY DESIGN:Case series (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS:Fifteen professional dancers with acute first-time hamstring strains were prospectively included in the study. All subjects were examined, clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging, on 4 occasions after injury: at day 2 to 4, 10, 21, and 42. The clinical follow-up period was 2 years. RESULTS:All dancers were injured during slow hip-flexion movements with extended knee and experienced relatively mild acute symptoms. All injuries were located proximally in the posterior thigh close to the ischial tuberosity. The injury involved the semimembranosus (87%), quadratus femoris (87%), and adductor magnus (33%). All injuries to the semimembranosus involved its proximal free tendon. There were no significant correlations between clinical or magnetic resonance imaging parameters and the time to return to preinjury level (median, 50 weeks; range, 30-76 weeks). CONCLUSION:Stretching exercises can give rise to a specific type of strain injury to the posterior thigh. A precise history and careful palpation provide the clinician enough information to predict a prolonged time until return to preinjury level. One factor underlying prolonged recovery time could be the involvement of the free tendon of the semimembranosus muscle.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Among currently identified issues presenting risks and benefits to human and ocean health, engineered nanoparticles (ENP) represent a priority. Predictions of their economic and social impact appear extraordinary, but their release in the environment at an uncontrollable rate is in striking contrast with the extremely limited number of studies on environmental impact, especially on the marine environment. The sea urchin has a remarkable sensing environmental system whose function and diversity came into focus during the recent years, after sea urchin genome sequencing. The complex immune system may be the basis wherefore sea urchins can adapt to a dynamic environment and survive even in hazardous conditions both in the adult and in the embryonic life. This review is aimed at discussing the literature in nanotoxicological/ecotoxicological studies with a focus on stress and innate immune signaling in sea urchins. In addition, here we introduce our current development of in vitro-driven probes that could be used to dissect ENP aftermaths, suggesting their future use in immune-nanotoxicology.

背景与目标： : 在目前确定的对人类和海洋健康构成风险和益处的问题中，工程纳米颗粒 (ENP) 是优先事项。对它们的经济和社会影响的预测似乎非同寻常，但它们以无法控制的速度在环境中的释放与关于环境影响，特别是对海洋环境影响的研究数量极其有限形成鲜明对比。海胆具有出色的传感环境系统，其功能和多样性在近年来经过海胆基因组测序后成为人们关注的焦点。复杂的免疫系统可能是基础，因此海胆可以适应动态环境，即使在成年和胚胎生命的危险条件下也能生存。这篇综述旨在讨论纳米毒理学/生态毒理学研究中的文献，重点是海胆中的压力和先天免疫信号传导。此外，在这里，我们介绍了我们目前的体外驱动探针的开发，这些探针可用于解剖ENP后，暗示了它们在免疫纳米毒理学中的未来用途。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: BACKGROUND:Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is increasingly used in children due to growing concerns of radiation. OBJECTIVE:To determine the performance of MRE, imaging findings were compared to wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) and histology results in children with/or suspected inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Pathology and WCE reports were retrospectively reviewed in 23 patients who had MRE. RESULTS:The sensitivity of MRE was 75.0% while the sensitivity of WCE was 77.8%. CONCLUSION:MRE and WCE are complementary techniques in evaluation of the small bowel in IBD.

背景与目标：

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :The pudendal nerve entrapment is an entity understudied by diagnosis imaging. Various causes are recognized in relation to difficult labors, rectal, perineal, urological and gynecological surgery, pelvic trauma fracture, bones tumors and compression by tumors or pelvic pseudotumors. Pudendal neuropathy should be clinically suspected, and confirmed by different methods such as electrofisiological testing: evoked potentials, terminal motor latency test and electromyogram, neuronal block and magnetic resonance imaging. The radiologist should be acquainted with the complex anatomy of the pelvic floor, particularly on the path of pudendal nerve studied by magnetic resonance imaging. High resolution magnetic resonance neurography should be used as a complementary diagnostic study along with clinical and electrophysiological examinations in patients with suspected pudendal nerve neuralgia.

背景与目标： 阴部神经卡压是诊断成像研究不足的实体。与困难的劳动，直肠，会阴，泌尿外科和妇科手术，骨盆创伤骨折，骨骼肿瘤以及肿瘤或骨盆假瘤压迫有关的各种原因。应在临床上怀疑阴部神经病，并通过不同的方法 (例如电刺激检查) 进行确认: 诱发电位，终末运动潜伏期测试和肌电图，神经元阻滞和磁共振成像。放射科医生应熟悉盆底的复杂解剖结构，尤其是在通过磁共振成像研究的阴部神经路径上。对于疑似阴部神经痛的患者，高分辨率磁共振神经造影应与临床和电生理检查一起用作补充诊断研究。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :We investigated the conditions under which inhomogeneity in electrical conductivity may significantly modify the magnetic evoked field (MEF) due to primary currents (i.e., neuronal currents) in the brain. In the case of an isolated turtle cerebellum immersed in a large bath of physiological saline, our theoretical analysis showed the cerebellar surface to significantly enhance the MEF due to a primary current, by a factor of as much as two, for experimentally determined values of the conductivities of the cerebellar tissue and saline. A further parametric investigation of the conductivity effect revealed that conductivity boundaries may significantly modify the MEF due to neuronal currents located within 1 mm of a conductivity boundary, as would be the case for active neurons near an edema, an anoxic fringe such as might occur during stroke, or a ventricle in the human head. For a stationary neural source, conductivity boundaries may modify the magnitude of its MEF without affecting its temporal waveform. However, this boundary effect was found to be small for a model geometry locally approximating cortical sources in a sulcus or a fissure, where the boundary effects from adjacent sulcal walls tend to cancel each other.

背景与目标： : 我们研究了电导率不均匀性可能会由于大脑中的主要电流 (即神经元电流) 而显着改变磁诱发场 (MEF) 的条件。如果将孤立的乌龟小脑浸入一个大的生理盐水浴中，我们的理论分析表明，由于一次电流，小脑表面显着提高了MEF，对于实验确定的小脑组织和盐水的电导率值，其系数高达两倍。对电导率效应的进一步的参数研究表明，由于位于电导率边界的1毫米内的神经元电流，电导率边界可能会显著地改变MEF，如在水肿、缺氧边缘 (例如在中风期间可能发生) 或人头部的心室附近的活动神经元的情况。对于固定神经源，电导率边界可能会改变其MEF的大小，而不会影响其时间波形。然而，对于局部近似于沟或裂缝中的皮质源的模型几何，发现这种边界效应很小，其中相邻沟壁的边界效应趋于相互抵消。

BACKGROUND & AIMS: :Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that can alter cortical excitability in human subjects for hours beyond the stimulation period. It thus has potential as a therapeutic tool in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with alterations in cortical excitability. However, rTMS-induced neural plasticity remains insufficiently understood at the cellular level. To learn more about the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS), we established an in vitro model of rMS using mouse organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures. We assessed the outcome of a high-frequency (10 Hz) rMS protocol on functional and structural properties of excitatory synapses in mature hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, immunohistochemistry, and time-lapse imaging techniques revealed that rMS induces a long-lasting increase in glutamatergic synaptic strength, which is accompanied by structural remodeling of dendritic spines. The effects of rMS on spine size were predominantly seen in small spines, suggesting differential effects of rMS on subpopulations of spines. Furthermore, our data indicate that rMS-induced postsynaptic changes depend on the NMDA receptor-mediated accumulation of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors. These results provide first experimental evidence that rMS induces coordinated functional and structural plasticity of excitatory postsynapses, which is consistent with a long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission.

背景与目标： 重复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS) 是一种非侵入性脑刺激技术，可以在刺激期后数小时内改变人类受试者的皮质兴奋性。因此，它具有作为与皮质兴奋性改变相关的神经精神疾病的治疗工具的潜力。然而，rTMS诱导的神经可塑性在细胞水平上仍未得到充分理解。为了了解有关重复磁刺激 (rMS) 的更多信息，我们使用小鼠器官型entorhino-海马切片培养物建立了rMS的体外模型。我们评估了高频 (10Hz) rMS协议对成熟海马CA1锥体神经元兴奋性突触的功能和结构特性的结果。全细胞膜片钳记录，免疫组织化学和延时成像技术表明，rMS诱导谷氨酸能突触强度的长期增加，并伴随着树突棘的结构重塑。rMS对脊柱大小的影响主要出现在小脊椎中，这表明rMS对脊柱亚群的不同影响。此外，我们的数据表明rMS诱导的突触后变化取决于NMDA受体介导的GluA1-containing AMPA受体的积累。这些结果提供了第一个实验证据，表明rMS诱导兴奋性突触后的协调功能和结构可塑性，这与突触传递的长期增强一致。